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  1. Yong WL, Yusof N, Ithnin A, Shuib S, Tumian R, Yousuf R, et al.
    Malays J Pathol, 2020 Dec;42(3):469-476.
    PMID: 33361731
    INTRODUCTION: Mixed phenotype acute leukaemia (MPAL) is a rare entity of acute leukaemia.

    CASE REPORT: Here we report a case of a 39-year-old lady, with an incidental finding of hyperleukocytosis (white blood cells count: 139.2 x 109/L). Her peripheral blood film revealed 36% of blasts and a bone marrow aspiration showed 53% of blasts. Immunophenotyping showed a population of blasts exhibiting positivity of two lineages, myeloid lineage and B-lymphoid lineage with strong positivity of CD34 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (Tdt). A conventional karyotyping revealed the presence of Philadelphia chromosome. She was diagnosed with MPAL with t(9,22), BCR ABL1, which carried a poor prognosis. She was treated with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) chemotherapy protocol coupled with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor and was planned for an allogeneic stem cells transplant.

    CONCLUSION: This MPAL case was diagnosed incidentally in an asymptomatic patient during medical check-up. We highlight this rare case report to raise the awareness about this rare disease. Understanding the pathogenesis of the disease with the underlying genes responsible for triggering the disease, uniform protocols for diagnosis and targeted treatment will help for proper management of these patients.

    Matched MeSH terms: Translocation, Genetic/genetics; Leukemia, Biphenotypic, Acute/genetics*; Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics*
  2. Kong PL, Cheah PL, Mun KS, Chiew SF, Lau TP, Koh CC, et al.
    Malays J Pathol, 2020 Dec;42(3):369-376.
    PMID: 33361717
    Together with isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation, co-deletion of 1p19q (1p19q codel) is a prerequisite for diagnosis of oligodendroglioma, making it imperative that histopathology laboratories introduce testing for 1p19q codel. To date there is still no consensus reference range and cut-offs that confirm deletion of 1p or 19q. We embarked on determining our reference range in 11 formalinfixed, paraffin-embedded non-neoplastic brain tissue using fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) with the Vysis 1p36/1q25 and 19q13/19p13 FISH Probe Kit (Abbott Molecular Inc., USA). At same time we attempted to validate our methodology in 13 histologically-confirmed IDH-mutant oligodendrogliomas. For 1p, percentage cells with deletion (range=8-23%; mean±SD = 15.73±5.50%) and target: control (1p36:1q25) ratio (range = 0.89-0.96; mean±SD = 0.92±0.03) in non-neoplastic brain, differed significantly (p<0.000) from oligodendroglioma (percentage cells with deletion: range = 49-100%; mean±SD = 82.46±15.21%; target:control ratio range:0.50-0.76; mean±SD = 0.59±0.08). For 19q, percentage cells with deletion (range = 7-20%; mean±SD = 12.00±3.49%) and target:control (19q13/19p13) ratio (range:0.90-0.97; mean±SD = 0.94±0.02) in non-neoplastic brain also differed significantly from oligodendroglioma (percentage cells with deletion: range = 45-100%; mean±SD = 82.62±18.13%; target:control ratio range:0.50-0.78; mean±SD = 0.59±0.09). Using recommended calculation method, for diagnosis of 1p deletion, percentage of cells showing deletion should be >32-33% and/or target:control ratio <0.83. For 19q, percentage of cells showing deletion should be >22% and target:control ratio <0.88. Using these cut-offs all 13 oligodendroglioma demonstrated 1p19q codel.
    Matched MeSH terms: Brain Neoplasms/genetics*; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1/genetics*; Oligodendroglioma/genetics*
  3. Teng ST, Tan SN, Lim HC, Dao VH, Bates SS, Leaw CP
    J Phycol, 2016 12;52(6):973-989.
    PMID: 27403749 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12448
    Forty-eight isolates of Pseudo-nitzschia species were established from the Miri coast of Sarawak (Malaysian Borneo) and underwent TEM observation and molecular characterization. Ten species were found: P. abrensis, P. batesiana, P. fukuyoi, P. kodamae, P. lundholmiae, P. multistriata, P. pungens, P. subfraudulenta, as well as two additional new morphotypes, herein designated as P. bipertita sp. nov. and P. limii sp. nov. This is the first report of P. abrensis, P. batesiana, P. kodamae, P. fukuyoi, and P. lundholmiae in coastal waters of Malaysian Borneo. Pseudo-nitzschia bipertita differs from its congeners by the number of sectors that divide the poroids, densities of band striae, and its cingular band structure. Pseudo-nitzschia limii, a pseudo-cryptic species in the P. pseudodelicatissima complex sensu lato, is distinct by having wider proximal and distal mantles, a higher number of striae, and greater poroid height in the striae of the valvocopula. The species were further supported by the phylogenetic reconstructions of the nuclear-encoded large subunit ribosomal gene and the second internal transcribed spacer. Phylogenetically, P. bipertita clustered with its sister taxa (P. subpacifica + P. heimii); P. limii appears as a sister taxon to P. kodamae and P. hasleana in the ITS2 tree. Pairwise comparison of ITS2 transcripts with its closest relatives revealed the presence of both hemi- and compensatory base changes. Toxicity analysis showed detectable levels of domoic acid in P. abrensis, P. batesiana, P. lundholmiae, and P. subfraudulenta, but both new species tested below the detection limit.
    Matched MeSH terms: Diatoms/genetics; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics; DNA, Algal/genetics
  4. Kakuda T, Shojo H, Tanaka M, Nambiar P, Minaguchi K, Umetsu K, et al.
    PLoS One, 2016;11(6):e0158463.
    PMID: 27355212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158463
    Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) serves as a powerful tool for exploring matrilineal phylogeographic ancestry, as well as for analyzing highly degraded samples, because of its polymorphic nature and high copy numbers per cell. The recent advent of complete mitochondrial genome sequencing has led to improved techniques for phylogenetic analyses based on mtDNA, and many multiplex genotyping methods have been developed for the hierarchical analysis of phylogenetically important mutations. However, few high-resolution multiplex genotyping systems for analyzing East-Asian mtDNA can be applied to extremely degraded samples. Here, we present a multiplex system for analyzing mitochondrial single nucleotide polymorphisms (mtSNPs), which relies on a novel amplified product-length polymorphisms (APLP) method that uses inosine-flapped primers and is specifically designed for the detailed haplogrouping of extremely degraded East-Asian mtDNAs. We used fourteen 6-plex polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) and subsequent electrophoresis to examine 81 haplogroup-defining SNPs and 3 insertion/deletion sites, and we were able to securely assign the studied mtDNAs to relevant haplogroups. Our system requires only 1×10-13 g (100 fg) of crude DNA to obtain a full profile. Owing to its small amplicon size (<110 bp), this new APLP system was successfully applied to extremely degraded samples for which direct sequencing of hypervariable segments using mini-primer sets was unsuccessful, and proved to be more robust than conventional APLP analysis. Thus, our new APLP system is effective for retrieving reliable data from extremely degraded East-Asian mtDNAs.
    Matched MeSH terms: DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics*; Asian Continental Ancestry Group/genetics*; Forensic Genetics
  5. Elengoe A, Hamdan S
    Interdiscip Sci, 2017 Dec;9(4):478-498.
    PMID: 27517798 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-016-0181-8
    In this study, we explored the possibility of determining the synergistic interactions between nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) of Homo sapiens heat-shock 70 kDa protein (Hsp70) and E1A 32 kDa of adenovirus serotype 5 motif (PNLVP) in the efficiency of killing of tumor cells in cancer treatment. At present, the protein interaction between NBD and PNLVP motif is still unknown, but believed to enhance the rate of virus replication in tumor cells. Three mutant models (E229V, H225P and D230C) were built and simulated, and their interactions with PNLVP motif were studied. The PNLVP motif showed the binding energy and intermolecular energy values with the novel E229V mutant at -7.32 and -11.2 kcal/mol. The E229V mutant had the highest number of hydrogen bonds (7). Based on the root mean square deviation, root mean square fluctuation, hydrogen bonds, salt bridge, secondary structure, surface-accessible solvent area, potential energy and distance matrices analyses, it was proved that the E229V had the strongest and most stable interaction with the PNLVP motif among all the four protein-ligand complex structures. The knowledge of this protein-ligand complex model would help in designing Hsp70 structure-based drug for cancer therapy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Adenoviridae/genetics; Binding Sites/genetics; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics*
  6. Kong PL, Looi LM, Lau TP, Cheah PL
    PLoS One, 2016;11(9):e0161720.
    PMID: 27598341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161720
    Telomeres shorten with physiological aging but undergo substantial restoration during cancer immortalization. Increasingly, cancer studies utilize the archive of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues in diagnostic pathology departments. Conceptually, such studies would be confounded by physiological telomere attrition and loss of DNA integrity from prolonged tissue storage. Our study aimed to investigate these two confounding factors. 145 FFPE tissues of surgically-resected, non-diseased appendixes were retrieved from our pathology archive, from years 2008 to 2014. Cases from 2013 to 2014 were categorized by patient chronological age (0-20 years, 21-40 years, 41-60 years, > 60 years). Telomere lengths of age categories were depicted by telomere/chromosome 2 centromere intensity ratio (TCR) revealed by quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization. Material from individuals aged 0-20 years from years 2013/2014, 2011/2012, 2009/2010, and 2008 were compared for storage effect. Telomere integrity was assessed by telomere fluorescence intensity (TFI). Epithelial TCRs (mean ± SD) for the respective age groups were 4.84 ± 2.08, 3.64 ± 1.21, 2.03 ± 0.37, and 1.93 ± 0.45, whereas corresponding stromal TCRs were 5.16 ± 2.55, 3.84 ± 1.36, 2.49 ± 1.20, and 2.93 ± 1.24. A trend of inverse correlation with age in both epithelial and stromal tissues is supported by r = -0.69, p < 0.001 and r = -0.42, p < 0.001 respectively. Epithelial TFIs (mean ± SD) of years 2013/2014, 2011/2012, 2009/2010 and 2008 were 852.60 ± 432.46, 353.04 ± 127.12, 209.24 ± 55.57 and 429.22 ± 188.75 respectively. Generally, TFIs reduced with storage duration (r = -0.42, p < 0.001). Our findings agree that age-related telomere attrition occurs in normal somatic tissues, and suggest that an age-based reference can be established for telomere studies on FFPE tissues. We also showed that FFPE tissues archived beyond 2 years are suboptimal for telomere analysis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Aging/genetics*; DNA/genetics; Telomere Homeostasis/genetics*
  7. Chee MJ, Lycett GW, Khoo TJ, Chin CF
    Mol Biotechnol, 2017 Jan;59(1):1-8.
    PMID: 27826796 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-016-9986-2
    Production of vanillin by bioengineering has gained popularity due to consumer demand toward vanillin produced by biological systems. Natural vanillin from vanilla beans is very expensive to produce compared to its synthetic counterpart. Current bioengineering works mainly involve microbial biotechnology. Therefore, alternative means to the current approaches are constantly being explored. This work describes the use of vanillin synthase (VpVAN), to bioconvert ferulic acid to vanillin in a plant system. The VpVAN enzyme had been shown to directly convert ferulic acid and its glucoside into vanillin and its glucoside, respectively. As the ferulic acid precursor and vanillin were found to be the intermediates in the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway of Capsicum species, this work serves as a proof-of-concept for vanillin production using Capsicum frutescens (C. frutescens or hot chili pepper). The cells of C. frutescens were genetically transformed with a codon optimized VpVAN gene via biolistics. Transformed explants were selected and regenerated into callus. Successful integration of the gene cassette into the plant genome was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to quantify the phenolic compounds detected in the callus tissues. The vanillin content of transformed calli was 0.057% compared to 0.0003% in untransformed calli.
    Matched MeSH terms: Capsicum/genetics; Hydro-Lyases/genetics; Plant Proteins/genetics
  8. Pavlova A, Gan HM, Lee YP, Austin CM, Gilligan DM, Lintermans M, et al.
    Heredity (Edinb), 2017 05;118(5):466-476.
    PMID: 28051058 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2016.120
    Genetic variation in mitochondrial genes could underlie metabolic adaptations because mitochondrially encoded proteins are directly involved in a pathway supplying energy to metabolism. Macquarie perch from river basins exposed to different climates differ in size and growth rate, suggesting potential presence of adaptive metabolic differences. We used complete mitochondrial genome sequences to build a phylogeny, estimate lineage divergence times and identify signatures of purifying and positive selection acting on mitochondrial genes for 25 Macquarie perch from three basins: Murray-Darling Basin (MDB), Hawkesbury-Nepean Basin (HNB) and Shoalhaven Basin (SB). Phylogenetic analysis resolved basin-level clades, supporting incipient speciation previously inferred from differentiation in allozymes, microsatellites and mitochondrial control region. The estimated time of lineage divergence suggested an early- to mid-Pleistocene split between SB and the common ancestor of HNB+MDB, followed by mid-to-late Pleistocene splitting between HNB and MDB. These divergence estimates are more recent than previous ones. Our analyses suggested that evolutionary drivers differed between inland MDB and coastal HNB. In the cooler and more climatically variable MDB, mitogenomes evolved under strong purifying selection, whereas in the warmer and more climatically stable HNB, purifying selection was relaxed. Evidence for relaxed selection in the HNB includes elevated transfer RNA and 16S ribosomal RNA polymorphism, presence of potentially mildly deleterious mutations and a codon (ATP6113) displaying signatures of positive selection (ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitution rates (dN/dS) >1, radical change of an amino-acid property and phylogenetic conservation across the Percichthyidae). In addition, the difference could be because of stronger genetic drift in the smaller and historically more subdivided HNB with low per-population effective population sizes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Perches/genetics*; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics; RNA, Transfer/genetics
  9. Pahrudin Arrozi A, Shukri SNS, Wan Ngah WZ, Mohd Yusof YA, Ahmad Damanhuri MH, Makpol S
    Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2017 Nov;183(3):853-866.
    PMID: 28417423 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2468-6
    Neuroblastoma cell lines such as SH-SY5Y are the most frequently utilized models in neurodegenerative research, and their use has advanced the understanding of the pathology of neurodegeneration over the past few decades. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), several pathogenic mutations have been described, all of which cause elevated levels of pathological hallmarks such as amyloid-beta (Aβ). Although the genetics of Alzheimer's disease is well known, familial AD only accounts for a small number of cases in the population, with the rest being sporadic AD, which contains no known mutations. Currently, most of the in vitro models used to study AD pathogenesis only examine the level of Aβ42 as a confirmation of successful model generation and only perform comparisons between wild-type APP and single mutants of the APP gene. Recent findings have shown that the Aβ42/40 ratio in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a better diagnostic indicator for AD patients than is Aβ42 alone and that more extensive Aβ formation, such as accumulation of intraneuronal Aβ, Aβ plaques, soluble oligomeric Aβ (oAβ), and insoluble fibrillar Aβ (fAβ) occurs in TgCRND8 mice expressing a double-mutant form (Swedish and Indiana) of APP, later leading to greater progressive impairment of the brain. In this study, we generated SH-SY5Y cells stably transfected separately with wild-type APP, the Swedish mutation of APP, and the Swedish and Indiana mutations of APP and evaluated the APP expression as well as the Aβ42/40 ratio in those cells. The double-mutant form of APP (Swedish/Indiana) expressed markedly high levels of APP protein and showed a high Aβ2/40 ratio compared to wild-type and single-mutant cells.
    Matched MeSH terms: Alzheimer Disease/genetics; Plasmids/genetics; Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/genetics*
  10. Cui Y, Song BK, Li LF, Li YL, Huang Z, Caicedo AL, et al.
    G3 (Bethesda), 2016 Dec 07;6(12):4105-4114.
    PMID: 27729434 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.035881
    Weedy rice is a conspecific form of cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) that infests rice fields and results in severe crop losses. Weed strains in different world regions appear to have originated multiple times from different domesticated and/or wild rice progenitors. In the case of Malaysian weedy rice, a multiple-origin model has been proposed based on neutral markers and analyses of domestication genes for hull color and seed shattering. Here, we examined variation in pericarp (bran) color and its molecular basis to address how this trait evolved in Malaysian weeds and its possible role in weed adaptation. Functional alleles of the Rc gene confer proanthocyanidin pigmentation of the pericarp, a trait found in most wild and weedy Oryzas and associated with seed dormancy; nonfunctional rc alleles were strongly favored during rice domestication, and most cultivated varieties have nonpigmented pericarps. Phenotypic characterizations of 52 Malaysian weeds revealed that most strains are characterized by the pigmented pericarp; however, some weeds have white pericarps, suggesting close relationships to cultivated rice. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the Rc haplotypes present in Malaysian weeds likely have at least three distinct origins: wild O. rufipogon, white-pericarp cultivated rice, and red-pericarp cultivated rice. These diverse origins contribute to high Rc nucleotide diversity in the Malaysian weeds. Comparison of Rc allelic distributions with other rice domestication genes suggests that functional Rc alleles may confer particular fitness benefits in weedy rice populations, for example, by conferring seed dormancy. This may promote functional Rc introgression from local wild Oryza populations.
    Matched MeSH terms: Pigmentation/genetics*; Oryza/genetics*; Crops, Agricultural/genetics
  11. Miah G, Rafii MY, Ismail MR, Puteh AB, Rahim HA, Latif MA
    J Sci Food Agric, 2017 Jul;97(9):2810-2818.
    PMID: 27778337 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8109
    BACKGROUND: The rice cultivar MR219 is famous for its better yield and long and fine grain quality; however, it is susceptible to blast disease. The main objective of this study was to introgress blast resistance genes into MR219 through marker-assisted selection (MAS). The rice cultivar MR219 was used as the recurrent parent, and Pongsu Seribu 1 was used as the donor.

    RESULTS: Marker-assisted foreground selection was performed using RM6836 and RM8225 to identify plants possessing blast resistance genes. Seventy microsatellite markers were used to estimate recurrent parent genome (RPG) recovery. Our analysis led to the development of 13 improved blast resistant lines with Piz, Pi2 and Pi9 broad-spectrum blast resistance genes and an MR219 genetic background. The RPG recovery of the selected improved lines was up to 97.70% with an average value of 95.98%. Selected improved lines showed a resistance response against the most virulent blast pathogen pathotype, P7.2. The selected improved lines did not express any negative effect on agronomic traits in comparison with MR219.

    CONCLUSION: The research findings of this study will be a conducive approach for the application of different molecular techniques that may result in accelerating the development of new disease-resistant rice varieties, which in turn will match rising demand and food security worldwide. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

    Matched MeSH terms: Plant Diseases/genetics*; Plant Proteins/genetics*; Oryza/genetics*
  12. Al-Absi B, Noor SM, Saif-Ali R, Salem SD, Ahmed RH, Razif MF, et al.
    Tumour Biol., 2017 Apr;39(4):1010428317697573.
    PMID: 28381164 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317697573
    Studies have shown an association between ARID5B gene polymorphisms and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. However, the association between ARID5B variants and acute lymphoblastic leukemia among the Arab population still needs to be studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between ARID5B variants with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Yemeni children. A total of 14 ARID5B gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in 289 Yemeni children, of whom 136 had acute lymphoblastic leukemia and 153 were controls, using the nanofluidic Dynamic Array (Fluidigm 192.24 Dynamic Array). Using logistic regression adjusted for age and gender, the risks of acute lymphoblastic leukemia were presented as odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. We found that nine SNPs were associated with acute lymphoblastic leukemia under additive genetic models: rs7073837, rs10740055, rs7089424, rs10821936, rs4506592, rs10994982, rs7896246, rs10821938, and rs7923074. Furthermore, the recessive models revealed that six SNPs were risk factors for acute lymphoblastic leukemia: rs10740055, rs7089424, rs10994982, rs7896246, rs10821938, and rs7923074. The gender-specific impact of these SNPs under the recessive genetic model revealed that SNPs rs10740055, rs10994982, and rs6479779 in females, and rs10821938 and rs7923074 in males were significantly associated with acute lymphoblastic leukemia risk. Under the dominant model, SNPs rs7073837, rs10821936, rs7896246, and rs6479778 in males only showed striking association with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The additive model revealed that SNPs with significant association with acute lymphoblastic leukemia were rs10821936 (both males and females); rs7073837, rs10740055, rs10994982, and rs4948487 (females only); and rs7089424, rs7896246, rs10821938, and rs7923074 (males only). In addition, the ARID5B haplotype block (CGAACACAA) showed a higher risk for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The haplotype (CCCGACTGC) was associated with protection against acute lymphoblastic leukemia. In conclusion, our study has shown that ARID5B variants are associated with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Yemeni children with several gender biases of ARID5B single nucleotide polymorphisms reported.
    Matched MeSH terms: DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics*; Transcription Factors/genetics*; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/genetics*
  13. Eissazadeh S, Moeini H, Dezfouli MG, Heidary S, Nelofer R, Abdullah MP
    Braz J Microbiol, 2017 Apr-Jun;48(2):286-293.
    PMID: 27998673 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.10.017
    This study was carried out to express human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) in Pichia pastoris GS115. For this aim, the hEGF gene was cloned into the pPIC9K expression vector, and then integrated into P. pastoris by electroporation. ELISA-based assay showed that the amount of hEGF secreted into the medium can be affected by the fermentation conditions especially by culture medium, pH and temperature. The best medium for the optimal hEGF production was BMMY buffered at a pH range of 6.0 and 7.0. The highest amount of hEGF with an average yield of 2.27μg/mL was obtained through an induction of the culture with 0.5% (v/v) methanol for 60h. The artificial neural network (ANN) analysis revealed that changes in both pH and temperature significantly affected the hEGF production with the pH change had slightly higher impact on hEGF production than variations in the temperature.
    Matched MeSH terms: Epidermal Growth Factor/genetics; Pichia/genetics; Recombinant Proteins/genetics
  14. Lim LS, Csorba G, Wong CM, Zubaid A, Rahman SP, Kumaran JV, et al.
    Zootaxa, 2016 Sep 22;4170(1):169-177.
    PMID: 27701281 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4170.1.10
    The Southeast Asian species of Hypsugo are rare bats, except for H. cadornae and H. pulveratus, which are distributed throughout the Indomalayan region. Hypsugo macrotis is restricted to Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java and adjacent islands, and is known only from a handful of specimens. Here we report a new locality record of the species from Seremban, Peninsular Malaysia, which also represents the first known building-dweller colony of any Hypsugo from the region. We discuss the taxonomic status of two morphologically similar species, H. macrotis and H. vordermanni, and provide the first COI and cyt b gene sequences for H. macrotis and reconstruct the species' phylogenetic relationships.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chiroptera/genetics; Cytochrome b Group/genetics; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics
  15. Hossain MAM, Ali ME, Sultana S, Asing, Bonny SQ, Kader MA, et al.
    J Agric Food Chem, 2017 May 17;65(19):3975-3985.
    PMID: 28481513 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00730
    Cattle, buffalo, and porcine materials are widely adulterated, and their quantification might safeguard health, religious, economic, and social sanctity. Recently, conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assays have been documented but they are just suitable for identification, cannot quantify adulterations. We described here a quantitative tetraplex real-time PCR assay with TaqMan Probes to quantify contributions from cattle, buffalo, and porcine materials simultaneously. Amplicon-sizes were very short (106-, 90-, and 146-bp for cattle, buffalo, and porcine) because longer targets could be broken down, bringing serious ambiguity in molecular diagnostics. False negative detection was eliminated through an endogenous control (141-bp site of eukaryotic 18S rRNA). Analysis of 27 frankfurters and 27 meatballs reflected 84-115% target recovery at 0.1-10% adulterations. Finally, a test of 36 commercial products revealed 71% beef frankfurters, 100% meatballs, and 85% burgers contained buffalo adulteration, but no porcine was found in beef products.
    Matched MeSH terms: Buffaloes/genetics*; Cattle/genetics*; Swine/genetics*
  16. Raftari M, Ghafourian S, Abu Bakar F
    J Appl Microbiol, 2017 Apr;122(4):1009-1019.
    PMID: 28028882 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13388
    AIMS: This study was an attempt to create a novel milk clotting procedure using a recombinant bacterium capable of milk coagulation.

    METHODS AND RESULTS: The Rhizomucor pusillus proteinase (RPP) gene was sub-cloned into a pALF expression vector. The recombinant pALF-RPP vector was then electro-transferred into Lactococcus lactis. Finally, the milk coagulation ability of recombinant L. lactis carrying a RPP gene was evaluated. Nucleotide sequencing of DNA insertion from the clone revealed that the RPP activity corresponded to an open reading frame consisting of 1218 bp coding for a 43·45 kDa RPP protein. The RPP protein assay results indicated that the highest RPP enzyme expression with 870 Soxhlet units (SU) per ml and 7914 SU/OD were obtained for cultures which were incubated at pH 5·5 and 30°C. Interestingly, milk coagulation was observed after 205 min of inoculating milk with recombinant L. lactis carrying the RPP gene.

    CONCLUSION: The recombinant L. lactis carrying RPP gene has the ability to function as a starter culture for acidifying and subsequently coagulating milk by producing RPP as a milk coagulant agent.

    SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Creating a recombinant starter culture bacterium that is able to coagulate milk. It is significant because the recombinant L. lactis has the ability to work as a starter culture and milk coagulation agent.

    Matched MeSH terms: Peptide Hydrolases/genetics*; Lactococcus lactis/genetics*; Rhizomucor/genetics
  17. Simons MJ, Chan SH, Wee GB, Shanmugaratnam K, Goh EH, Ho JH, et al.
    PMID: 730194
    New data are presented concerning the relationship between NPC and HLA antigens among Chinese. When attention is confined to newly diagnosed cases, it can be shown that, apart from the increased risk associated with the joint occurrence of A2 and B-Sin 2, there is also an increased risk associated with BW17 and a decrease in risk associated with A11. Among long-term survivors, however, BW17 is appreciably decreased, whereas A2 in the absence of B-Sin 2 or BW17 is increased. Among Malays, a non-Chinese group, there is an excess among NPC patients of a locus A blank, a blank which is probably associated with the AW19 complex.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma/genetics; HLA Antigens/genetics; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/genetics
  18. Inwang EE, Khan MA, Brown AW
    Bull World Health Organ, 1967;36(3):409-21.
    PMID: 5299673
    The yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti has developed resistance to DDT in the Caribbean region and in South-East Asia, but not in West Africa. Therefore West African strains were compared with South-East Asian strains for their response to laboratory selection with DDT. It was found that West African strains were much slower to respond initially, but eventually could build up a high degree of DDT-resistance. By crossing and backcrossing with a susceptible marker-gene strain, it was found that this resistance was due to a single gene linked with the gene y (yellow) on chromosome 2 at a cross-over distance of approximately 35 units in an Upper Volta strain as in a Bangkok strain; interstrain crosses indicated that the gene was the same as that in a Trinidad strain and in one from Penang. Dieldrin-resistance could be readily induced in the Upper Volta strain and proved to be due to a gene also linked with y but at a crossover distance of approximately 25 units, comparable to that in Caribbean strains previously studied. Material from Karachi, West Pakistan, developed a dieldrin-resistance also showing 25% crossing over with y, and a DDT-resistance also linked with this chromosome-2 marker gene.
    Matched MeSH terms: Genetics
  19. Teng YS, Tan SG, Ng T, Lopez CG
    Jinrui Idengaku Zasshi, 1978 Sep;23(3):211-5.
    PMID: 732016
    Matched MeSH terms: Aconitate Hydratase/genetics*; Lactoylglutathione Lyase/genetics*; Lyases/genetics*
  20. Steinberg AG, Lai LYC, Vos GH, Singh RB, Lim TW
    Am J Hum Genet, 1961 Dec;13:355-71.
    PMID: 13916666
    The ABO, MN and Rh blood types, and the Hp, Tf, and Gm [Gm (a), Gm (x), Gm(b), and Gm-like] factors were determined for 128 unrelated Indians (parents of families, 63 with two parents tested and two with one parent tested), and 90 unrelated Chinese (parents of 46 families, 44 with two parents tested and two with one parent tested), and for the offspring from these families. The frequencies of the several blood types are presented. They were done primarily to aid in paternity testing. They compare favorably with the findings of previous studies. The allele Hp1 is rare in the Indian population (.09) and relatively infrequent in the Chinese (.29). Unfortunately, the data shed no light on the problem of the inheritance of the phenotype Hp O. Only Tf C was found among the Indians. About four per cent of the Chinese were heterozygous for Tf CD,, all other were Tf CC. The Indians have a high frequency of Gm(a) and of Gm (x), and a low frequency of Gm (b). They appear to have alleles Gma, Gmax, and Gmb in the following frequencies: .535, .234(5), and .230(5), respectively. Three families appear to have a GMxb allele, providing the offspring are not extra-marital. The Chinese appear to have the alleles Gm^ab, Gm^a, and Gm^ax in the following frequencies: .741, .231, and .028, respectively.
    Matched MeSH terms: Blood Group Antigens/genetics*; Genetics, Population*
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