Displaying publications 221 - 240 of 654 in total

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  1. Fulltext Plant-Based Biosynthesis of Copper/Copper Oxide Nanoparticles: An Update on Their Applications in Biomedicine, Mechanisms, and Toxicity
    Letchumanan D, Sok SPM, Ibrahim S, Nagoor NH, Arshad NM
    Biomolecules, 2021 04 12;11(4).
    PMID: 33921379 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040564
    Plants are rich in phytoconstituent biomolecules that served as a good source of medicine. More recently, they have been employed in synthesizing metal/metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) due to their capping and reducing properties. This green synthesis approach is environmentally friendly and allows the production of the desired NPs in different sizes and shapes by manipulating parameters during the synthesis process. The most commonly used metals and oxides are gold (Au), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). Among these, Cu is a relatively low-cost metal that is more cost-effective than Au and Ag. In this review, we present an overview and current update of plant-mediated Cu/copper oxide (CuO) NPs, including their synthesis, medicinal applications, and mechanisms. Furthermore, the toxic effects of these NPs and their efficacy compared to commercial NPs are reviewed. This review provides an insight into the potential of developing plant-based Cu/CuO NPs as a therapeutic agent for various diseases in the future.
    Matched MeSH terms: Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry*
  2. Fulltext Optical and Photoacoustic Properties of Laser-Ablated Silver Nanoparticles in a Carbon Dots Solution
    Sadrolhosseini AR, Krishnan G, Shafie S, Abdul Rashid S, Wadi Harun S
    Molecules, 2020 Dec 09;25(24).
    PMID: 33316885 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245798
    This study used the carbon dots solution for the laser ablation technique to fabricate silver nanoparticles. The ablation time range was from 5 min to 20 min. Analytical methods, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy were used to categorize the prepared samples. The UV-visible and z-scan techniques provided optical parameters such as linear and nonlinear refractive indices in the range of 1.56759 to 1.81288 and 7.3769 × 10-10 cm2 W-1 to 9.5269 × 10-10 cm2 W-1 and the nonlinear susceptibility was measured in the range of 5.46 × 10-8 to 6.97 × 10-8 esu. The thermal effusivity of prepared samples, which were measured using the photoacoustic technique, were in the range of 0.0941 W s1/2 cm-2 K-1 to 0.8491 W s1/2 cm-2 K-1. The interaction of the prepared sample with fluoride was investigated using a Raman spectrometer. Consequently, the intensity of the Raman signal decreased with the increasing concentration of fluoride, and the detection limit is about 0.1 ppm.
    Matched MeSH terms: Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry*
  3. Fulltext Synthesis, characterisation and cytotoxicity of gold microwires for ultra-sensitive biosensor development
    Lah NAC, Gray R, Trigueros S
    Microb Cell Fact, 2021 Feb 17;20(1):46.
    PMID: 33596912 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01478-y
    With the long-term goal of developing an ultra-sensitive microcantilever-based biosensor for versatile biomarker detection, new controlled bioreceptor-analytes systems are being explored to overcome the disadvantages of conventional ones. Gold (Au) microwires have been used as a probe to overcome the tolerance problem that occurs in response to changes in environmental conditions. However, the cytotoxicity of Au microwires is still unclear. Here, we examined the cytotoxicity of Au microwires systems using both commercial and as-synthesised Au microwires. In vitro experiments show that commercial Au microwires with an average quoted length of 5.6 µm are highly toxic against Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) at 50 µg/mL. However, this toxicity is due to the presence of CTAB surfactant not by the microwires. Conversely, the as-synthesised Au microwires show non-cytotoxicity even at the maximum viable concentration (330 µg/mL). These findings may lead to the development of potentially life-saving cytotoxicity-free biosensors for an early diagnostic of potential diseases.
    Matched MeSH terms: Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry*
  4. Fulltext α-Mangostin Nanoparticles Cytotoxicity and Cell Death Modalities in Breast Cancer Cell Lines
    Herdiana Y, Wathoni N, Shamsuddin S, Muchtaridi M
    Molecules, 2021 Aug 24;26(17).
    PMID: 34500560 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175119
    α-Mangostin (AMG) is a potent anticancer xanthone that was discovered in mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.). AMG possesses the highest opportunity for chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic therapy. AMG inhibits every step in the process of carcinogenesis. AMG suppressed multiple breast cancer (BC) cell proliferation and apoptosis by decreasing the creation of cancerous compounds. Accumulating BC abnormalities and their associated molecular signaling pathways promotes novel treatment strategies. Chemotherapy is a commonly used treatment; due to the possibility of unpleasant side effects and multidrug resistance, there has been substantial progress in searching for alternative solutions, including the use of plant-derived natural chemicals. Due to the limitations of conventional cancer therapy, nanotechnology provides hope for effective and efficient cancer diagnosis and treatment. Nanotechnology enables the delivery of nanoparticles and increased solubility of drugs and drug targeting, resulting in increased cytotoxicity and cell death during BC treatment. This review summarizes the progress and development of AMG's cytotoxicity and the mechanism of death BC cells. The combination of natural medicine and nanotechnology into a synergistic capital will provide various benefits. This information will aid in the development of AMG nanoparticle preparations and may open up new avenues for discovering an effective BC treatment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanoparticles/chemistry*
  5. Immunodetection of urinary C-terminal telopeptide fragment of type II collagen: An osteoarthritis biomarker analysis
    Wang S, Su S, Yu C, Gopinath SCB, Yang Z
    Biotechnol Appl Biochem, 2021 Aug;68(4):726-731.
    PMID: 32621620 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1981
    The urinary C-terminal telopeptide fragment of type II collagen (uCTX-II) has been reported as the efficient blood-based biomarker for osteoarthritis, which affects knees, hands, spine, and hips. This study reports a sensing strategy with antibody-conjugated gold nanoparticles (GNP) on an interdigitated electrode (IDE) to determine uCTX-II. The GNP-antibody complex was chemically immobilized on the IDE surface through the amine linker. uCTX-II was determined by monitoring the alteration in current upon interacting the GNP-complexed antibody. This strategy was improved the detection by attracting higher uCTX-II molecules, and the detection limit falls in the range of 10-100 pM with an acceptable regression value [y = 0.6254x - 0.4073, R² = 0.9787]. The sensitivity of the detection was recognized at 10 pM. Additionally, upon increasing the uCTX-II concentration, the current changes were increased in a linear fashion. Control detection with nonimmune antibody and control protein do not increase the current level, confirming the specific detection of uCTX-II. This method of detection helps in diagnosing osteoarthritis and its follow-up treatment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry*
  6. Fulltext Synthesis, characterization, and performance evaluation of multilayered photoanodes by introducing mesoporous carbon and TiO2 for humic acid adsorption
    Hosseini S, Jahangirian H, Webster TJ, Soltani SM, Aroua MK
    Int J Nanomedicine, 2016;11:3969-78.
    PMID: 27574426 DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S96558
    Nanostructured photoanodes were prepared via a novel combination of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles and mesoporous carbon (C). Four different photoanodes were synthesized by sol-gel spin coating onto a glassy substrate of fluorine-doped tin oxide. The photocatalytic activities of TiO2, TiO2/C/TiO2, TiO2/C/C/TiO2, and TiO2/C/TiO2/C/TiO2 photoanodes were evaluated by exposing the synthesized photoanodes to UV-visible light. The photocurrent density observed in these photoanodes confirmed that an additional layer of mesoporous carbon could successfully increase the photocurrent density. The highest photocurrent density of ~1.022 mA cm(-2) at 1 V/saturated calomel electrode was achieved with TiO2/C/C/TiO2 under an illumination intensity of 100 mW cm(-2) from a solar simulator. The highest value of surface roughness was measured for a TiO2/C/C/TiO2 combination owing to the presence of two continuous layers of mesoporous carbon. The resulting films had a thickness ranging from 1.605 µm to 5.165 µm after the calcination process. The presence of double-layer mesoporous carbon resulted in a 20% increase in the photocurrent density compared with the TiO2/C/TiO2 combination when only a single mesoporous carbon layer was employed. The improved performance of these photoanodes can be attributed to the enhanced porosity and increased void space due to the presence of mesoporous carbon. For the first time, it has been demonstrated here that the photoelectrochemical performance of TiO2 can be improved by integrating several layers of mesoporous carbon. Comparison of the rate of removal of humic acid by the prepared photoanodes showed that the highest performance from TiO2/C/C/TiO2 was due to the highest photocurrent density generated. Therefore, this study showed that optimizing the sequence of mesoporous carbon layers can be a viable and inexpensive method for enhanced humic acid removal.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanoparticles/chemistry
  7. Fulltext An Artificial Neural Network Based Analysis of Factors Controlling Particle Size in a Virgin Coconut Oil-Based Nanoemulsion System Containing Copper Peptide
    Samson S, Basri M, Fard Masoumi HR, Abdul Malek E, Abedi Karjiban R
    PLoS One, 2016;11(7):e0157737.
    PMID: 27383135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157737
    A predictive model of a virgin coconut oil (VCO) nanoemulsion system for the topical delivery of copper peptide (an anti-aging compound) was developed using an artificial neural network (ANN) to investigate the factors that influence particle size. Four independent variables including the amount of VCO, Tween 80: Pluronic F68 (T80:PF68), xanthan gum and water were the inputs whereas particle size was taken as the response for the trained network. Genetic algorithms (GA) were used to model the data which were divided into training sets, testing sets and validation sets. The model obtained indicated the high quality performance of the neural network and its capability to identify the critical composition factors for the VCO nanoemulsion. The main factor controlling the particle size was found out to be xanthan gum (28.56%) followed by T80:PF68 (26.9%), VCO (22.8%) and water (21.74%). The formulation containing copper peptide was then successfully prepared using optimum conditions and particle sizes of 120.7 nm were obtained. The final formulation exhibited a zeta potential lower than -25 mV and showed good physical stability towards centrifugation test, freeze-thaw cycle test and storage at temperature 25°C and 45°C.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanoparticles/chemistry
  8. Fulltext Magnetic Properties of Polyvinyl Alcohol and Doxorubicine Loaded Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Anticancer Drug Delivery Applications
    Nadeem M, Ahmad M, Akhtar MS, Shaari A, Riaz S, Naseem S, et al.
    PLoS One, 2016;11(6):e0158084.
    PMID: 27348436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158084
    The current study emphasizes the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) and impact of hydrophilic polymer polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) coating concentration as well as anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) loading on saturation magnetization for target drug delivery applications. Iron oxide nanoparticles particles were synthesized by a reformed version of the co-precipitation method. The coating of polyvinyl alcohol along with doxorubicin loading was carried out by the physical immobilization method. X-ray diffraction confirmed the magnetite (Fe3O4) structure of particles that remained unchanged before and after polyvinyl alcohol coating and drug loading. Microstructure and morphological analysis was carried out by transmission electron microscopy revealing the formation of nanoparticles with an average size of 10 nm with slight variation after coating and drug loading. Transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive, and Fourier transform infrared spectra further confirmed the conjugation of polymer and doxorubicin with iron oxide nanoparticles. The room temperature superparamagnetic behavior of polymer-coated and drug-loaded magnetite nanoparticles were studied by vibrating sample magnetometer. The variation in saturation magnetization after coating evaluated that a sufficient amount of polyvinyl alcohol would be 3 wt. % regarding the externally controlled movement of IONPs in blood under the influence of applied magnetic field for in-vivo target drug delivery.
    Matched MeSH terms: Magnetite Nanoparticles/chemistry*
  9. Fulltext Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles prepared from two novel natural precursors by facile thermal decomposition methods
    Goudarzi M, Mir N, Mousavi-Kamazani M, Bagheri S, Salavati-Niasari M
    Sci Rep, 2016 09 01;6:32539.
    PMID: 27581681 DOI: 10.1038/srep32539
    In this work, two natural sources, including pomegranate peel extract and cochineal dye were employed for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The natural silver complex from pomegranate peel extract resulted in nano-sized structures through solution-phase method, but this method was not efficient for cochineal dye-silver precursor and the as-formed products were highly agglomerated. Therefore, an alternative facile solid-state approach was investigated as for both natural precursors and the results showed successful production of well-dispersed nanoparticles with narrow size distribution for cochineal dye-silver precursor. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM).
    Matched MeSH terms: Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry*
  10. Fulltext Chitosan-propolis nanoparticle formulation demonstrates anti-bacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis biofilms
    Ong TH, Chitra E, Ramamurthy S, Siddalingam RP, Yuen KH, Ambu SP, et al.
    PLoS One, 2017;12(3):e0174888.
    PMID: 28362873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174888
    Propolis obtained from bee hives is a natural substance with antimicrobial properties. It is limited by its insolubility in aqueous solutions; hence ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of Malaysian propolis were prepared. Both the extracts displayed antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties against Enterococcus faecalis, a common bacterium associated with hospital-acquired infections. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of propolis revealed the presence of flavonoids like kaempferol and pinocembrin. This study investigated the role of propolis developed into nanoparticles with chitosan for its antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties against E. faecalis. Bacteria that grow in a slimy layer of biofilm are resistant to penetration by antibacterial agents. The use of nanoparticles in medicine has received attention recently due to better bioavailability, enhanced penetrative capacity and improved efficacy. A chitosan-propolis nanoformulation was chosen based on ideal physicochemical properties such as particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, encapsulation efficiency and the rate of release of the active ingredients. This formulation inhibited E. faecalis biofilm formation and reduced the number of bacteria in the biofilm by ~90% at 200 μg/ml concentration. When tested on pre-formed biofilms, the formulation reduced bacterial number in the biofilm by ~40% and ~75% at 200 and 300 μg/ml, respectively. The formulation not only reduced bacterial numbers, but also physically disrupted the biofilm structure as observed by scanning electron microscopy. Treatment of biofilms with chitosan-propolis nanoparticles altered the expression of biofilm-associated genes in E. faecalis. The results of this study revealed that chitosan-propolis nanoformulation can be deemed as a potential anti-biofilm agent in resisting infections involving biofilm formation like chronic wounds and surgical site infections.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanoparticles/chemistry*
  11. Multiboronic acid-conjugated chitosan scaffolds with glucose selectivity to insulin release
    Siddiqui NA, Billa N, Roberts CJ
    J Biomater Sci Polym Ed, 2017 Jun;28(8):781-793.
    PMID: 28278045 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2017.1301774
    The principal challenge for the use of boronic acids (BA) as glucose sensors is their lack of specificity for glucose. We examined the selectivity of and insulin release from two boronic acids- (2-formyl-3-thienylboronic acid (FTBA) and 4-formylphenylboronic acid (FPBA)) conjugated chitosan scaffolds to glucose and fructose. Adsorption of glucose to BA: chitosan conjugates was dose-dependent up to 1:1 at 35 and 42% for FPBA and FTBA respectively but the FTBA conjugates adsorbed more glucose and fructose at respective FPBA ratios. The affinity of both BA conjugates to glucose decreased with increase in BA ratio. On the other hand, the affinity of both BA conjugates for fructose decreased from ratio 1:1 to 2:1 then rose again at 3:1. Insulin release from FPBA nanoparticles (FPBAINP) and FTBA nanoparticles (FTBAINP) were both concentration-dependent within glyceamically relevant values (1-3 mg/ml glucose and 0.002 mg/ml fructose). Furthermore, the total amounts of insulin released from FPBAINP in both the media were higher than from FTBAINP. Both FPBAINP and FTBAINP have the potential for development as a glucose-selective insulin delivery system in physiological settings.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanoparticles/chemistry
  12. Novel combination of zero-valent Cu and Ag nanoparticles @ cellulose acetate nanocomposite for the reduction of 4-nitro phenol
    Khan FU, Asimullah, Khan SB, Kamal T, Asiri AM, Khan IU, et al.
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2017 Sep;102:868-877.
    PMID: 28428128 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.04.062
    A very simple and low-cost procedure has been adopted to synthesize efficient copper (Cu), silver (Ag) and copper-silver (Cu-Ag) mixed nanoparticles on the surface of pure cellulose acetate (CA) and cellulose acetate-copper oxide nanocomposite (CA-CuO). All nanoparticles loaded onto CA and CA-CuO presented excellent catalytic ability, but Cu-Ag nanoparticles loaded onto CA-CuO (Cu0-Ag0/CA-CuO) exhibited outstanding catalytic efficiency to convert 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) into 4-aminophenol (4-AP) in the presence of NaBH4. Additionally, the Cu0-Ag0/CA-CuO can be easily recovered by removing the sheet from the reaction media, and can be recycled several times, maintaining high catalytic ability for four cycles.
    Matched MeSH terms: Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry*
  13. Fulltext A review of drug delivery systems based on nanotechnology and green chemistry: green nanomedicine
    Jahangirian H, Lemraski EG, Webster TJ, Rafiee-Moghaddam R, Abdollahi Y
    Int J Nanomedicine, 2017;12:2957-2978.
    PMID: 28442906 DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S127683
    This review discusses the impact of green and environmentally safe chemistry on the field of nanotechnology-driven drug delivery in a new field termed "green nanomedicine". Studies have shown that among many examples of green nanotechnology-driven drug delivery systems, those receiving the greatest amount of attention include nanometal particles, polymers, and biological materials. Furthermore, green nanodrug delivery systems based on environmentally safe chemical reactions or using natural biomaterials (such as plant extracts and microorganisms) are now producing innovative materials revolutionizing the field. In this review, the use of green chemistry design, synthesis, and application principles and eco-friendly synthesis techniques with low side effects are discussed. The review ends with a description of key future efforts that must ensue for this field to continue to grow.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanoparticles/chemistry*
  14. Design and development of novel hyaluronate-modified nanoparticles for combo-delivery of curcumin and alendronate: fabrication, characterization, and cellular and molecular evidences of enhanced bone regeneration
    Dong J, Tao L, Abourehab MAS, Hussain Z
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2018 Sep;116:1268-1281.
    PMID: 29782984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.116
    Osteoporosis is a medical condition of fragile bones with an increased susceptibility to fracture. Despite having availability of a wide range of pharmacological agents, prevalence of osteoporosis is continuously escalating. Owing to excellent biomedical achievements of nanomedicines in the last few decades, we aimed combo-delivery of bone anti-resorptive agent, alendronate (ALN), and bone density enhancing drug, curcumin (CUR) in the form of polymeric nanoparticles. To further optimize the therapeutic efficacy, the prepared ALN/CUR nanoparticles (NPs) were decorated with hyaluronic acid (HA) which is a well-documented biomacromolecule having exceptional bone regenerating potential. The optimized nanoformulation was then evaluated for bone regeneration efficacy by assessing time-mannered modulation in the proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of MC3T3-E1 cells, a pre-osteoblastic model. Moreover, the time-mannered expression of various bone-forming protein biomarkers such as bone morphogenetic protein, runt related transcription factor 2, and osteocalcin were assessed in the cell lysates. Results revealed that HA-ALN/CUR NPs provoke remarkable increase in the proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization in the ECM of MC3T3-E1 cells which ultimately leads to enhanced bone formation. This new strategy of employing simultaneous delivery of anti-resorptive and bone forming agents would open new horizons for scientists as an efficient alternative pharmacotherapy for the management of osteoporosis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanoparticles/chemistry*
  15. Amperometric determination of L-cysteine using a glassy carbon electrode modified with palladium nanoparticles grown on reduced graphene oxide in a Nafion matrix
    Yusoff N, Rameshkumar P, Mohamed Noor A, Huang NM
    Mikrochim Acta, 2018 04 03;185(4):246.
    PMID: 29616348 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-018-2782-x
    An amperometric sensor for L-Cys is described which consists of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) that was modified with reduced graphene oxide placed in a Nafion film and decorated with palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs). The film was synthesized by a hydrothermal method. The PdNPs have an average diameter of about 10 nm and a spherical shape. The modified GCE gives a linear electro-oxidative response to L-Cys (typically at +0.6 V vs. SCE) within the 0.5 to 10 μM concentration range. Other figures of merit include a response time of less than 2 s, a 0.15 μM lower detection limit (at signal to noise ratio of 3), and an analytical sensitivity of 1.30 μA·μM-1·cm-2. The sensor displays selectivity over ascorbic acid, uric acid, dopamine, hydrogen peroxide, urea, and glucose. The modified GCE was applied to the determination of L-Cys in human urine samples and gave excellent recoveries. Graphical abstract Spherical palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) on reduced graphene oxide-Nafion (rGO-Nf) films were synthesized using a hydrothermal method. This nanohybrid was used for modifying a glassy carbon electrode to develop a sensor electrode for detecting L-cysteine that has fast response (less than 2 s), low detection limit (0.15 μM), and good sensitivity (0.092 μA μM-1 cm-2).
    Matched MeSH terms: Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry*
  16. Statistical optimization and operational stability of Rhizomucor miehei lipase supported on magnetic chitosan/chitin nanoparticles for synthesis of pentyl valerate
    Rahman INA, Attan N, Mahat NA, Jamalis J, Abdul Keyon AS, Kurniawan C, et al.
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2018 Aug;115:680-695.
    PMID: 29698760 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.04.111
    The chemical-catalyzed transesterification process to produce biofuels i.e. pentyl valerate (PeVa) is environmentally unfriendly, energy-intensive with tedious downstream treatment. The present work reports the use of Rhizomucor miehei lipase (RML) crosslinked onto magnetic chitosan/chitin nanoparticles (RML-CS/CH/MNPs). The approach used to immobilize RML onto the CS/CH/MNPs yielded RML-CS/CH/MNPs with an immobilized protein loading and specific activity of 7.6 mg/g and 5.0 U·g-1, respectively. This was confirmed by assessing data of field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermal gravimetric analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. A three-level-four-factor Box-Behnken design (incubation time, temperature, substrate molar ratio, and enzyme loading) was used to optimize the RML-CS/CH/MNP-catalyzed esterification synthesis of PeVa. Under optimum condition, the maximum yield of PeVa (97.8%) can be achieved in 5 h at 50 °C using molar ratio valeric acid:pentanol (1:2) and an enzyme load of 2 mg/mL. Consequently, operational stability experiments showed that the protocol adopted to prepare the CS/CH/MNP nanoparticles had increased the durability of RML. The RML-CS/CH/MNP could catalyze up to eight successive esterification cycles to produce PeVa. The study also demonstrated the functionality of CS/CH/MNP nanoparticles as an eco-friendly support matrix for improving enzymatic activity and operational stability of RML to produce PeVa.
    Matched MeSH terms: Magnetite Nanoparticles/chemistry*
  17. Fulltext Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Enhanced Adsorption of Lead Ions from Aqueous Solutions: Equilibrium, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies
    Azizi S, Mahdavi Shahri M, Mohamad R
    Molecules, 2017 Jun 08;22(6).
    PMID: 28594362 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22060831
    In the present study, ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized in zerumbone solution by a green approach and appraised for their ability to absorb Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution. The formation of as-synthesized NPs was established by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and UV-visible studies. The XRD and TEM analyses revealed high purity and wurtzite hexagonal structure of ZnO NPs with a mean size of 10.01 ± 2.6 nm. Batch experiments were performed to investigate the impact of process parameters viz. Pb(II) concentration, pH of solution, adsorbent mass, solution temperature, and contact time variations on the removal efficiency of Pb(II). The adsorption isotherm data provided that the adsorption process was mainly monolayer on ZnO NPs. The adsorption process follows pseudo-second-order reaction kinetic. The maximum removal efficiencies were 93% at pH 5. Thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy change (ΔH⁰), free energy change (ΔG⁰), and entropy change (ΔS⁰) were calculated; the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic. The good efficiency of the as-synthesized NPs makes them attractive for applications in water treatment, for removal of heavy metals from aqueous system.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanoparticles/chemistry*
  18. Updated Regulatory Considerations for Nanomedicines
    Subin TS, Vijayan V, Kumar KJR
    Pharm Nanotechnol, 2017;5(3):180-191.
    PMID: 28641516 DOI: 10.2174/2211738505666170615095542
    BACKGROUND: Nanomedicine is a branch which deals with medicinal products, devices, nonbiological complex drugs and antibody-nanoparticle conjugates and general health products that are manufactured using nanotechnology.

    OBJECTIVE: Nano-medicine provides the same efficacies as traditional medicines owing to their improved solubility and bioavailability with reduced dosages. However, there are currently safety concerns due to the difficulties related to nanomaterial characterization; this might be the reason for unawareness of such medicines among the patients. The absence of clear regulatory guidelines further complicates matters, as it makes the path to registering them with regulatory bodies difficult. However, some products have overcome these obstacles and have been registered. While there are many international initiatives to harmonize the regulatory requirements and helps the industry to determine the most important characteristics that influence in vivo product performance.

    CONCLUSION: This review focuses on the various types of nanopharmaceuticals, and developments process with strategies tailored to upcoming regulations may satisfy the patients' needs.

    Matched MeSH terms: Nanoparticles/chemistry
  19. Fulltext Development of Frequency Based Taste Receptors Using Bioinspired Glucose Nanobiosensor
    TermehYousefi A, Tateno K, Bagheri S, Tanaka H
    Sci Rep, 2017 05 09;7(1):1623.
    PMID: 28487527 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01855-5
    A method to fabricate a bioinspired nanobiosensor using electronic-based artificial taste receptors for glucose diagnosis is presented. Fabricated bioinspired glucose nanobiosensor designated based on an artificial taste bud including an amperometric glucose biosensor and taste bud-inspired circuits. In fact, the design of the taste bud-inspired circuits was inspired by the signal-processing mechanism of taste nerves which involves two layers. The first, known as a type II cell, detects the glucose by glucose oxidase and transduces the current signal obtained for the pulse pattern is conducted to the second layer, called type III cell, to induce synchronisation of the neural spiking activity. The oscillation results of fabricated bioinspired glucose nanobiosensor confirmed an increase in the frequency of the output pulse as a function of the glucose concentration. At high glucose concentrations, the bioinspired glucose nanobiosensor showed a pulse train of alternating short and long interpulse intervals. A computational analysis performed to validate the hypothesis, which was successfully reproduced the alternating behaviour of bioinspired glucose our nanobiosensor by increasing the output frequency and alternation of pulse intervals according to the reduction in the resistivity of the biosensor.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanoparticles/chemistry*
  20. Magnetic nanocellulose alginate hydrogel beads as potential drug delivery system
    Supramaniam J, Adnan R, Mohd Kaus NH, Bushra R
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2018 Oct 15;118(Pt A):640-648.
    PMID: 29894784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.043
    Magnetic nanocellulose alginate hydrogel beads are produced from the assembly of alginate and magnetic nanocellulose (m-CNCs) as a potential drug delivery system. The m-CNCs were synthesized from cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) that were isolated from rice husks (RH) by co-precipitation method and were incorporated into alginate-based hydrogel beads with the aim of enhancing mechanical strength and regulating drug release behavior. Ibuprofen was chosen as a model drug. The prepared CNCs, m-CNCs and the alginate hydrogel beads were characterized by various physicochemical techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer studies (VSM). Besides the magnetic property, the presence of m-CNCs increased the integrity of the alginate hydrogel beads and the swelling percentage. The drug release study exhibited a controlled release profiles and based on the drug release data, the drug release mechanism was analyzed and discussed based on mathematical models such as Korsmeyer-Peppas and Peppas-Sahlin.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nanoparticles/chemistry*
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