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Fulltext Paper review of factors, surveillance and burden of food borne disease outbreak in Malaysia

Sharifa Ezat, W.P., Netty, D., Sangaran, G.

Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2013;13(2):98-105.
MyJurnal

Food borne diseases like cholera, typhoid fever, hepatitis A, dysentery and food poisoning occur as the results of ingestion of foodstuffs contaminated with microorganisms or chemical. The true incidence of food borne disease in Malaysia is unknown, however the incidence is low ranging from 1.56 to 0.14 cases per 100,000 population and the food poisoning cases is on the rise as the evident by the incident rate of 62.47 cases per 100,000 population in 2008 and 36.17 in 2009. The rapid population growth and demographic shift toward ageing population, changing eating habit such as consumption of raw or lightly cooked food, long storage of such food, lack of education on basic rules of hygienic food preparation and food trading without appropriate microbiological safety procedure become contributing factors for food borne diseases. Food borne disease in Malaysia is in the rise and the direct and indirect cost management of FBD will become one of the most common issues to face by the government. The world is spending millions and millions in cost of treatment due to food borne diseases. The information on this paper was collected via findings of previous journals, data and statistics from the MOH of Malaysia and WHO websites. As a result, authors found that the prevention and management of the food borne disease outbreak needs to be addressed seriously.

Matched MeSH terms: Disease Outbreaks
Fulltext Septic arthritis of lumbar facet joint with co-existing spondylolisthesis - a case report

Khoo C, Thevarayan S, Rengsen P, Deepak AS

Malays Orthop J, 2010;4(2):48-50.
MyJurnal

We report a rare case of septic arthritis of the lumbar facet joint (SALFJ) with co-existing spondylolisthesis of the L5 on S1 vertebra and discuss possible differential diagnoses, diagnostic difficulties and management of this condition.

Matched MeSH terms: Disease Management
Fulltext An adult with thumb sign In the lateral neck radiograph

Irfan Mohamad, Mohd Syafwan Mohd Soffian, Amran Mohamad

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2015;11(1):85-88.
MyJurnal

Acute epiglottitis though relatively common in pediatric patients as compared to adults, present with almost similar clinical presentations. They include voice change, difficulty or painful swallowing and sometimes with upper airway obstruction. Physical finding of swollen epiglottis is difficult to be obtained owing to the danger of introducing laryngeal mirror into the oropharynx as to avoid contact spasm. The diagnostic thumb sign appearance on lateral neck radiograph is considered pathognomonic of epiglottitis. We report a case of an adult with clinical features and radiological finding of an acute epiglottitis, which did not resolve with antibiotic treatment. Subsequent imaging confirmed the presence of an abscess in the epiglottic mucosa.

Matched MeSH terms: Acute Disease
Fulltext Reliability and validity of the Malay version chronic respiratory questionnaire for used among COPD patients

Ayiesah Ramli, Teh, Zi Ying, Khatijahbe Mohd Ali, Roslina Abdul Manap

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2014;10(2):83-89.
MyJurnal

Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire (CRQ) is one of the disease-specific questionnaires to assess health related quality of life (HRQoL) among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Objectives: This study investigate the validity and reliability of Malay version CRQ among COPD patients. Methods: The CRQ was administered twice to 46 patients with COPD (mean FEV1 44% predicted, FEV1/ IVC 37% predicted) from Medical Center of University Kebangsaan Malaysia (PPUKM).Test-retest reliability was assessed using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC). Internal consistency was determined using Crohnbach’s alpha coefficients (α = 0.7). Spearman’s correlation coefficient was done among the scores of CRQ, St George Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) and six- minute walking test (6MWT) to examine the concurrent validity of the CRQ (p 0.70) was observed for 3 domains of CRQ with exception of dyspnoea domain (α = -0.631). Test retest reliability demonstrated strong correlation (ICC >0.80). Concurrent validity of CRQ, showed significant correlations observed between domain of SGRQ’s symptom, impact and total scores of SGRQ with CRQ’s dyspnoea and emotional function (-0.3< r < -0.4; p

Matched MeSH terms: Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
Fulltext Subclinical hypothyroidism among patients with depressive disorders

Siti Yazmin Zahari Sham, Nor Aini Umar, Zarida Hambali, Rosdinom Razali, Mohd Rizal Abdul Manaf

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2014;10(2):71-78.
MyJurnal

Subclinical hypothyroidism (SHT) is a biochemical diagnosis, defined as an elevated Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) with normal free thyroxine (FT4). It affects 4-10% of the adult population and is more prevalent in elderly women. Its commonest cause is autoimmune thyroiditis, detected by anti- thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO-Ab). About 2-5% of SHT patients progress to overt hypothyroidism annually. The SHT prevalence among depressed patients ranges between 3% and 17%. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of SHT and TPO-Ab positivity among patients diagnosed with depressive disorders. It was a cross-sectional study carried out in the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre over a 12 months period. Serum TSH, FT4 and TPO-Ab were measured. Results showed that 82% of depressed patients were euthyroid, 4% had SHT, 11% had subclinical hyperthyroidism and 2% had discordant thyroid function. TPO-Ab positivity among the subjects was 7%, one of whom had SHT. In conclusion, the prevalence of SHT and TPO-Ab positivity in the study population, at 4% and 7%, respectively, were comparable to previous findings.

Matched MeSH terms: Hashimoto Disease
Fulltext Depression In Parkinson Disease: Clinical Features And Aetiology

Chan, Y.F., Zainal, N.Z.

Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry, 2010;19(1):1-11.
MyJurnal

Parkinson Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system that often impairs the patient’s motor skills, speech and other functions. The four cardinal signs of parkinsonism are resting tremor, bradykinesia, cogwheel rigidity and postural instability. The prevalence of depression in PD ranges from 4% to 75%. However depression in PD is often mistakenly as the presentation of the disease itself. Therefore this paper reviewed the clinical feature of depression in PD and explored the aetiology of depression in PD.

Matched MeSH terms: Parkinson Disease
Fulltext Rejuvenating chronic disease management in Malaysian private general practice - a global perspective

Anis Safura R, Wijesinha S, Piterman L

Malays Fam Physician, 2010;5(1):49-52.
MyJurnal

Rapid epidemiological transition globally has witnessed a rising prevalence of major chronic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, obesity, chronic respiratory diseases and cancers over the past 30 years. In Malaysia, these conditions are commonly managed in primary care and published evidence has consistently shown suboptimal management and poor disease control. This in turn, has led to the massive burden of treating complications in secondary care, burden to the patients and their families with regards to morbidity and premature death, and burden to the country with regards to premature loss of human capital. The crushing burden and escalating health care costs in managing chronic diseases pose a daunting challenge to our primary care system, as we remain traditionally oriented to care for acute, episodic illnesses. This paper re-examines the current evidence supporting the implementation of Wagner Chronic Care Model in primary care globally; analyses the barriers of implementation of this model in the Malaysian private general practice through SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) analysis; and discusses fundamental solutions needed to bridge the gap to achieve better outcomes.

Matched MeSH terms: Chronic Disease
Fulltext Holistic management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in primary care

Tengku Saifudin TI, Wan Haniza WM

Malays Fam Physician, 2010;5(3):119-125.
MyJurnal

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major respiratory illness in Malaysia that is mainly preventable and treatable but unfortunately remains largely undiagnosed. Primary care providers play a vital role in screening the population at risk, making an early diagnosis and initiating prompt and appropriate therapy including smoking cessation to improve symptoms and quality of life of the COPD patient. Measures to prevent and treat exacerbations are also important to prevent further rapid decline in lung function and to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with the disease.

Matched MeSH terms: Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
Fulltext An adolescent with anorexia nervosa - a case report

Khairani O, Majmin SH, Saharuddin A, Loh SF, Noor Azimah M, Hizlinda T

Malays Fam Physician, 2011;6(2):79-81.
PMID: 25606230 MyJurnal

This case report illustrates an adolescent with clinical presentation of moderate anorexia nervosa with no significant co-morbidities. It highlights the management of anorexia nervosa in the outpatient setting by a multi-disciplinary health care team which includes a family physician, a dietician, a psychologist and a child psychiatrist.

Matched MeSH terms: Disease Management
Fulltext The effects of hospital based respiratory physiotherapy an intervention study among COPD patient in Al-Zawia city, Libya

Zafar Ahmed, Sharifa Ezat Wan Puteh, Aisha Abdussalam, Mahmud Hanesh, Suriati Sukeri, Joseph, Leonard

Int J Public Health Res, 2012;2(1):65-74.
MyJurnal

OBJECTIVE. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a one of the major cause of death and disability worldwide. This study aimed to compare the quality of life (QOL), Activity of Daily Living (ADL), Pulmonary Function Test (PFT) and general health symptoms pre and after hospital-based respiratory physiotherapy program among COPD patients. METHODS. Pre and post intervention study was conducted between January and July 2010. A total of 54 subjects aged between 30 to 40 years old were recruited for this study using universal sampling method from Alzawia Teaching Hospital, Libya. Data collected were socio-demographic data, QOL (before and after the intervention) using the Short Form-36 (SF-36) questionnaire, ADL using the Barthel Index and the General Health Symptoms.
RESULTS.. The mean SF-36 score for QOL is 30.13 (SD = 8.06) and 63.46 (SD = 13.53) before and after the physiotherapy respectively (with the p <0.0001). Patients’ Activity of Daily Living mean scores are 70.18, (SD = 16.50) and mean = 88.89 (SD = 13.28) before and after program (p< 0.0001). The general medical condition mean score after respiratory physiotherapy is 3.72 as compared to 4.96 before the respiratory physiotherapy (p< 0.0001). Pulmonary Function Test shows improvement in actual/predicted FEV1 ratio in all 54 cases with mean improvement from 55.85 before to 81.67 after the pulmonary physiotherapy (with the p <0.0001).
CONCLUSION. Hospital based respiratory physiotherapy program had significantly improved QOL, pulmonary function and activities of daily living among the subjects.

Matched MeSH terms: Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
Concomitant measurements of serum annexin A5 levels and hematological indices as markers in recent and old myocardial infarction with low ejection fraction: A preliminary study

Alhusseiny AH, Al-Nimer MS, Mohammad FI, Ali Jadoo SA

Int J Cardiol, 2016 Nov 15;223:514-518.
PMID: 27552568 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.08.244

Serum annexin A5 (anxA5) level is significantly increased in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Hematological indices are significantly increased in patients with ischemic heart disease. This study aimed to demonstrate the changes in the distribution of blood cells and the levels of anxA5 in patients presented with significant low ejection fraction ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) in comparison with corresponding patients with ischemic heart disease.

Matched MeSH terms: Coronary Artery Disease
Fulltext Milk derived bioactive peptides and their impact on human health - A review

Mohanty DP, Mohapatra S, Misra S, Sahu PS

Saudi J Biol Sci, 2016 Sep;23(5):577-83.
PMID: 27579006 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.06.005

Milk-derived bioactive peptides have been identified as potential ingredients of health-promoting functional foods. These bioactive peptides are targeted at diet-related chronic diseases especially the non-communicable diseases viz., obesity, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Peptides derived from the milk of cow, goat, sheep, buffalo and camel exert multifunctional properties, including anti-microbial, immune modulatory, anti-oxidant, inhibitory effect on enzymes, anti-thrombotic, and antagonistic activities against various toxic agents. Majority of those regulate immunological, gastrointestinal, hormonal and neurological responses, thereby playing a vital role in the prevention of cancer, osteoporosis, hypertension and other disorders as discussed in this review. For the commercial production of such novel bioactive peptides large scale technologies based on membrane separation and ion exchange chromatography methods have been developed. Separation and identification of those peptides and their pharmacodynamic parameters are necessary to transfer their potent functional properties into food applications. The present review summarizes the preliminary classes of bioactive milk-derived peptides along with their physiological functions, general characteristics and potential applications in health-care.

Matched MeSH terms: Chronic Disease
Fulltext Transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TES) for treatment of constipation in children

Ng RT, Lee WS, Ang HL, Teo KM, Yik YI, Lai NM

Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2016 Jul 05;7:CD010873.
PMID: 27378432 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010873.pub2

BACKGROUND: Childhood constipation is a common problem with substantial health, economic and emotional burdens. Existing therapeutic options, mainly pharmacological, are not consistently effective, and some are associated with adverse effects after prolonged use. Transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TES), a non-pharmacological approach, is postulated to facilitate bowel movement by modulating the nerves of the large bowel via the application of electrical current transmitted through the abdominal wall.
OBJECTIVES: Our main objective was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of TES when employed to improve bowel function and constipation-related symptoms in children with constipation.
SEARCH METHODS: We searched MEDLINE (PubMed) (1950 to July 2015), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library, Issue 7, 2015), EMBASE (1980 to July 2015), the Cochrane IBD Group Specialized Register, trial registries and conference proceedings to identify applicable studies .
SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized controlled trials that assessed any type of TES, administered at home or in a clinical setting, compared to no treatment, a sham TES, other forms of nerve stimulation or any other pharmaceutical or non-pharmaceutical measures used to treat constipation in children were considered for inclusion.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently assessed studies for inclusion, extracted data and assessed risk of bias of the included studies. We calculated the risk ratio (RR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) for categorical outcomes data and the mean difference (MD) and corresponding 95% CI for continuous outcomes.
MAIN RESULTS: One study from Australia including 46 children aged 8 to 18 years was eligible for inclusion. There were multiple reports identified, including one unpublished report, that focused on different outcomes of the same study. The study had unclear risk of selection bias, high risks of performance, detection and attrition biases, and low risks of reporting biases.There were no significant differences between TES and the sham control group for the following outcomes: i).number of children with > 3 complete spontaneous bowel movements (CSBM) per week (RR 1.07, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.53, one study, 42 participants) (
QUALITY OF EVIDENCE: very low, due to high risk of bias and serious imprecision ), ii). number of children with improved colonic transit assessed radiologically (RR 5.00, 95% CI 0.79 to 31.63; one study, 21 participants) (
QUALITY OF EVIDENCE: very low, due to high risk of bias, serious imprecision and indirectness of the outcome). However, mean colonic transit rate, measured as the position of the geometric centre of the radioactive substance ingested along the intestinal tract, was significantly higher in children who received TES compared to sham (MD 1.05, 95% CI 0.36 to 1.74; one study, 30 participants) (
QUALITY OF EVIDENCE: very low, due to high risk of bias , serious imprecision and indirectness of the outcome). There was no significant difference between the two groups in the number of children with improved soiling-related symptoms (RR 2.08, 95% CI 0.86 to 5.00; one study, 25 participants) (
QUALITY OF EVIDENCE: very low, due to high risk of bias and serious imprecision). There was no significant difference in the number of children with improved quality of life (QoL) (RR 4.00, 95% CI 0.56 to 28.40; one study, 16 participants) (
QUALITY OF EVIDENCE: very low, due to high risk of bias issues and serious imprecision ). There were also no significant differences in in self-perceived (MD 5.00, 95% CI -1.21 to 11.21) or parent-perceived QoL (MD -0.20, 95% CI -7.57 to 7.17, one study, 33 participants for both outcomes) (QUALITY OF EVIDENCE for both outcomes: very low, due to high risk of bias and serious imprecision). No adverse effects were reported in the included study.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The very low quality evidence gathered in this review does not suggest that TES provides a benefit for children with chronic constipation. Further randomized controlled trials assessing TES for the management of childhood constipation should be conducted. Future trials should include clear documentation of methodologies, especially measures to evaluate the effectiveness of blinding, and incorporate patient-important outcomes such as the number of patients with improved CSBM, improved clinical symptoms and quality of life.

Matched MeSH terms: Chronic Disease
Fulltext Ambiguous presentations of pulmonary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma: Two case reports of a rare pulmonary malignancy

Soo CI, Ng BH, Tan EL, Abdul Hamid F

SAGE Open Med Case Rep, 2016;4:2050313X16650323.
PMID: 27489719 DOI: 10.1177/2050313X16650323

Pulmonary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma is an uncommon lung malignancy of endothelial origin. Besides demonstrating unpredictable presentation features and prognosis, the paucity of established treatment guidelines remains a challenge in managing these patients. We present two patients. The first patient presented with chronic productive cough over 1-year duration. He was initially diagnosed and showed partial response to treatment for cardiac failure. A persistent right upper zone consolidation on chest radiograph prompted further investigations which revealed the diagnosis of pulmonary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma. The second patient presented with right-sided hemiparesis for 1-month duration. Initial computer tomography scan of the brain showed findings of distant metastatic foci. Subsequent investigations revealed pulmonary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma as the primary lesion. Both patients succumbed without any treatment due to rapid progression of the disease. We believe that pulmonary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma is undoubtedly rarely reported in south-east Asia region. In these two case reports, the patients were diagnosed in west and east Malaysia, respectively, in the same year (2015). Both cases highlight the increasing prevalence of pulmonary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma. We postulate that this could possibly be secondary to the advancement in diagnostic capabilities and improved healthcare facilities available in this region. Late presentation of pulmonary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma generally results in grave prognosis. Further investigations are required to elucidate the nature of progression and therapeutic options for patients with pulmonary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma.

Matched MeSH terms: Disease Progression
Evaluation of intestinal damage caused by V. cholerae O139, an in vivo study

Murugaiah C, Noor NZ, Mustafa S, Manickam R, Pattabhiraman L

Microb Pathog, 2017 Apr;105:25-29.
PMID: 28179117 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.02.002

Cholera, a severe form of gastroenteritis, is one of the most widespread diseases in developing countries. The mechanism of intestinal infection caused by V. cholerae O139 remains unclear. In order to explore some morphological aspects of its infection in the intestine including Peyer's patches, we investigated the V. cholerae O139 infection at intestinal site of the rabbit gut-loop model. The electron microscopic analysis revealed denuded mucosal surface with loss of microvilli and integrity of the surface epithelium. Infection of the intestine with V. cholerae O139 induces destruction of villi, microvilli and lining epithelium with exposure of crypts of Lieberkuhn.

Matched MeSH terms: Disease Models, Animal
Fulltext Negative Checkpoint Regulatory Molecule 2B4 (CD244) Upregulation Is Associated with Invariant Natural Killer T Cell Alterations and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease Progression

Ahmad F, Shankar EM, Yong YK, Tan HY, Ahrenstorf G, Jacobs R, et al.

Front Immunol, 2017;8:338.
PMID: 28396665 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00338

The CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are implicated in innate immune responses against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, the determinants of cellular dysfunction across the iNKT cells subsets are seldom defined in HIV disease. Herein, we provide evidence for the involvement of the negative checkpoint regulator (NCR) 2B4 in iNKT cell alteration in a well-defined cohort of HIV-seropositive anti-retroviral therapy (ART) naïve, ART-treated, and elite controllers (ECs). We report on exaggerated 2B4 expression on iNKT cells of HIV-infected treatment-naïve individuals. In sharp contrast to CD4(-)iNKT cells, 2B4 expression was significantly higher on CD4(+) iNKT cell subset. Notably, an increased level of 2B4 on iNKT cells was strongly correlated with parameters associated with HIV disease progression. Further, iNKT cells from ART-naïve individuals were defective in their ability to produce intracellular IFN-γ. Together, our results suggest that the levels of 2B4 expression and the downstream co-inhibitory signaling events may contribute to impaired iNKT cell responses.

Matched MeSH terms: Disease Progression
Fulltext Multiple concurrent primary extramammary Paget's disease

Leelavathi M, Norazirah MN, Nur Amirah AP

Malays Fam Physician, 2016;11(1):18-21.
PMID: 28461844

Extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) is a rare malignant disorder of the skin, which was described in as early as the nineteenth century. EMPD usually occurs as a single lesion in the apocrine sweat gland-bearing skin with abundant hair follicles. Here, we present an elderly man who suffered from a non-resolving chronic genital pruritus for 8 months. Initially, he was managed for recurrent fungal infection and eczema. Later, a diagnosis of the rare condition multiple primary EMPD was made based on the histopathology findings and appropriate treatment was given.

Matched MeSH terms: Paget Disease, Extramammary
Fulltext Agents of change: The role of healthcare workers in the prevention of nosocomial and occupational tuberculosis

Nathavitharana RR, Bond P, Dramowski A, Kotze K, Lederer P, Oxley I, et al.

Presse Med, 2017 Mar;46(2 Pt 2):e53-e62.
PMID: 28256382 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2017.01.014

Healthcare workers (HCWs) play a central role in global tuberculosis (TB) elimination efforts but their contributions are undermined by occupational TB. HCWs have higher rates of latent and active TB than the general population due to persistent occupational TB exposure, particularly in settings where there is a high prevalence of undiagnosed TB in healthcare facilities and TB infection control (TB-IC) programmes are absent or poorly implemented. Occupational health programmes in high TB burden settings are often weak or non-existent and thus data that record the extent of the increased risk of occupational TB globally are scarce. HCWs represent a limited resource in high TB burden settings and occupational TB can lead to workforce attrition. Stigma plays a role in delayed diagnosis, poor treatment outcomes and impaired well-being in HCWs who develop TB. Ensuring the prioritization and implementation of TB-IC interventions and occupational health programmes, which include robust monitoring and evaluation, is critical to reduce nosocomial TB transmission to patients and HCWs. The provision of preventive therapy for HCWs with latent TB infection (LTBI) can also prevent progression to active TB. Unlike other patient groups, HCWs are in a unique position to serve as agents of change to raise awareness, advocate for necessary resource allocation and implement TB-IC interventions, with appropriate support from dedicated TB-IC officers at the facility and national TB programme level. Students and community health workers (CHWs) must be engaged and involved in these efforts. Nosocomial TB transmission is an urgent public health problem and adopting rights-based approaches can be helpful. However, these efforts cannot succeed without increased political will, supportive legal frameworks and financial investments to support HCWs in efforts to decrease TB transmission.

Matched MeSH terms: Infectious Disease Transmission, Professional-to-Patient/prevention & control; Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional/prevention & control
Cardiac arrhythmias in acute myocardial infarction

Ng WH, Goh TH, Ishak E, Ahmad Z

Med J Malaysia, 1979 Dec;34(2):131-5.
PMID: 548713
Matched MeSH terms: Acute Disease
Membranous glomerulonephritis and chronic hepatitis

Wang F, Menon A, Murugasu R, Prathap K

Med J Malaysia, 1977 Sep;32(1):78-81.
PMID: 609351
Matched MeSH terms: Chronic Disease

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