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Regression equations to estimate the 2-min walk distance in an adult Asian population aged 40-75 years

Mirza FT, Jenkins S, Justine M, Cecins N, Hill K

Respirology, 2018 Jul;23(7):674-680.
PMID: 29446206 DOI: 10.1111/resp.13262

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: There is increased use of the 2-min walk test (2MWT) to assess functional exercise capacity. However, the distance achieved during this test may be difficult to interpret in the absence of reference values from a local population. Regression equations to estimate the 2-min walk distance (2MWD) only exist for American and Brazilian populations. The objective of this study was to develop regression equations to estimate the 2MWD in Malaysian adults who were free from major health problems.
METHODS: Eighty-seven adults (43 males; mean ± SD age: 57.1 ± 9.6 years) performed two 2MWT using a standardized protocol. Heart rate (HR) was recorded every 30 s during the test. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed using age, gender, height, weight and change in HR (ΔHR) as independent variables, and better of the two 2MWD as the dependent variable. A second regression equation, without ΔHR, was planned if ΔHR was retained as one of the predictors of the 2MWD in the first equation.
RESULTS: The better of the two 2MWD was 200 ± 34 m. Males walked 33 ± 6 m further than females (P < 0.001). The two regression equations were 196 - 1.1 × age, years + 1.0 × ΔHR, bpm + 31.2 × gender (R2 = 0.73) and 279 - 1.7 × age, years + 35.9 × gender (R2 = 0.47) with females = 0 and males = 1.
CONCLUSION: The equations derived in this study may facilitate the interpretation of the 2MWD in clinical populations in Malaysia, as well as in countries with similar cultural backgrounds to Malaysia.
Study site: volunteers from four villages in the Batu sub-district, Gombak, Malaysia

Matched MeSH terms: Exercise Test*
Fulltext Association of diabetic autonomic neuropathy with painless myocardial ischaemia induced by exercise

Quek DK, Khor PG, Ong SB

Singapore Med J, 1992 Apr;33(2):177-81.
PMID: 1621124

Silent myocardial ischaemia is now well-recognised in patients with symptomatic coronary artery disease. Its pathogenesis remains speculative, though diminished sensitivity to pain is thought to be one of the mechanisms involved. Because cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction occurs frequently in diabetic patients, we postulate that it contributes towards painless myocardial ischaemia among them. Forty consecutive diabetic (type II) male patients and ten normal volunteers were studied. Using 5 previously-validated noninvasive tests for autonomic dysfunction, 14 of these diabetic men had definite autonomic neuropathy (at least 2 abnormal tests). All 50 subjects were then exercised on a motor-driven treadmill to either exhaustion or chest pains. Thirty-three diabetic subjects were tested positive, with significant (greater than 1 mm) ST segment depression over at least 2 contiguous leads. Of these, 18 were associated with typical angina but the other 15 stopped because of fatigue or exhaustion (ie painless). Thirteen subjects who had definite autonomic neuropathy (AN+) had positive exercise ECG tests-10 had painless ischaemia, and only 3 had angina. This contrasted with 15 patients who had painful ischaemia and 5 who had painless ischaemia among the group without (AN-)autonomic dysfunction (p = 0.0047, Fisher's exact test). There were no significant differences among the various groups for peak rate-pressure-product, all subjects attaining similar maximal oxygen consumption states during which ischaemic ST segment changes were noted (painful AN+: 21917 +/- 4753; painless AN+: 20117 +/- 6752; painful AN-: 16544 +/- 4063; painless AN-: 22220 +/- 4341, p = NS).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Matched MeSH terms: Exercise Test*
Fulltext Comparative maximal exercise response of Malaysia ethnic groups

Duncan MT, Horvath SM

Singapore Med J, 1988 Aug;29(4):322-6.
PMID: 3249956

Cardiorespiratory adjustments to maximal treadmill exercise were studied in young untrained Malaysia men representative of the three major ethnic groups in Malaysia and Singapore. Maximal values for oxygen uptake and cardiac performance were essentially similar In the three groups and were comparable to those reported for other populations.

Matched MeSH terms: Exercise Test*
Measuring Vertical Jump Height With Artificial Intelligence Through a Cell Phone: A Validity and Reliability Report

Tan ECH, Weng Onn S, Montalvo S

J Strength Cond Res, 2024 Sep 01;38(9):e529-e533.
PMID: 38953840 DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000004854

Erik, HT, Onn, SW, and Montalvo, S. Vertical jump height with artificial intelligence through a cell phone: a validity and reliability report. J Strength Cond Res 38(9): e529-e533, 2024-This study estimated the reliability and validity of an artificial intelligence (AI)-driven model in the My Jump 2 (My Jump Lab ) for estimating vertical jump height compared with the Force Platform (FP). The cross-sectional study involved 88 athletes (33 female and 55 male athletes), performing a total of 264 countermovement jumps with hands on hips. "Jump heights were simultaneously measured using the FP and the My Jump 2 app." The FP estimated jump heights using the impulse-momentum method, whereas My Jump 2 used the flight-time method, with the latter using an AI feature for automated detection of jump take-off and landing. Results indicated high reliability for the AI model (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC 1,3 ] = 0.980, coefficient of variation [CV] = 4.12) and FP (ICC 1,3 = 0.990, CV = 2.92). Validity assessment showed strong agreement between the AI model and FP (ICC 2,k = 0.973). This was also supported by the Bland-Altman analysis, and the ordinary least products regression revealed no significant systematic or proportional bias. The AI-driven model in My Jump 2 is highly reliable and valid for estimating jump height. Strength and conditioning professionals may use the AI-based mobile app for accurate jump height measurements, offering a practical and efficient alternative to traditional methods.

Matched MeSH terms: Exercise Test/methods
Fulltext Non-invasive investigation of chronic stable angina--a practical overview for medical practitioners

Jayasinghe R, Weerasooriya S, Kapadia N

Med J Malaysia, 2012 Apr;67(2):236-9; quiz 240.
PMID: 22822658

How does one decide on the best non-invasive test to investigate stable coronary ischaemia? This is a very common question faced by many medical practitioners. Chronic stable angina is a common presentation encountered in general practitice. Upon clinical assessment and risk stratification the patient needs to be investigated further to confirm the diagnosis. The first investigational modality involves a non-invasive test. It is important that practitioners possess a practical knowledge of the array of different tests that are available so that the best suited one for each patient can be chosen. This article aims to compare the efficacy and accuracy and the practical utility of the different non-invasive tests for coronary ischaemia and aid the practitioner in making sound decisions in this regard.

Matched MeSH terms: Exercise Test
Aerial and Terrestrial Patterns: A Novel Approach to Analyzing Human Running

Gindre C, Lussiana T, Hebert-Losier K, Mourot L

Int J Sports Med, 2016 Jan;37(1):25-9.
PMID: 26509380 DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1555931

Biomechanical parameters are often analyzed independently, although running gait is a dynamic system wherein changes in one parameter are likely to affect another. Accordingly, the Volodalen® method provides a model for classifying running patterns into 2 categories, aerial and terrestrial, using a global subjective rating scoring system. We aimed to validate the Volodalen® method by verifying whether the aerial and terrestrial patterns, defined subjectively by a running coach, were associated with distinct objectively-measured biomechanical parameters. The running patterns of 91 individuals were assessed subjectively using the Volodalen® method by an expert running coach during a 10-min running warm-up. Biomechanical parameters were measured objectively using the OptojumpNext® during a 50-m run performed at 3.3, 4.2, and 5 m·s(-1) and were compared between aerial- and terrestrial-classified subjects. Longer contact times and greater leg compression were observed in the terrestrial compared to the aerial runners. The aerial runners exhibited longer flight time, greater center of mass displacement, maximum vertical force and leg stiffness than the terrestrial ones. The subjective categorization of running patterns was associated with distinct objectively-quantified biomechanical parameters. Our results suggest that a subjective holistic assessment of running patterns provides insight into the biomechanics of running gaits of individuals.

Matched MeSH terms: Exercise Test
Fulltext Comparing Efficacy and Safety of Empirical vs. Guided Therapy for Non-cardiac Chest Pain: A Pragmatic Randomized Trial

Abdul Kadir NP, Ma ZF, Abdul Hafidz MI, Annamalai C, Jayaraman T, Hamid N, et al.

Front Med (Lausanne), 2021;8:605647.
PMID: 33659261 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.605647

Background: Non-cardiac chest pain is common with two-thirds due to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of guided vs. empirical therapy in non-cardiac chest pain. Methods: Adults with normal angiogram or stress test were randomized into either a guided or empirical group. In the guided group, after the ambulatory pH-impedance test, if GERD then dexlansoprazole 30 mg/day for 8 weeks, but if functional or hypersensitive chest pain, then theophylline SR 250 mg/day for 4 weeks. In the empirical group, dexlansoprazole 60 mg/day was given for 2 weeks. The primary outcome was global chest pain visual analog score (VAS) and secondary outcomes were Quality of Life in Reflux and Dyspepsia (QOLRAD), GERD questionnaire (GERDQ), and pH parameters, all determined at baseline, 2nd and 8th weeks. Results: Of 200 screened patients, 132 were excluded, and of 68 randomized per-protocol, 33 were in the guided group and 35 in the empirical group. For between-group analysis, mean global pain scores were better with guided vs. empirical group at 8th week (P = 0.005) but not GERDQ or QOLRAD or any of pH measures (all P > 0.05). For within-group analysis, mean QOLRAD improved earliest at 8th week vs. baseline (P = 0.006) in the guided group and 2nd week vs. baseline (P = 0.011) in the empirical group but no differences were seen in other secondary outcomes (P > 0.05). No serious adverse events were reported. Conclusions: Guided approach may be preferred over short-term empirical therapy in symptom response, however QOLRAD, acid-related symptoms, or pH measures are not significantly different (trial registration ID no. NCT03319121).

Matched MeSH terms: Exercise Test
Fulltext Impaired myocardial reserve underlies reduced exercise capacity and heart rate recovery in preterm-born young adults

Huckstep OJ, Burchert H, Williamson W, Telles F, Tan CMJ, Bertagnolli M, et al.

Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging, 2021 04 28;22(5):572-580.
PMID: 32301979 DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jeaa060

AIMS: We tested the hypothesis that the known reduction in myocardial functional reserve in preterm-born young adults is an independent predictor of exercise capacity (peak VO2) and heart rate recovery (HRR).
METHODS AND RESULTS: We recruited 101 normotensive young adults (n = 47 born preterm; 32.8 ± 3.2 weeks' gestation and n = 54 term-born controls). Peak VO2 was determined by cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), and lung function assessed using spirometry. Percentage predicted values were then calculated. HRR was defined as the decrease from peak HR to 1 min (HRR1) and 2 min of recovery (HRR2). Four-chamber echocardiography views were acquired at rest and exercise at 40% and 60% of CPET peak power. Change in left ventricular ejection fraction from rest to each work intensity was calculated (EFΔ40% and EFΔ60%) to estimate myocardial functional reserve. Peak VO2 and per cent of predicted peak VO2 were lower in preterm-born young adults compared with controls (33.6 ± 8.6 vs. 40.1 ± 9.0 mL/kg/min, P = 0.003 and 94% ± 20% vs. 108% ± 25%, P = 0.001). HRR1 was similar between groups. HRR2 decreased less in preterm-born young adults compared with controls (-36 ± 13 vs. -43 ± 11 b.p.m., P = 0.039). In young adults born preterm, but not in controls, EFΔ40% and EFΔ60% correlated with per cent of predicted peak VO2 (r2 = 0.430, P = 0.015 and r2 = 0.345, P = 0.021). Similarly, EFΔ60% correlated with HRR1 and HRR2 only in those born preterm (r2 = 0.611, P = 0.002 and r2 = 0.663, P = 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: Impaired myocardial functional reserve underlies reductions in peak VO2 and HRR in young adults born moderately preterm. Peak VO2 and HRR may aid risk stratification and treatment monitoring in this population.

Matched MeSH terms: Exercise Test
Do subjective assessments of running patterns reflect objective parameters?

Lussiana T, Gindre C, Mourot L, Hébert-Losier K

Eur J Sport Sci, 2017 Aug;17(7):847-857.
PMID: 28488928 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1325072

Running patterns are often categorized into subgroups according to common features before data analysis and interpretation. The Volodalen® method is a simple field-based tool used to classify runners into aerial or terrestrial using a 5-item subjective rating scale. We aimed to validate the Volodalen® method by quantifying the relationship between its subjective scores and 3D biomechanical measures. Fifty-four runners ran 30 s on a treadmill at 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 km h-1 while their kinematics were assessed subjectively using the Volodalen® method and objectively using 3D motion capture. For each runner and speed, two researchers scored the five Volodalen® items on a 1-to-5 scale, which addressed vertical oscillation, upper-body motion, pelvis and foot position at ground contact, and footstrike pattern. Seven 3D biomechanical parameters reflecting the subjective items were also collected and correlated to the subjective scores. Twenty-eight runners were classified as aerial and 26 as terrestrial. Runner classification did not change with speed, but the relative contribution of the biomechanical parameters to the subjective classification was speed dependent. The magnitude of correlations between subjective and objective measures ranged from trivial to very large. Five of the seven objective parameters significantly differed between aerial and terrestrial runners, and these parameters demonstrated the strongest correlations to the subjective scores. Our results support the validity of the Volodalen® method, whereby the visual appreciation of running gait reflected quantifiable objective parameters. Two minor modifications to the method are proposed to simplify its use and improve agreement between subjective and objective measures.

Matched MeSH terms: Exercise Test
Estimation of vertical ground reaction force during running using neural network model and uniaxial accelerometer

Ngoh KJ, Gouwanda D, Gopalai AA, Chong YZ

J Biomech, 2018 07 25;76:269-273.
PMID: 29945786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.06.006

Wearable technology has been viewed as one of the plausible alternatives to capture human motion in an unconstrained environment, especially during running. However, existing methods require kinematic and kinetic measurements of human body segments and can be complicated. This paper investigates the use of neural network model (NN) and accelerometer to estimate vertical ground reaction force (VGRF). An experimental study was conducted to collect sufficient samples for training, validation and testing. The estimated results were compared with VGRF measured using an instrumented treadmill. The estimates yielded an average root mean square error of less than 0.017 of the body weight (BW) and a cross-correlation coefficient greater than 0.99. The results also demonstrated that NN could estimate impact force and active force with average errors ranging between 0.10 and 0.18 of BW at different running speeds. Using NN and uniaxial accelerometer can (1) simplify the estimation of VGRF, (2) reduce the computational requirement and (3) reduce the necessity of multiple wearable sensors to obtain relevant parameters.

Matched MeSH terms: Exercise Test
Fulltext The Heat Is On: Effects of Synchronous Music on Psychophysiological Parameters and Running Performance in Hot and Humid Conditions

Nikol L, Kuan G, Ong M, Chang YK, Terry PC

Front Psychol, 2018;9:1114.
PMID: 30072929 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01114

Running in high heat and humidity increases psychophysiological strain, which typically impairs running performance. Listening to synchronous music has been shown to provide psychophysiological benefits, which may enhance running performance. The present randomized, crossover study examined effects of listening to synchronous music on psychophysiological parameters and running performance in hot and humid conditions. Twelve male runners (21.7 ± 2.2 y; 166.17 ± 7.18 cm; 60.32 ± 9.52 kg; 59.29 ± 5.95 ml kg-1 min-1) completed two running trials in simulated conditions (31°C and 70% humidity) with and without synchronous music. Participants ran on a treadmill inside a climatic chamber for 60 min at 60%

V
˙

O2max and continued to run to exhaustion at 80%

V
˙

O2max. Time-to-exhaustion under the synchronous music condition was 66.59% longer (mean = 376.5 s vs. 226.0 s, p = 0.02, d = 0.63) compared to the no music condition. Ratings of perceived exertion were significantly lower for the synchronous music condition at each time point (15, 30, 45, and 60 min) of the steady state portion of the running trials. Small differences in heart rate were detected between conditions. No significant between-condition differences were found in urine specific gravity, percentage of body weight loss, thermal comfort, and blood lactate. Findings suggest that listening to synchronous music is beneficial to running performance and perceived exertion in hot and humid conditions.

Matched MeSH terms: Exercise Test
Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery (AAOCA): A case report

Anwar A, Chan KMJ, Awang Y, Ping DC

Med J Malaysia, 2019 Oct;74(5):436-438.
PMID: 31649223

Anomalous Aortic Origin of a Coronary Artery (AAOCA) is a rare anomaly of the coronary artery with a considerable risk of sudden cardiac death due to ischaemia of the heart. Symptoms may include chest pain on exertion, breathlessness or dizziness. We encountered a case of a 46- year-old female who complained of exertional chest pain with a positive-stress test and subsequently diagnosed with AAOCA through CT angiography (CTA). She successfully underwent a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery using a saphenous vein graft with uneventful recovery. Right internal mammary artery (RIMA) was not used as it was flimsy and the flow was very poor.

Matched MeSH terms: Exercise Test
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing: utility in research and patient care

Elina RA, Husain R, Lang CC

JUMMEC, 2005;8:9-22.

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing is a non-invasive physiological test which incorporates the conventional method of exercise stress test with a more advanced breath-to-breath ventilatory analysis. The physiological parameters obtained from the test help to illustrate the cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic responses to physical exertion. Individual's functional capacity and aerobic fitness is reflected by the value of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) obtained from the cardiopulmonary exercise test. This non-invasive and sophisticated test is regarded as a valuable assessment tool in research and clinical practice. Cardiopulmonary exercise test has been extensively utilized to define the mechanisms of exercise intolerance in various clinical disorders, to evaluate responses to therapy and indicate disease prognosis. Emerging data obtained from the use of the cardiopulmonary exercise testing in the research field, has led to its extensive clinical usage. It is now utilized as an integral part of the patients' clinical evaluation in the field of respiratory and cardiovascular medicine, sports medicine, surgery as well as occupational and rehabilitative medicine. It has a clinical role in assessing patient's functional capacity, monitoring disease progression and response to therapy, predicting prognosis, and perioperative morbidity and mortality, as well as constructing and monitoring training and rehabilitative programs. This article aims to give an overview of the physiological profiles obtained from cardiopulmonary exercise testing, its methodological aspects, as well as its utility in research and clinical practice. KEYWORDS: Cardiopulmonary, exercise, physiology, respiratory medicine, oxygen consumption

Matched MeSH terms: Exercise Test
Fulltext The implications of time on the ground on running economy: less is not always better

Lussiana T, Patoz A, Gindre C, Mourot L, Hébert-Losier K

J Exp Biol, 2019 03 18;222(Pt 6).
PMID: 30787136 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.192047

A lower duty factor (DF) reflects a greater relative contribution of leg swing versus ground contact time during the running step. Increasing time on the ground has been reported in the scientific literature to both increase and decrease the energy cost (EC) of running, with DF reported to be highly variable in runners. As increasing running speed aligns running kinematics more closely with spring-mass model behaviours and re-use of elastic energy, we compared the centre of mass (COM) displacement and EC between runners with a low (DFlow) and high (DFhigh) duty factor at typical endurance running speeds. Forty well-trained runners were divided in two groups based on their mean DF measured across a range of speeds. EC was measured from 4 min treadmill runs at 10, 12 and 14 km h-1 using indirect calorimetry. Temporal characteristics and COM displacement data of the running step were recorded from 30 s treadmill runs at 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18 km h-1 Across speeds, DFlow exhibited more symmetrical patterns between braking and propulsion phases in terms of time and vertical COM displacement than DFhigh DFhigh limited global vertical COM displacements in favour of horizontal progression during ground contact. Despite these running kinematics differences, no significant difference in EC was observed between groups. Therefore, both DF strategies seem energetically efficient at endurance running speeds.

Matched MeSH terms: Exercise Test
The effect of 10 days of intermittent fasting on Wingate anaerobic power and prolonged high-intensity time-to-exhaustion cycling performance

Naharudin MNB, Yusof A

Eur J Sport Sci, 2018 Jun;18(5):667-676.
PMID: 29485326 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1438520

Many physically active individuals have undertaken intermittent fasting to reduce their daily caloric intake. However, abstaining from meals for a specific length of time may lead to the acute disturbance of highly carbohydrate-dependent exercise performance. The purpose of this study was to observe the effect of 10 days of intermittent fasting on high-intensity type exercises, Wingate anaerobic (WT) and prolonged high-intensity time-to-exhaustion (HIT) cycling test. Twenty participants were randomised into an intermittent fasting (FAS) and a control group (CON). One day after baseline data collection on Day-0 where participants consumed their recommended daily caloric intake (FAS = 2500 ± 143 kcal day-1; CON = 2492 ± 20 kcal day-1) served over a course of five meals, the FAS group consumed only four meals where 40% was restricted by the omission of lunch (FAS = 1500 ± 55 kcal day-1). This diet was then continued for 10 days. Data on exercise performance and other dependent variables were collected on Day-2, -4, -6, -8 and -10. A reduction in WT power in the FAS group was observed on Day-2 (821.74 ± 66.07 W) compared to Day-0 (847.63 ± 95.94 W) with a moderate effect size (p

Matched MeSH terms: Exercise Test
Reliability and Validity of the Osteoarthritis Research Society International Minimal Core Set of Recommended Performance-Based Tests of Physical Function in Knee Osteoarthritis in Community-Dwelling Adults

Suwit A, Rungtiwa K, Nipaporn T

Malays J Med Sci, 2020 Mar;27(2):77-89.
PMID: 32788844 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2020.27.2.9

Background: The proper reliability analysis for specific type of data and limit study of various types of construct validity are crucial for performance-based tests for the knee osteoarthritis (OA) population. The purpose of this study was to evaluate relative and absolute reliability and construct validity of the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) recommended minimal core set of performance-based tests in knee OA in community-dwelling adults.
Methods: Fifty-five primary knee OA (median age 69.0, interquartile range [IQR] 11.0) participated in the cross-sectional study. Three performance-based tests were performed in two sessions with a 1-week interval; 30-s chair stand test, 40-m fast-paced walk test and 9-step stair climb test. Relative reliability included intra-class correlation and Spearman's correlation coefficient (SPC). Absolute reliability included standard error of measurement, minimum detectable change, coefficient of variance, limit of agreement (LOA) and ratio LOA. Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score-Physical Function Short Form (KOOS-PS), knee extensor strength and pain scale were analysed for convergent validity using Pearson's correlation coefficient and SPC. Analysis of Covariance was utilised for known-groups validity.
Results: Relative and absolute reliability were all acceptable. LOA showed small systematic bias. Acceptable construct validity was only found with knee extensor strength. All tests demonstrated known-groups validity with medium to large effect size.
Conclusion: The OARSI minimum core set of performance-based tests demonstrated acceptable relative and absolute reliability and good known-groups validity but poor convergent validity.

Matched MeSH terms: Exercise Test
Anxiety, depression and psychosocial stress in patients with cardiac events

Michael AJ, Krishnaswamy S, Muthusamy TS, Yusuf K, Mohamed J

Malays J Med Sci, 2005 Jan;12(1):57-63.
PMID: 22605948

Stress tends to worsen the prognosis of patients with coronary heart disease. The aim of the study is to determine the relationship between stress related psychosocial factors like anxiety, depression and life events and temporally cardiac events specified as acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina 65 subjects with confirmed myocardial infarction or unstable angina were interviewed using 2 sets of questionnaire, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Life Changes Stress Test, a segment of the Rahe's Stress and Coping Inventory first at time of occurrence of their cardiac event and the second time was 6 months later. Anxiety, depression and life events scores were calculated for both and recurrence of cardiac event for the 6 month duration was also recorded. Patients who had significant levels of depression and or life events were ten times more likely to have recurrence of cardiac events as compared to those without risk for either of these psychological symptoms. Anxiety, depression and stress levels are significantly increased after the onset of ischemic heart disease and could be contributing or predisposing factors for the recurrence of cardiac events for these patients.

Matched MeSH terms: Exercise Test
Fulltext A descriptive analysis of exercise tolerance test at seremban hospital : an audit for the year 2001

Mohamed AL, Nee CC, Azzad A

Malays J Med Sci, 2004 Jul;11(2):59-64.
PMID: 22973128

Our purpose is to report on the epidemiological variables and their association with the results of the exercise tolerance test (ETT) in the series of patients referred for standard diagnostic ETT at Seremban Hospital during the year 2001. ETT is widely performed, but, in Malaysia, an analysis of the associations between the epidemiological data and the results of the ETT has not been presented. All patients referred for ETT at Seremban Hospital who underwent exercise treadmill tests for the year 2001 were taken as the study population. Demographic details and patients with established heart disease (i.e. prior coronary bypass surgery, myocardial infarction, or congestive heart failure) were noted. Clinical and ETT variables were collected retrospectively from the hospital records. Testing and data management were performed in a standardized fashion with a computer-assisted protocol. This study showed that there was no significant predictive epidemiological variable on the results of the ETT. However, it was found that there was statistically significant difference between the peak exercise time of males and females undergoing the ETT.

Matched MeSH terms: Exercise Test
Rate adaptive pacing in an intracardiac pacemaker

Lloyd M, Reynolds D, Sheldon T, Stromberg K, Hudnall JH, Demmer WM, et al.

Heart Rhythm, 2017 02;14(2):200-205.
PMID: 27871854 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2016.11.016

BACKGROUND: The Micra transcatheter pacemaker was designed to have similar functionality to conventional transvenous VVIR pacing systems. It provides rate adaptive pacing using a programmable 3-axis accelerometer designed to detect patient activity in the presence of cardiac motion.
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the system's performance during treadmill tests to maximum exertion in a subset of patients within the Micra Transcatheter Pacing Study.
METHODS: Patients underwent treadmill testing at 3 or 6 months postimplant with algorithm programming at physician discretion. Normalized sensor rate (SenR) relative to the programmed upper sensor rate was modeled as a function of normalized workload in metabolic equivalents (METS) relative to maximum METS achieved during the test. A normalized METS and SenR were determined at the end of each 1-minute treadmill stage. The proportionality of SenR to workload was evaluated by comparing the slope from this relationship to the prospectively defined tolerance margin (0.65-1.35).
RESULTS: A total of 69 treadmill tests were attempted by 42 patients at 3 and 6 months postimplant. Thirty tests from 20 patients who completed ≥4 stages with an average slope of 0.86 (90% confidence interval 0.77-0.96) confirmed proportionality to workload. On an individual test basis, 25 of 30 point estimates (83.3%) had a normalized slope within the defined tolerance range (range 0.46-1.08).
CONCLUSION: Accelerometer-based rate adaptive pacing was proportional to workload, thus confirming rate adaptive pacing commensurate to workload is achievable with an entirely intracardiac pacing system.

Matched MeSH terms: Exercise Test/methods*
Fulltext Effects of acute supplementation of caffeine and Panax ginseng on endurance running performance in a hot and humid environment

Bandyopadhyay A, Ping FW, Keong CC

J Hum Ergol (Tokyo), 2011 Dec;40(1-2):63-72.
PMID: 25665208 DOI: 10.11183/jhe.40.63

Acute supplementation of Panax ginseng (PG) is known not to impose any significant effect on endurance performance of recreational Malaysian runners, while caffeine augments the ergogenic property of some herbs. The present study was aimed to examine the effects of acute supplementation of caffeine and PG on endurance running performance in a hot and humid condition. Nine heat adapted Malaysian recreational runners (age : 25.4 ± 6.9 years, body mass : 57.6 ± 8.4 kg; body height : 168.3 ± 7.6 cm) ingested either placebo or combined dose of 5 mg x kg(-1) of body weight of caffeine and 200 mg of PG one hour before the running on treadmill at 70% of VO2(max) in this placebo-controlled double blind randomised study in a laboratory environment of 31 degrees C and 70% relative humidity. They drank 3 ml x kg(-1) of body weight of cool water every 20 minutes during the exercise to prevent dehydration. Blood samples were withdrawn and oxygen uptake was recorded every 20 minutes while heart rate, core body temperature, skin temperature and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded every 10 minutes during the trials. Endurance time was significantly different (P < 0.05) between experimental and placebo trials. Heart rate, skin temperature, core body temperature, oxygen uptake, RPE, plasma insulin, glucose, free fatty acid and lactate levels during the endurance exercise did not show any significant difference between the trials. Thus, we conclude that combined and acute supplementation of caffeine and PG in the said doses improved the endurance running performance of the heat-adapted male recreational runners.

Matched MeSH terms: Exercise Test/drug effects

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