Displaying publications 21 - 40 of 71 in total

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  1. Influence of freeze-drying and spray-drying preservation methods on survivability rate of different types of protectants encapsulated Lactobacillus acidophilus FTDC 3081
    Tang HW, Abbasiliasi S, Murugan P, Tam YJ, Ng HS, Tan JS
    Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 2020 Sep;84(9):1913-1920.
    PMID: 32448058 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2020.1770572
    The aims of this study were to compare the effectiveness of different drying methods and to investigate the effects of adding a series of individual protectant such as skim milk, sucrose, maltodextrin, and corn starch for preserving Lactobacillus acidophilus FTDC 3081 cells during spray and freeze-drying and storage at different temperatures. Results showed a remarkable high survival rate of 70-80% immediately after spray- and freeze-drying in which the cell viability retained at the range of 109 to 1010 CFU/mL. After a month of storage, maltodextrin showed higher protective ability on both spray- and freeze-dried cells as compared to other protective agents at 4°C, 25°C, and 40°C. A complete loss in viability of spray-dried L. acidophilus FTDC 3081 was observed after a month at 40°C in the absence of protective agent.
  2. Optimization of an induction strategy for improving interferon-alpha2b production in the periplasm of Escherichia coli using response surface methodology
    Azaman SN, Ramakrishnan NR, Tan JS, Rahim RA, Abdullah MP, Ariff AB
    Biotechnol Appl Biochem, 2010 Aug;56(4):141-50.
    PMID: 20604747 DOI: 10.1042/BA20100104
    Induction strategies for the periplasmic production of recombinant human IFN-alpha2b (interferon-alpha2b) by recombinant Escherichia coli Rosetta-gami 2(DE3) were optimized in shake-flask cultures using response surface methodology based on the central composite design. The factors included in the present study were induction point, which related to the attenuance of the cell culture, IPTG (isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactoside) concentration and induction temperature. Second-order polynomial models were used to correlate the abovementioned factors to soluble periplasmic IFN-alpha2b formation and percentage of soluble IFN-alpha2b translocated to the periplasmic space of E. coli. The models were found to be significant and subsequently validated. The proposed induction strategies consisted of induction at an attenuance of 4 (measured as D600), IPTG concentration of 0.05 mM and temperature of 25 degrees C. The optimized induction strategy reduced inclusion-body formation as evidenced by electron microscopy and yielded 323.8 ng/ml of IFN-alpha2b in the periplasmic space with translocation of 74% of the total soluble product. In comparison with the non-optimized condition, soluble periplasmic production and the percentage of soluble IFN-alpha2b translocated to the periplasmic space obtained in optimized induction strategies were increased by approx. 20-fold and 1.4-fold respectively.
  3. Wide dynamic range of surface-plasmon-resonance-based assay for hepatitis B surface antigen antibody optimal detection in comparison with ELISA
    Tam YJ, Zeenathul NA, Rezaei MA, Mustafa NH, Azmi MLM, Bahaman AR, et al.
    Biotechnol Appl Biochem, 2017 Sep;64(5):735-744.
    PMID: 27506960 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1528
    Limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification, and the dynamic range of detection of hepatitis B surface antigen antibody (anti-HBs) using a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) chip-based approach with Pichia pastoris-derived recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) as recognition element were established through the scouting for optimal conditions for the improvement of immobilization efficiency and in the use of optimal regeneration buffer. Recombinant HBsAg was immobilized onto the sensor surface of a CM5 chip at a concentration of 150 mg/L in sodium acetate buffer at pH 4 with added 0.6% Triton X-100. A regeneration solution of 20 mM HCl was optimally found to effectively unbind analytes from the ligand, thus allowing for multiple screening cycles. A dynamic range of detection of ∼0.00098-0.25 mg/L was obtained, and a sevenfold higher LOD, as well as a twofold increase in coefficient of variance of the replicated results, was shown as compared with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Evaluation of the assay for specificity showed no cross-reactivity with other antibodies tested. The ability of SPR chip-based assay and ELISA to detect anti-HBs in human serum was comparable, indicating that the SPR chip-based assay with its multiple screening capacity has greater advantage over ELISA.
  4. Comprehensive studies on optimization of cellulase and xylanase production by a local indigenous fungus strain via solid state fermentation using oil palm frond as substrate
    Tai WY, Tan JS, Lim V, Lee CK
    Biotechnol Prog, 2019 05;35(3):e2781.
    PMID: 30701709 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2781
    The high cost of cellulases remains the most significant barrier to the economical production of bio-ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass. The goal of this study was to optimize cellulases and xylanase production by a local indigenous fungus strain (Aspergillus niger DWA8) using agricultural waste (oil palm frond [OPF]) as substrate. The enzyme production profile before optimization indicated that the highest carboxymethyl cellulose (CMCase), filter paper (FPase), and xylanase activities of 1.06 U/g, 2.55 U/g, and 2.93 U/g were obtained on day 5, day 4, and day 5 of fermentation, respectively. Response surface methodology was used to study the effects of several key process parameters in order to optimize cellulase production. Of the five physical and two chemical factors tested, only moisture content of 75% (w/w) and substrate amount of 2.5 g had statistically significant effect on enzymes production. Under optimized conditions of 2.5 g of substrate, 75% (w/w) moisture content, initial medium of pH 4.5, 1 × 106 spores/mL of inoculum, and incubation at ambient temperature (±30°C) without additional carbon and nitrogen, the highest CMCase, FPase, and xylanase activities obtained were 2.38 U/g, 2.47 U/g, and 5.23 U/g, respectively. Thus, the optimization process increased CMCase and xylanase production by 124.5 and 78.5%, respectively. Moreover, A. niger DWA8 produced reasonably good cellulase and xylanase titers using OPF as the substrate when compared with previous researcher finding. The enzymes produced by this process could be further use to hydrolyze biomass to generate reducing sugars, which are the feedstock for bioethanol production.
  5. Response surface methodology optimization of polyhydroxyalkanoate production by Burkholderia cepacia BPT1213 using waste glycerol from palm oil-based biodiesel production
    Mohd Zain NF, Paramasivam M, Tan JS, Lim V, Lee CK
    Biotechnol Prog, 2021 01;37(1):e3077.
    PMID: 32894656 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3077
    The feasibility of using waste glycerol from the biodiesel industry for biosynthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) by Burkholderia cepacia BPT1213 was evaluated. Culture conditions were optimized by growing B. cepacia BPT1213 in mineral salt medium supplemented with 2% waste glycerol in a 2.5 L bioreactor. Response surface methodology was used to determine the influence of aeration rate (0.6-1.8 vvm), agitation speed (100-300 rpm), and cultivation period (48-72 hr) on PHA production. The optimum conditions for the growth and PHA accumulation were 1.5 vvm, 300 rpm, and 72 hr, with predicted values of 5.08 g/L cell dry weight (CDW), 66.07% PHA content, and 3.35 g/L total PHA concentration. Using these conditions, the experimental system produced 5.63 g/L of CDW with 64.00% wt/wt PHA content, which is threefold higher PHA concentration (3.60 g/L) compared to the non-optimized conditions. The melting temperature (Tm ) of purified PHA was 173.45 ± 1.05°C. In conclusion, the statistical approach was significantly increased the PHA production using waste glycerol as the sole carbon source.
  6. Medium chain triglyceride and medium-and long chain triglyceride: metabolism, production, health impacts and its applications - a review
    Lee YY, Tang TK, Chan ES, Phuah ET, Lai OM, Tan CP, et al.
    Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 2021 Jan 22.
    PMID: 33480262 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1873729
    Structured lipid is a type of modified form of lipid that is "fabricated" with the purpose to improve the nutritional and functional properties of conventional fats and oils derived from animal and plant sources. Such healthier choice of lipid received escalating attention from the public for its capability to manage the rising prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Of which, medium-chain triacylglycerol (MCT) and medium-and long-chain triacylglycerol (MLCT) are the few examples of the "new generation" custom-made healthful lipids which are mainly composed of medium chain fatty acid (MCFA). MCT is made up exclusively of MCFA whereas MLCT contains a mixture of MCFA and long chain fatty acid (LCFA), respectively. Attributed by the unique metabolism of MCFA which is rapidly metabolized by the body, MCFA and MCT showed to acquire multiple physiological and functional properties in managing and reversing certain health disorders. Several chemically or enzymatically oils and fats modification processes catalyzed by a biological or chemical catalyst such as acidolysis, interesterification and esterification are adopted to synthesis MCT and MLCT. With their purported health benefits, MCT and MLCT are widely being used as nutraceutical in food and pharmaceutical sectors. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review on MCT and MLCT, with an emphasis on the basic understanding of its structures, properties, unique metabolism; the current status of the touted health benefits; latest routes of production; its up-to-date applications in the different food systems; relevant patents filed and its drawbacks.
  7. Improved stability of live attenuated vaccine gdhA derivative Pasteurella multocida B:2 by freeze drying method for use as animal vaccine
    Oslan SNH, Halim M, Ramle NA, Saad MZ, Tan JS, Kapri MR, et al.
    Cryobiology, 2017 12;79:1-8.
    PMID: 29037980 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2017.10.004
    The efficacy of attenuated strain of gdhA derivative Pasteurella multocida B:2 mutant as a live vaccine to control haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) disease in cattle and buffaloes has been demonstrated. In order to use P. multocida B:2 mutant as a commercial product, it is essential to optimise its formulation for high viability and stability of the live cells. The effectiveness of freeze-drying process using different protective agent formulations for improving cells viability was explored. Sugar and nitrogen compounds were used as protective agents in freeze-drying and the capability of these compounds in maintaining the viability of mutant P. multocida B:2 during subsequent storage was investigated. A complete loss in viability of freeze-dried mutant P. multocida B:2 was monthly observed until 6-12 months of storage at -30 °C, 4 °C and 27 °C when nitrogen compound or no protective agent was added. Trehalose and sucrose showed significantly high survival rate of 93-95% immediately after freeze-drying and the viability was retained during the subsequent storage at -30 °C and 4 °C. A smooth cell surface without any cell-wall damage was observed for the cells formulated with trehalose under scanning electron micrograph. This study presented a freeze-drying process generating a dried live attenuated vaccine formulation with high stability for commercial applications.
  8. Bioactive Metabolites of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum K014 Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC43300 and In Vitro Evaluation of Its Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities
    Mlambo LK, Abbasiliasi S, Tang HW, Ng ZJ, Parumasivam T, Hanafiah KM, et al.
    Curr Microbiol, 2022 Oct 17;79(12):359.
    PMID: 36251092 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-03038-6
    This study aims to evaluate the effects of bioactive metabolites produced by lactic acid bacteria against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ATCC 43300. A total of six lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were selected to evaluate the antimicrobial activity against MRSA ATCC 43300, a skin pathogen that is highly resistant to most antibiotics. The K014 isolate from a fermented vegetable recorded the highest inhibition against MRSA ATCC 43300 at 91.93 ± 0.36%. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed the K014 isolate is closely related to L. plantarum and the sequence was subsequently deposited in the GenBank database with an accession number of MW180960, named as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum K014. The cell-free supernatant (CFS) of L. plantarum K014 had tolerance to high temperature as well as acidic pH. The bioactive metabolites, such as hydrogen peroxide, lactic acid and hyaluronic acid, were produced by L. plantarum K014. Result from ABTS assay showed higher antioxidant activity (46.28%) as compared to that obtained by DPPH assay (2.97%). The CFS had showed anti-inflammatory activity for lipoxygenase (LOX) assay at 43.66%. The bioactive metabolites of L. plantarum K014 showed very promising potential to be used topical skin pathogens.
  9. Effects of Phomopsidione on the Viability, Virulence, and Metabolites Profile of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
    Wei YM, Tong WY, Tan JS, Lim V, Leong CR, Tan WN
    Curr Microbiol, 2024 Mar 10;81(4):108.
    PMID: 38461425 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-024-03627-7
    Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections have become one of the most threatening multidrug-resistant pathogens. Thus, an ongoing search for anti-MRSA compounds remains an urgent need to effectively treating MRSA infections. Phomopsidione, a novel antibiotic isolated from Diaporthe fraxini, has previously demonstrated potent anti-candidal activity. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of phomopsidione on the viability, virulence, and metabolites profile of MRSA. MRSA was sensitive to phomopsidione in a concentration-dependent manner. Phomopsidione exhibited minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of 62.5 and 500.00 µg/mL against MRSA on broth microdilution assay. The compound showed significant reduction in virulence factors production including extracellular polymeric substances quantification, catalase, and lipase. An untargeted metabolomics analysis using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry revealed a significant difference in the metabolites profile of MRSA with 13 putatively identified discriminant metabolites. The present study suggested the potential of phomopsidione as a promising anti-MRSA agent.
  10. Fulltext Optimization of cultivation conditions for monoclonal IgM antibody production by M1A2 hybridoma using artificial neural network
    Bashokouh F, Abbasiliasi S, Tan JS
    Cytotechnology, 2019 Jul 16;71(4):849-860.
    PMID: 31312930 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-019-00330-5
    Monoclonal antibody (McAb) has been established as one of the most successful therapeutic strategies for the treatment of cancer. M1A2 (McAb) as a new monoclonal antibody was designed to recognize heat shock protein (HSP60), but its optimum production condition has not been studied. In this study, the cell culture conditions for both Roswell Park Memorial Institute Medium (RPMI 1640) and Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) were optimized using artificial neural network (ANN) analysis to obtain maximum production of IgM McAb by hybridoma M1A2 cells. By using a central composite design, an experimental matrix with cultivation parameters of incubation time, temperature and fetal bovine serum (FBS) concentration on IgM McAb production was designed. The results was analysed by ANN network with different learning algorithms. From the analysis, batch back propagation (BBP) trained ANN composed of eight hidden nodes using a hyperbolic tangent sigmoid transfer function was capable to provide the highest McAb production for both RPMI and DMEM media. Under optimum conditions of 12.5% of FBS, at 33 °C after 3(1/2) days of incubation, maximum McAb production (1132.69 μg/ml) in DMEM was achieved. With PRMI 1640 medium, maximum McAb production (1105.12 μg/ml) was achieved at optimum conditions of 11% of FBS, at 33 °C after 4 days of incubation. The results of this study will provide information for optimum culture conditions of M1A2 McAb production in both DMEM and RPMI 1640 media and also give some clues for the other hybridoma excreting antibodies in the development of in vitro cell culture.
  11. Transcriptomic data of mature oil palm basal trunk tissue infected with Ganoderma boninense
    Othman NQ, Sulaiman S, Lee YP, Tan JS
    Data Brief, 2019 Aug;25:104288.
    PMID: 31453289 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2019.104288
    To date, Ganoderma boninense is known to be the causal agent of basal stem rot (BSR) disease in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis). This disease causes rotting in the roots, basal and upper stem of oil palm. Infection causes progressive destruction of the basal tissues at the oil palm trunk and internal dry rotting, particularly at the intersection between the bole and trunk. Molecular responses of oil palm during infection are not well study although this information is crucial to strategize effective measures to control or eliminate BSR. Here we report three sets of transcriptome data from samples of near-rot section of basal stem tissue of oil palm tree infected with G. boninense (IPIT), healthy section of basal stem tissue of the same G. boninense infected palm (IPHT) and the healthy section of basal stem tissue of the healthy palm (HPHT). The raw reads were deposited into NCBI database and can be accessed via BioProject accession number PRJNA530030.
  12. Fulltext Draft genome assembly dataset of the Basidiomycete pathogenic fungus, Ganoderma boninense
    Sulaiman S, Othman NQ, Tan JS, Lee YP
    Data Brief, 2020 Apr;29:105167.
    PMID: 32025548 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.105167
    Ganoderma boninense is a soil-borne Basidiomycete pathogenic fungus that eminent as the key causal of devastating disease in oil palm, named basal stem rot. Being a threat to sustainable palm oil production, it is essential to comprehend the fundamental view of this fungus. However, there is gap of information due to its limited number of genome sequence that is available for this pathogenic fungus. This implies the hitches in performing biological research to unravel the mechanism underlying the pathogen attack in oil palm. Therefore, here we report a dataset of draft genome of G. boninense that was sequenced using Illumina Hiseq 2000. The raw reads were deposited into NCBI database (SRX7136614 and SRX7136615) and can be accessed via Bioproject accession number PRJNA503786.
  13. Thermoplastic starch (TPS) bioplastic, the green solution for single-use petroleum plastic food packaging - A review
    Rahardiyan D, Moko EM, Tan JS, Lee CK
    Enzyme Microb Technol, 2023 Aug;168:110260.
    PMID: 37224591 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110260
    Plastic throughout the years is now one of the biggest world commodities and also the largest pollution to have an environmental impact, accumulating in landfills and also leaching into water systems and oceans. Especially with the shift to single-use disposable plastic, evermore positions plastics as the number one novel entity that pollutes the earth. This shift is also consistent in the food packaging industry. Managing plastic waste is still an issue at large, while the process of pyrolysis incineration still requires an obscene amount of energy that also does not resolve the problems with its environmental impact, the cost of mechanical-chemical degradation even outweighs the cost of producing the materials, and biodegradation process is a very slow and long process. Converting to bioplastics is one of the potential solutions to the global plastic issue. This review covers the potentials, limitations, challenges, progress and advancements of bioplastics, especially thermoplastic starch (starch-based bioplastic) in their efforts to replace petroleum plastics in food packaging and smart food packaging, especially for single-use (disposable) food packaging.
  14. Pullulanase: role in starch hydrolysis and potential industrial applications
    Hii SL, Tan JS, Ling TC, Ariff AB
    Enzyme Res, 2012;2012:921362.
    PMID: 22991654
    The use of pullulanase (EC 3.2.1.41) has recently been the subject of increased applications in starch-based industries especially those aimed for glucose production. Pullulanase, an important debranching enzyme, has been widely utilised to hydrolyse the α-1,6 glucosidic linkages in starch, amylopectin, pullulan, and related oligosaccharides, which enables a complete and efficient conversion of the branched polysaccharides into small fermentable sugars during saccharification process. The industrial manufacturing of glucose involves two successive enzymatic steps: liquefaction, carried out after gelatinisation by the action of α-amylase; saccharification, which results in further transformation of maltodextrins into glucose. During saccharification process, pullulanase has been used to increase the final glucose concentration with reduced amount of glucoamylase. Therefore, the reversion reaction that involves resynthesis of saccharides from glucose molecules is prevented. To date, five groups of pullulanase enzymes have been reported, that is, (i) pullulanase type I, (ii) amylopullulanase, (iii) neopullulanase, (iv) isopullulanase, and (v) pullulan hydrolase type III. The current paper extensively reviews each category of pullulanase, properties of pullulanase, merits of applying pullulanase during starch bioprocessing, current genetic engineering works related to pullulanase genes, and possible industrial applications of pullulanase.
  15. Celastrol attenuates mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation in palmitate-mediated insulin resistance in C3A hepatocytes
    Abu Bakar MH, Sarmidi MR, Tan JS, Mohamad Rosdi MN
    Eur J Pharmacol, 2017 Mar 15;799:73-83.
    PMID: 28161417 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.01.043
    Accumulating evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction-induced inflammation is among the convergence points for the greatest hallmarks of hepatic insulin resistance. Celastrol, an anti-inflammatory compound from the root of Tripterygium Wilfordii has been reported to mitigate insulin resistance and inflammation in animal disease models. Nevertheless, the specific mechanistic actions of celastrol in modulating such improvements at the cellular level remain obscure. The present study sought to explore the mechanistic roles of celastrol upon insulin resistance induced by palmitate in C3A human hepatocytes. The hepatocytes exposed to palmitate (0.75mM) for 48h exhibited reduced both basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to increased mitochondrial oxidative stress with diminished fatty acid oxidation. Elevated expressions of nuclear factor-kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65), c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathways and the amplified release of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-8, IL-6, TNF-α and CRP were observed following palmitate treatment. Consistently, palmitate reduced and augmented phosphorylated Tyrosine-612 and Serine-307 of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) proteins, respectively in hepatocytes. However, celastrol at the optimum concentration of 30nM was able to reverse these deleterious occasions and protected the cells from mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance. Importantly, we presented evidence for the first time that celastrol efficiently prevented palmitate-induced insulin resistance in hepatocytes at least, via improved mitochondrial functions and insulin signaling pathways. In summary, the present investigation underlines a conceivable mechanism to elucidate the cytoprotective potential of celastrol in attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation against the development of hepatic insulin resistance.
  16. Celastrol attenuates inflammatory responses in adipose tissues and improves skeletal muscle mitochondrial functions in high fat diet-induced obese rats via upregulation of AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathways
    Abu Bakar MH, Shariff KA, Tan JS, Lee LK
    Eur J Pharmacol, 2020 Sep 15;883:173371.
    PMID: 32712089 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173371
    Accumulating evidence indicates that adipose tissue inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle are inextricably linked to obesity and insulin resistance. Celastrol, a bioactive compound derived from the root of Tripterygium wilfordii exhibits a number of attributive properties to attenuate metabolic dysfunction in various cellular and animal disease models. However, the underlying therapeutic mechanisms of celastrol in the obesogenic environment in vivo remain elusive. Therefore, the current study investigated the metabolic effects of celastrol on insulin sensitivity, inflammatory response in adipose tissue and mitochondrial functions in skeletal muscle of the high fat diet (HFD)-induced obese rats. Our study revealed that celastrol supplementation at 3 mg/kg/day for 8 weeks significantly reduced the final body weight and enhanced insulin sensitivity of the HFD-fed rats. Celastrol noticeably improved insulin-stimulated glucose uptake activity and increased expression of plasma membrane GLUT4 protein in skeletal muscle. Moreover, celastrol-treated HFD-fed rats showed attenuated inflammatory responses via decreased NF-κB activity and diminished mRNA expression responsible for classically activated macrophage (M1) polarization in adipose tissues. Significant improvement of muscle mitochondrial functions and enhanced antioxidant defense machinery via restoration of mitochondrial complexes I + III linked activity were effectively exhibited by celastrol treatment. Mechanistically, celastrol stimulated mitochondrial biogenesis attributed by upregulation of the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) signaling pathways. Together, these results further demonstrate heretofore the conceivable therapeutic mechanisms of celastrol in vivo against HFD-induced obesity mediated through attenuation of inflammatory response in adipose tissue and enhanced mitochondrial functions in skeletal muscle.
  17. The protective mechanisms of polydatin in cerebral ischemia
    Tang KS, Tan JS
    Eur J Pharmacol, 2019 Jan 05;842:133-138.
    PMID: 30385347 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.10.039
    The prevalence of stroke is high in both developing and developed nations. It causes a heavy social and financial burden to the sufferers and their caregivers. Thrombolytic therapy is the only pharmacological treatment available for stroke. However, thrombolytic agents do not provide substantial improvement on long term motor and cognitive disabilities. Thus, there is a need to explore for new compounds that can halt or reverse the deterioration of neurons in the stroke patients' brain. Polydatin, a precursor of resveratrol, is a natural stilbene commonly found in food. This review article describes how different parameters were altered with ischemic injury and polydatin treatment, why it is important and how it could be beneficial or useful in future studies. Our review of polydatin provides convincing evidence regarding the potential of polydatin to be developed into preventive or therapeutic products for ischemic stroke. Nevertheless, additional studies are necessary in order to properly elucidate the biological mechanisms of polydatin, especially its molecular mechanisms of protection and target proteins, in cerebral ischemia.
  18. Next-generation viral nanoparticles for targeted delivery of therapeutics: Fundamentals, methods, biomedical applications, and challenges
    Tan JS, Jaffar Ali MNB, Gan BK, Tan WS
    Expert Opin Drug Deliv, 2023;20(7):955-978.
    PMID: 37339432 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2228202
    INTRODUCTION: Viral nanoparticles (VNPs) are virus-based nanocarriers that have been studied extensively and intensively for biomedical applications. However, their clinical translation is relatively low compared to the predominating lipid-based nanoparticles. Therefore, this article describes the fundamentals, challenges, and solutions of the VNP-based platform, which will leverage the development of next-generation VNPs.

    AREAS COVERED: Different types of VNPs and their biomedical applications are reviewed comprehensively. Strategies and approaches for cargo loading and targeted delivery of VNPs are examined thoroughly. The latest developments in controlled release of cargoes from VNPs and their mechanisms are highlighted too. The challenges faced by VNPs in biomedical applications are identified, and solutions are provided to overcome them.

    EXPERT OPINION: In the development of next-generation VNPs for gene therapy, bioimaging and therapeutic deliveries, focus must be given to reduce their immunogenicity, and increase their stability in the circulatory system. Modular virus-like particles (VLPs) which are produced separately from their cargoes or ligands before all the components are coupled can speed up clinical trials and commercialization. In addition, removal of contaminants from VNPs, cargo delivery across the blood brain barrier (BBB), and targeting of VNPs to organelles intracellularly are challenges that will preoccupy researchers in this decade.

  19. Strategies for improvement of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) biosynthesis via lactic acid bacteria (LAB) fermentation
    Pannerchelvan S, Rios-Solis L, Faizal Wong FW, Zaidan UH, Wasoh H, Mohamed MS, et al.
    Food Funct, 2023 Mar 23.
    PMID: 36951915 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo03936b
    Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a non-protein amino acid widely distributed in nature and extensively explored for its numerous physiological functions and effects on metabolic disorders. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are one of the most important GABA producers, vigorously pursued due to their high GABA content and generally regarded as safe (GRAS) status that allows for direct formulation in various GABA-enriched food products. To meet the strict requirements of the food and nutraceutical industries, the biosynthesis of GABA is typically preferred over the chemical synthesis route. The production of GABA varies among various strains of LAB and is affected by different fermentation conditions. Hence, optimizing the fermentation conditions to enhance the activity of the key enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase is essential to maximize GABA production. This paper reviews the beneficial effects of GABA on human health and its applications in fermented food products. A particular emphasis is given to the biosynthetic approach for producing GABA by various LAB species via the microbial fermentation route. Efficient strategies for enhancing GABA production through optimization of the fermentation conditions, mode of fermentation, two-step fermentation, co-culturing approach, immobilization technique and genetic engineering are discussed in detail.
  20. Primary recovery of a bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance derived from Pediococcus acidilactici Kp10 by an aqueous two-phase system
    Abbasiliasi S, Tan JS, Ibrahim TA, Kadkhodaei S, Ng HS, Vakhshiteh F, et al.
    Food Chem, 2014 May 15;151:93-100.
    PMID: 24423507 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.019
    A polymer-salt aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) consisting of polyethylene-glycol (PEG) with sodium citrate was developed for direct recovery of a bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance (BLIS) from a culture of Pediococcus acidilactici Kp10. The influences of phase composition, tie-line length (TLL), volume ratio (VR), crude sample loading, pH and sodium chloride (NaCl) on the partition behaviour of BLIS was investigated. Under optimum conditions of ATPS, the purification of BLIS was achieved at 26.5% PEG (8000)/11% sodium citrate with a TLL of 46.38% (w/w), VR of 1.8, and 1.8% crude load at pH 7 without the presence of NaCl. BLIS from P. acidilactici Kp10 was successfully purified by the ATPS up to 8.43-fold with a yield of 81.18%. Given that the operation of ATPS is simple, environmentally friendly and cost-effective, as it requires only salts and PEG, it may have potential for industrial applications in the recovery of BLIS from fermentation broth.
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