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Long-term type 1 diabetes mellitus creates a pro-atherogenic environment conducive to early atherosclerosis in rats

Vântu A, Ghertescu D, Fiscă C, Mărginean A, Hutanu A, Gheban D, et al.

Malays J Pathol, 2019 Apr;41(1):25-32.
PMID: 31025634

INTRODUCTION: Experimental models are essential for clarifying the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in the context of diabetes mellitus (DM). We aimed to evaluate the presence and the magnitude of several factors known to promote atherogenesis, and to assess the potential of a pro-atherogenic environment to stimulate the development of atherosclerotic lesions in a rat model of long-term type 1 DM.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six control and five DM Wistar rats were evaluated. DM was induced at 11 weeks of age using streptozotocin (STZ; 60 mg/kg, intraperitoneal). Animals were monitored up to 38 weeks of age, when plasma glucose, lipid profile, and markers specific for systemic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and oxidative stress were measured. The amount of fat within the aortic wall was assessed semiquantitatively using Oil Red O staining.
RESULTS: Diabetic rats presented significantly higher plasma glucose (p < 0.001), total cholesterol and triglycerides (both p = 0.02), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (p = 0.01), and vascular endothelial growth factor (p = 0.04) levels, and significantly lower interleukin-10 (p = 0.04), superoxide dismutase (p < 0.01), and glutathione peroxidase (p = 0.01) levels than the control rats. Mild (grade 1) atherosclerotic lesions were observed in the aortic wall of 80% of the diabetic rats and in none of the control rats.
CONCLUSIONS: This study presents a STZ-induced type 1 DM rat model with one of the longest follow-ups in the literature. In this model, long-term DM created a highly pro-atherogenic environment characterised by hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, systemic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and oxidative stress that resulted in the development of early aortic atherosclerotic lesions.

Matched MeSH terms: Triglycerides
Fulltext Swietenine potentiates the antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activity of Metformin in Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats

Shiming Z, Mak KK, Balijepalli MK, Chakravarthi S, Pichika MR

Biomed Pharmacother, 2021 Jul;139:111576.
PMID: 33862494 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111576

Diabetes mellitus or type-2 diabetes, commonly referred as diabetes, is a metabolic disorder that results in high blood sugar level. Despite the availability of several antidiabetic drugs in the market, they still do not adequately regulate blood sugar levels. Thus, in general people prefer to use herbal supplements/medicines along with antidiabetic drugs to control blood sugar levels. One of such herbal medicine is Swietenia macrophylla seeds. It is widely used in Asia for controlling blood sugar levels. One of the major bioactive compounds, Swietenine, is reported to be responsible for controlling blood glucose levels. However, there were no studies on its efficacy in controlling the blood glucose in diabetic rats. In this study, we evaluated the antihyperglycemic activity of Swietenine and its pharmacodynamic interaction with Metformin in Streptozotocin induced diabetes in rats. The activity of Swietenine was investigated at three different doses: 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg body weight (bw). Metformin (50 mg/kg bw) was used as a standard drug. Swietenine (20 and 40 mg/kg bw) and Metformin (50 mg/kg bw) showed significant effect in reducing the glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, urea, creatinine, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and malondialdehyde level in serum while it had increased the high-density lipoprotein, glutathione, and total antioxidant capacity level. In addition, Swietenine (20 and 40 mg/kg) had shown significant synergistic effect with Metformin. Administration of Swietenine at 10 mg/kg bw neither showed activity nor influenced Metformin's activity. The results from this study confirmed the beneficial effects of Swietenine and its synergistic action with Metformin in controlling the dysregulated serum parameters in Streptozotocin induced diabetes in rats.

Matched MeSH terms: Triglycerides
Fulltext Antidiabetic, Antihyperlipidemic, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory Activities of Ethanolic Seed Extract of Annona reticulata L. in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats

Wen W, Lin Y, Ti Z

Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2019;10:716.
PMID: 31708869 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00716

Annona reticulata L. (Bullock's heart) is a pantropic tree commonly known as custard apple, which is used therapeutically for a variety of maladies. The present research was carried out to evaluate the possible protective effects of Annona reticulata L. (A. reticulata) ethanolic seed extract on an experimentally induced type 2 diabetes rat model. Male Albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups with six animals in each group viz., control rats in group I, diabetic rats in group II, diabetic rats with 50 and 100 mg/kg/bw of ethanolic seed extract of A. reticulata in groups III and IV, respectively, and diabetic rats with metformin in group V. Treatment was given for 42 consecutive days through oral route by oro-gastric gavage. Administration of A. reticulata seed extract to diabetes rats significantly restored the alterations in the levels of body weight, food and water intake, fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin levels, insulin sensitivity, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, islet area and insulin positive cells. Furthermore, A. reticulata significantly decreased the levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL, and significantly increased the HDL in diabetic rats. A. reticulata effectively ameliorated the enzymatic (ALT, AST, ALP, GGT) and modification of histopathological changes in diabetic rats. The serum levels of the BUN, creatinine levels, uric acid, urine volume, and urinary protein were significantly declined with a significant elevation in CCr in diabetic rats treated with A. reticulata. MDA and NO levels were significantly reduced with an enhancement in SOD, CAT, and GPx antioxidant enzyme activities in the kidney, liver, and pancreas of diabetic rats treated with A. reticulata. Diabetic rats treated with A. reticulata have shown up-regulation in mRNA expression levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and protein expression level of Nrf2 with diminution in Keap1 mRNA expression level in pancreas, kidney, and liver. From the outcome of the current results, it can be inferred that seed extract of A. reticulata exhibits a protective effect in diabetic rats through its anti-diabetic, anti-hyperlipidemic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and could be considered as a promising treatment therapy in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

Matched MeSH terms: Triglycerides
Fulltext Dietary patterns of the metabolic syndrome among older adults in Malaysia

Suzana Shahar, Nik Nur Izzati

Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 2018;16(101):237-237.
MyJurnal

The term metabolic syndrome (MetS) describes a clustering of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus which include high blood pressure, low fasting high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), high fasting triglyceride (TG), high fasting blood glucose (BG), and abdominal obesity. The aim of this cross sectional study was to determine the dietary patterns (DPs) associated with MetS among 451 older adults in Malaysia. Food intake was determined using validated Diet History. DP was identified based on 40 food groups by using principal component analysis (PCA), and the factors were rotated by varimax rotation. Fasting venous blood samples were taken to determine HDL-c, TaG and BG level. Blood pressure and anthropometric measurements were also performed. Three major dietary patterns have been identified; 1) bread, spreads and oats, 2) Malaysia traditional pancakes and 3) vegetables and healthy cooked dishes. Three models were built to compare the potential confounder such as age, education years, marital status, calorie intakes, ciggarate smoking and body mass indeks (BMI). Only vegetables and healthy cooked dishes DP was associated with MetS. This DP reflects high consumption of various types of vegetables, noodle in soup, healthy cooked fish or seafood and low consumption of all type of high calorie rice, noodles and fried desserts. For all models, subject in the highest tertile of vegetables and healthy cooked dishes DP had a lower odd ratio (OR) for MetS as compared to lowest tertile. As more potential confounders added in new models, the significant values are increased. After adjustment of body mass index, the association for vegetables and healthy cooked dishes DP was attenuated (OR: 0.67, CI: 0.39-1.16, p: 0.156). In conclusion, high consumption of vegetable and healthy cooked dishes may lower the occurance of MetS among Malaysian elderly.

Matched MeSH terms: Triglycerides
Fulltext Prevalence and clinical characteristics of Metabolic Syndrome among Malaysian Hypertensive subjects using the International Diabetes Federation definition

A Azizi, HM Rafidah

International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2017;16(1):3-9.
MyJurnal

Individuals with metabolic syndrome are at increased risk for developing cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and clinical characteristics in hypertensive patients according to the criteria of the new International Diabetes Federation (IDF) definition. Hypertensive patients were recruited from the Medical Out-Patient Department, Kuantan Hospital. The five components of metabolic syndrome were examined which included blood pressure (≥130/85 mmHg), fasting glucose (≥5.6mmol/L), fasting triglycerides (≥1.7 mmol/L), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level (80cm). Out of 139 hypertensive patients, there were 113 met all the selection criteria consisted of 61 male and 52 female subjects. The participants’ age ranged from 21 to 91 years (51.9±16.8 years; mean±SD), and body mass index 13.5-42.3 kg/m2 (27.5±4.9 kg/m2). According to the IDF criteria, the prevalence of central obesity was 67.2% in men and 84.6% in women. Among the 113 hypertensive subjects over 21 years of age, 51 subjects or 45.1% had metabolic syndrome. The present data revealed that there was high prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Malaysian hypertensive subjects. This finding was supported by the fact of high prevalence of central obesity among the study subjects.
Study site: Medical clinic, Hospital Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia

Matched MeSH terms: Triglycerides
Fulltext Effect of germinated brown rice extracts on pancreatic lipase, adipogenesis and lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

Lim SM, Goh YM, Kuan WB, Loh SP

Lipids Health Dis, 2014 Nov 03;13:169.
PMID: 25367070 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511X-13-169

BACKGROUND: This study investigated anti-obesity effects of seven different solvent (n-hexane, toluene, dicholoromethane, ethyl acetate, absolute methanol, 80% methanol and deionized water) extracts of germinated brown rice (GBR) on pancreatic lipase activity, adipogenesis and lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
METHODS: GBR were extracted separately by employing different solvents with ultrasound-assisted. Pancreatic lipase activity was determined spectrophotometrically by measuring the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl butyrate (p-NPB) to p-nitrophenol at 405 nm. Adipogenesis and lipolysis were assayed in fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes by using Oil Red O staining and glycerol release measurement.
RESULTS: GBR extract using hexane showed the highest inhibitory effect (13.58 ± 0.860%) at concentration of 200 μg/ml followed by hexane extract at 100 μg/ml (9.98 ± 1.048%) while ethyl acetate extract showed the lowest (2.62 ± 0.677%) at concentration of 200 μg/ml on pancreatic lipase activity. Water extract at 300 μg/ml showed 61.55 ± 3.824% of Oil Red O staining material (OROSM), a marker of adipogenesis. It significantly decrease (p

Matched MeSH terms: Triglycerides
Ameliorative Effect of Curcumin on Olanzapine-induced Obesity in Sprague-Dawley Rats

Parasuraman S, Zhen KM, Banik U, Christapher PV

Pharmacognosy Res, 2017 Jul-Sep;9(3):247-252.
PMID: 28827965 DOI: 10.4103/pr.pr_8_17

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of curcumin on olanzapine-induced obesity in rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were used for experiments. The animals were divided into six groups, namely, normal control, olanzapine control, betahistine (10 mg/kg), and curcumin 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg treated groups. Except the normal control group, all other animals were administered with olanzapine 4 mg/kg intraperitoneally to induce obesity. The drugs were administered once daily, per oral for 28 days. During the experiment, body weight changes and behavior alterations were monitored at regular intervals. At the end of the experiment, blood sample was collected from all the experimental animals for biochemical analysis. Part of the liver and kidney tissues was harvested from the sacrificed animals and preserved in neutral formalin for histopathological studies.

RESULTS: Curcumin showed a significant reduction in olanzapine-induced body weight gain on the rats and improved the locomotor effects. The effect of curcumin on olanzapine-induced body weight gain is not comparable with that of betahistine.

CONCLUSION: This study has shown metabolic alteration effect of curcumin on olanzapine, an antipsychotic drug, treated SD rats.

SUMMARY: Olanzapine is an atypical antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Obesity is an adverse effect of olanzapine, and the present study was made an attempt to study the effect of curcumin on olanzapine-induced obesity in rats. In this present study, curcumin significantly reduced olanzapine-induced body weight gain in rats. Abbreviations Used: 5HT: 5-hydroxytryptamine, ALP: Alkaline phosphatase, ALT: Alanine transaminase, ANOVA: Analysis of variance, AST: Aspartate transaminase, CMC: Carboxymethyl cellulose, D: Dopamine, H and E: Hematoxylin and Eosin stain, H: Histamine, HDL-C: Highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol, IP: Intraperitoneal, MAO: Monoamine oxidase, NaOH: Sodium hydroxide, SD rats: Sprague Dawley rats, TCs: Total cholesterols, TG: Triglyceride.

Matched MeSH terms: Triglycerides
Fulltext JIS definition identified more Malaysian adults with metabolic syndrome compared to the NCEP-ATP III and IDF criteria

Ramli AS, Daher AM, Nor-Ashikin MN, Mat-Nasir N, Ng KK, Miskan M, et al.

Biomed Res Int, 2013;2013:760963.
PMID: 24175300 DOI: 10.1155/2013/760963

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a steering force for the cardiovascular diseases epidemic in Asia. This study aimed to compare the prevalence of MetS in Malaysian adults using NCEP-ATP III, IDF, and JIS definitions, identify the demographic factors associated with MetS, and determine the level of agreement between these definitions. The analytic sample consisted of 8,836 adults aged ≥30 years recruited at baseline in 2007-2011 from the Cardiovascular Risk Prevention Study (CRisPS), an ongoing, prospective cohort study involving 18 urban and 22 rural communities in Malaysia. JIS definition gave the highest overall prevalence (43.4%) compared to NCEP-ATP III (26.5%) and IDF (37.4%), P < 0.001. Indians had significantly higher age-adjusted prevalence compared to other ethnic groups across all MetS definitions (30.1% by NCEP-ATP III, 50.8% by IDF, and 56.5% by JIS). The likelihood of having MetS amongst the rural and urban populations was similar across all definitions. A high level of agreement between the IDF and JIS was observed (Kappa index = 0.867), while there was a lower level of agreement between the IDF and NCEP-ATP III (Kappa index = 0.580). JIS definition identified more Malaysian adults with MetS and therefore should be recommended as the preferred diagnostic criterion.

Matched MeSH terms: Triglycerides
Fulltext Association between dietary patterns and cardiometabolic risks in Malaysian Punjabi adults

Yik Fah Chee, Satvinder Kaur, Roseline Wai Kuan Yap

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2020;16(106):106-115.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Globally, the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is high in Punjabi population. This could due to the increased cardiometabolic risks associated with diets high in dietary fats and refined grains. However, studies on the relationship between dietary pattern and cardiometabolic risks involving Malaysian Punjabis popu- lation are scarce. Hence, this study aims to determine the associations between dietary patterns and cardiometa- bolic risks in Malaysian Punjabi adults. Methods: Socio-demographic, lifestyle and dietary intake information was collected using self-administered questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements: weight and height for body mass index (BMI) calculation, waist circumference (WC); systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP); and biomark- ers: blood glucose, glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), triglycerides, total cholesterol (TC), low-density-lipopro- tein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), apolipoprotein A1 and B100 were obtained. Major dietary patterns were derived using principal component analysis. Association between dietary patterns and cardiometabolic risk factors were performed using ANCOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results: A total of 164 (35.4% males and 64.6% females) Punjabis were included in this study. Four dietary patterns were extracted, namely ‘fruits and vegetables diet’ (FVD), ‘whole grains, condiments and beverages diet’ (WCBD), ‘protein diet’ (PD) and ‘rice, noodles, cereals and meat diet’ (RNCMD). Significant associations were obtained for FVD with BMI (p=0.012), WC (p=0.011), SBP (p=0.020) and DBP (p=0.009); WCBD with TC (p=0.010), LDL-C (p=0.015) and apolipoprotein B100 (p=0.038). Conclusion: Dietary pattern comprised of fruits, vegetables and beverages containing antioxidant-rich spices, ginger, and black tea may lower cardiometabolic risks in Malaysian Punjabis, particularly in obesity, high blood pressure and hyperlipidaemia.

Matched MeSH terms: Triglycerides
Sargassum polycystum reduces hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia and oxidative stress via increasing insulin sensitivity in a rat model of type 2 diabetes

Motshakeri M, Ebrahimi M, Goh YM, Matanjun P, Mohamed S

J Sci Food Agric, 2013 May;93(7):1772-8.
PMID: 23208488 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5971

BACKGROUND: Sargassum polycystum, a brown seaweed, contains various nutrients and bioactive compounds that have antioxidant and healing properties. The research hypothesises that antioxidants and pigments in dietary S. polycystum extracts can improve insulin sensitivity, blood sugar levels and blood lipid levels in a rat model of type 2 diabetes. The diabetes was induced by a high-sugar, high-fat diet for 16 weeks to enhance insulin resistance, followed by a low-dose intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (35 mg kg(-1) body weight). The doses of S. polycystum tested on diabetic rats were 150 and 300 mg kg(-1) body weight for the ethanolic extract or 150 and 300 mg kg(-1) for the water extract. Normal rats, untreated diabetic and metformin-treated diabetic rats (n = 6) were used as control.
RESULTS: Both doses of the alcohol extract of S. polycystum and the 300 mg kg(-1) water extract, significantly reduced blood glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1C ) levels. Serum total cholesterol, triglyceride levels and plasma atherogenic index were significantly decreased after 22 days treatment in all seaweed groups. Unlike metformin, S. polycystum did not significantly change plasma insulin in the rats, but increased the response to insulin.
CONCLUSION: The consumption of either ethanolic or water extracts of S. polycystum dose dependently reduced dyslipidaemia in type 2 diabetic rats. S. polycystum is a potential insulin sensitiser, for a comestible complementary therapy in the management of type 2 diabetes which can help reduce atherogenic risk.

Matched MeSH terms: Triglycerides/blood

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