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Fulltext Evaluation of the effect of andrographolide on atherosclerotic rabbits induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis

Al Batran R, Al-Bayaty F, Al-Obaidi MM, Hussain SF, Mulok TZ

Biomed Res Int, 2014;2014:724718.
PMID: 25215291 DOI: 10.1155/2014/724718

Epidemiologic evidence has demonstrated significant associations between atherosclerosis and Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg). We had investigated the effect of andrographolide (AND) on atherosclerosis induced by Pg in rabbits. For experimental purpose, we separated thirty male white New Zealand rabbits into 5 groups. Group 1 received standard food pellets; Groups 2-5 were orally challenged with Pg; Group 3 received atorvastatin (AV, 5 mg/kg), and Groups 4-5 received 10 and 20 mg/kg of AND, respectively, over 12 weeks. Groups treated with AND showed significant decrease in TC, TG, and LDL levels (P<0.05) and significant increase in HDL level in the serum of rabbits. Furthermore, the treated groups (G3-G5) exhibited reductions in interleukins (IL-1β and IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) as compared to atherogenicgroup (G2). The histological results showed that the thickening of atherosclerotic plaques were less significant in treated groups (G3-G5) compared with atherogenicgroup (G2). Also, alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) staining decreased within the plaques of atherogenicgroup (G2), while it was increased in treated groups (G3-G5). Lastly, groups treated with AV and AND (G3-G5) showed significant reduction of CD36 expression (P<0.05) compared to atherogenicgroup (G2). These results substantially proved that AND contain antiatherogenic activity.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Smooth/drug effects
Spasmolytic effect of citral and extracts of Cymbopogon citratus on isolated rabbit ileum

Devi RC, Sim SM, Ismail R

J Smooth Muscle Res, 2011;47(5):143-56.
PMID: 22104376

Cymbopogon citratus, commonly known as lemongrass, has been shown to have antioxidant, antimicrobial and chemo-protective properties. Citral, a monoterpenoid, is the major constituent of C. citratus that gives off a lemony scent and is postulated to be responsible for most of its actions. In addition, C. citratus has been traditionally used to treat gastrointestinal discomforts, however, the scientific evidence for this is still lacking. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the extracts of various parts of C. citratus (leaves, stems and roots) and citral on the visceral smooth muscle activity of rabbit ileum. The effect of the test substances were tested on the spontaneous contraction, acetylcholine (ACh)- and KCl-induced contractions. Citral at doses between 0.061 mM to 15.6 mM and the extract of leaves at doses between 0.001 mg/mL to 1 mg/mL significantly reduced the spontaneous, ACh- and KCl-induced ileal contractions. When the ileum was incubated in K(+)-rich-Ca(2+)-free Tyrode's solution, it showed only minute contractions. However, the strength of contraction was increased with the addition of increasing concentrations of CaCl(2). The presence of citral almost abolished the effect of adding CaCl(2), while the leaf extract shifted the calcium concentration-response curve to the right, suggesting a calcium antagonistic effect. These results were similar to that elicited by verapamil, a known calcium channel blocker. In addition, the spasmolytic effect of citral was observed to be reduced by the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, L-NAME. In conclusion, citral and the leaf extract of C. citratus exhibited spasmolytic activity and it appeared that they may act as calcium antagonists. Furthermore, the relaxant effect of citral, but not that of the leaf extract may be mediated by nitric oxide suggesting the presence of other chemical components in the leaf extract other than citral.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Smooth/drug effects*
Presence of calcium antagonist activity explains the use of Syzygium samarangense in diarrhoea

Ghayur MN, Gilani AH, Khan A, Amor EC, Villaseñor IM, Choudhary MI

Phytother Res, 2006 Jan;20(1):49-52.
PMID: 16397921

Syzygium samarangense (Family; Myrtaceae) or 'makopa', as it is commonly known, is native to Malaysia, some islands of Indonesia and to Far East in general. This study was undertaken to rationalize the use of this plant in hypermotility states of the gut. The hexane extract of S. samarangense (Ss.Hex) was found to dose-dependently (10-3000 microg/mL) relax the spontaneously contracting isolated rabbit jejunum. When tested for a possible calcium channel blocking (CCB) activity, the extract (10-1000 microg/mL) relaxed the high K+-induced contractions and also decreased the Ca++ dose-response curves in a dose-dependent manner (30-100 microg/mL), confirming the CCB activity. Four flavonoids isolated from the hexane extract were tested for a possible spasmolytic activity. All flavonoids, identified as: 2'-hydroxy-4',6'-dimethoxy-3'-methylchalcone (SS1), 2',4'-dihydroxy-6'-methoxy-3',5'-dimethylchalcone (SS2), 2',4'-dihydroxy-6'-methoxy-3'-methylchalcone (SS3) and 7-hydroxy-5-methoxy-6,8-dimethylflavanone (SS4), showed dose-dependent (10-1000 microg/mL) spasmolytic activity with SS2 being the most potent. These results indicate that the presence of compounds with spasmolytic and calcium antagonist activity may be responsible for the medicinal use of the plant in diarrhoea.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Smooth/drug effects
Fulltext Fifteen new risk loci for coronary artery disease highlight arterial-wall-specific mechanisms

Howson JMM, Zhao W, Barnes DR, Ho WK, Young R, Paul DS, et al.

Nat Genet, 2017 Jul;49(7):1113-1119.
PMID: 28530674 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3874

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although 58 genomic regions have been associated with CAD thus far, most of the heritability is unexplained, indicating that additional susceptibility loci await identification. An efficient discovery strategy may be larger-scale evaluation of promising associations suggested by genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Hence, we genotyped 56,309 participants using a targeted gene array derived from earlier GWAS results and performed meta-analysis of results with 194,427 participants previously genotyped, totaling 88,192 CAD cases and 162,544 controls. We identified 25 new SNP-CAD associations (P < 5 × 10-8, in fixed-effects meta-analysis) from 15 genomic regions, including SNPs in or near genes involved in cellular adhesion, leukocyte migration and atherosclerosis (PECAM1, rs1867624), coagulation and inflammation (PROCR, rs867186 (p.Ser219Gly)) and vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation (LMOD1, rs2820315). Correlation of these regions with cell-type-specific gene expression and plasma protein levels sheds light on potential disease mechanisms.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
Intracellular and exosomal microRNAome profiling of human vascular smooth muscle cells during replicative senescence

Nguyen DDN, Zain SM, Kamarulzaman MH, Low TY, Chilian WM, Pan Y, et al.

Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 2021 10 01;321(4):H770-H783.
PMID: 34506226 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00058.2021

Vascular aging is highly associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Although the senescence of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) has been well established as a major contributor to vascular aging, intracellular and exosomal microRNA (miRNA) signaling pathways in senescent VSMCs have not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to identify the differential expression of intracellular and exosomal miRNA in human VSMCs (hVSMCs) during replicative senescence. To achieve this aim, intracellular and exosomal miRNAs were isolated from hVSMCs and subsequently subjected to whole genome small RNA next-generation sequencing, bioinformatics analyses, and qPCR validation. Three significant findings were obtained. First, senescent hVSMC-derived exosomes tended to cluster together during replicative senescence and the molecular weight of the exosomal protein tumor susceptibility gene 101 (TSG-101) increased relative to the intracellular TSG-101, suggesting potential posttranslational modifications of exosomal TSG-101. Second, there was a significant decrease in both intracellular and exosomal hsa-miR-155-5p expression [n = 3, false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05], potentially being a cell type-specific biomarker of hVSMCs during replicative senescence. Importantly, hsa-miR-155-5p was found to associate with cell-cycle arrest and elevated oxidative stress. Lastly, miRNAs from the intracellular pool, that is, hsa-miR-664a-3p, hsa-miR-664a-5p, hsa-miR-664b-3p, hsa-miR-4485-3p, hsa-miR-10527-5p, and hsa-miR-12136, and that from the exosomal pool, that is, hsa-miR-7704, were upregulated in hVSMCs during replicative senescence (n = 3, FDR < 0.05). Interestingly, these novel upregulated miRNAs were not functionally well annotated in hVSMCs to date. In conclusion, hVSMC-specific miRNA expression profiles during replicative senescence potentially provide valuable insights into the signaling pathways leading to vascular aging.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study on intracellular and exosomal miRNA profiling on human vascular smooth muscle cells during replicative senescence. Specific dysregulated sets of miRNAs were identified from human vascular smooth muscle cells. Hsa-miR-155-5p was significantly downregulated in both intracellular and exosomal hVSMCs, suggesting its crucial role in cellular senescence. Hsa-miR-155-5p might be the mediator in linking cellular senescence to vascular aging and atherosclerosis.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism*
Flavopiridol Inhibits TGF-β-Stimulated Biglycan Synthesis by Blocking Linker Region Phosphorylation and Nuclear Translocation of Smad2

Rostam MA, Shajimoon A, Kamato D, Mitra P, Piva TJ, Getachew R, et al.

J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2018 04;365(1):156-164.
PMID: 29438988 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.244483

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic growth factor implicated in the development of atherosclerosis for its role in mediating glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain hyperelongation on the proteoglycan biglycan, a phenomenon that increases the binding of atherogenic lipoproteins in the vessel wall. Phosphorylation of the transcription factor Smad has emerged as a critical step in the signaling pathways that control the synthesis of biglycan, both the core protein and the GAG chains. We have used flavopiridol, a well-known cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, to study the role of linker region phosphorylation in the TGF-β-stimulated synthesis of biglycan. We used radiosulfate incorporation and SDS-PAGE to assess proteoglycan synthesis, real-time polymerase chain reaction to assess gene expression, and chromatin immunoprecipitation to assess the binding of Smads to the promoter region of GAG Synthesizing genes. Flavopiridol blocked TGF-β-stimulated synthesis of mRNA for the GAG synthesizing enzymes, and chondroitin 4-sulfotransferase (C4ST-1), chondroitin sulfate synthase-1 (ChSy-1) and TGF-β-mediated proteoglycans synthesis as well as GAG hyperelongation. Flavopiridol blocked TGF-β-stimulated Smad2 phosphorylation at both the serine triplet and the isolated threonine residue in the linker region. The binding of Smad to the promoter region of the C4ST-1 and ChSy-1 genes was stimulated by TGF-β, and this response was blocked by flavopiridol, demonstrating that linker region phosphorylated Smad can pass to the nucleus and positively regulate transcription. These results demonstrate the validity of the kinases, which phosphorylate the Smad linker region as potential therapeutic target(s) for the development of an agent to prevent atherosclerosis.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
Reduced nitric oxide-mediated relaxation and endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression in the tail arteries of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Mokhtar SS, Vanhoutte PM, Leung SW, Suppian R, Yusof MI, Rasool AH

Eur J Pharmacol, 2016 Feb 15;773:78-84.
PMID: 26825543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.01.013

Diabetes is associated with endothelial dysfunction, which is characterized by impaired endothelium-dependent relaxations. The present study aimed to examine the role of nitric oxide (NO), prostacyclin and endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization (EDH), in the relaxation of ventral tail arteries of rats under diabetic conditions. Relaxations of tail arteries of control and diabetic rats were studied in wire myograph. Western blotting and immunostaining were used to determine the presence of proteins. Acetylcholine-induced relaxations were significantly smaller in arteries of diabetic compared to control rats (Rmax; 70.81 ± 2.48% versus 85.05 ± 3.15%). Incubation with the combination of non-selective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor, indomethacin and potassium channel blockers, TRAM 34 and UCL 1684, demonstrated that NO-mediated relaxation was attenuated significantly in diabetic compared to control rats (Rmax; 48.47 ± 5.84% versus 68.39 ± 6.34%). EDH-type (in the presence of indomethacin and NO synthase inhibitor, LNAME) and prostacyclin-mediated (in the presence of LNAME plus TRAM 34 and UCL 1684) relaxations were not significantly reduced in arteries of diabetic compared to control rats [Rmax: (EDH; 17.81 ± 6.74% versus 34.16 ± 4.59%) (prostacyclin; 15.85 ± 3.27% versus 17.23 ± 3.75%)]. Endothelium-independent relaxations to sodium nitroprusside, salbutamol and prostacyclin were comparable in the two types of preparations. Western blotting and immunostaining indicated that diabetes diminished the expression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), while increasing those of COX-1 and COX-2. Thus, since acetylcholine-induced NO-mediated relaxation was impaired in diabetes because of reduced eNOS protein expression, pharmacological intervention improving NO bioavailability could be useful in the management of diabetic endothelial dysfunction.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
The role of specific Smad linker region phosphorylation in TGF-β mediated expression of glycosaminoglycan synthesizing enzymes in vascular smooth muscle

Rostam MA, Kamato D, Piva TJ, Zheng W, Little PJ, Osman N

Cell Signal, 2016 08;28(8):956-66.
PMID: 27153775 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.05.002

Hyperelongation of glycosaminoglycan chains on proteoglycans facilitates increased lipoprotein binding in the blood vessel wall and the development of atherosclerosis. Increased mRNA expression of glycosaminoglycan chain synthesizing enzymes in vivo is associated with the development of atherosclerosis. In human vascular smooth muscle, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) regulates glycosaminoglycan chain hyperelongation via ERK and p38 as well as Smad2 linker region (Smad2L) phosphorylation. In this study, we identified the involvement of TGF-β receptor, intracellular serine/threonine kinases and specific residues on transcription factor Smad2L that regulate glycosaminoglycan synthesizing enzymes. Of six glycosaminoglycan synthesizing enzymes, xylosyltransferase-1, chondroitin sulfate synthase-1, and chondroitin sulfotransferase-1 were regulated by TGF-β. In addition ERK, p38, PI3K and CDK were found to differentially regulate mRNA expression of each enzyme. Four individual residues in the TGF-β receptor mediator Smad2L can be phosphorylated by these kinases and in turn regulate the synthesis and activity of glycosaminoglycan synthesizing enzymes. Smad2L Thr220 was phosphorylated by CDKs and Smad2L Ser250 by ERK. p38 selectively signalled via Smad2L Ser245. Phosphorylation of Smad2L serine residues induced glycosaminoglycan synthesizing enzymes associated with glycosaminoglycan chain elongation. Phosphorylation of Smad2L Thr220 was associated with XT-1 enzyme regulation, a critical enzyme in chain initiation. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the complex signalling pathways that contribute to glycosaminoglycan chain modification that could be targeted using pharmacological agents to inhibit the development of atherosclerosis.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology*
Fulltext Mitochondrial Respiration Is Reduced in Atherosclerosis, Promoting Necrotic Core Formation and Reducing Relative Fibrous Cap Thickness

Yu EPK, Reinhold J, Yu H, Starks L, Uryga AK, Foote K, et al.

Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2017 12;37(12):2322-2332.
PMID: 28970293 DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.117.310042

OBJECTIVE: Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage is present in murine and human atherosclerotic plaques. However, whether endogenous levels of mtDNA damage are sufficient to cause mitochondrial dysfunction and whether decreasing mtDNA damage and improving mitochondrial respiration affects plaque burden or composition are unclear. We examined mitochondrial respiration in human atherosclerotic plaques and whether augmenting mitochondrial respiration affects atherogenesis.
APPROACH AND RESULTS: Human atherosclerotic plaques showed marked mitochondrial dysfunction, manifested as reduced mtDNA copy number and oxygen consumption rate in fibrous cap and core regions. Vascular smooth muscle cells derived from plaques showed impaired mitochondrial respiration, reduced complex I expression, and increased mitophagy, which was induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice showed decreased mtDNA integrity and mitochondrial respiration, associated with increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. To determine whether alleviating mtDNA damage and increasing mitochondrial respiration affects atherogenesis, we studied ApoE-/- mice overexpressing the mitochondrial helicase Twinkle (Tw+/ApoE-/-). Tw+/ApoE-/- mice showed increased mtDNA integrity, copy number, respiratory complex abundance, and respiration. Tw+/ApoE-/- mice had decreased necrotic core and increased fibrous cap areas, and Tw+/ApoE-/- bone marrow transplantation also reduced core areas. Twinkle increased vascular smooth muscle cell mtDNA integrity and respiration. Twinkle also promoted vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and protected both vascular smooth muscle cells and macrophages from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis.
CONCLUSIONS: Endogenous mtDNA damage in mouse and human atherosclerosis is associated with significantly reduced mitochondrial respiration. Reducing mtDNA damage and increasing mitochondrial respiration decrease necrotic core and increase fibrous cap areas independently of changes in reactive oxygen species and may be a promising therapeutic strategy in atherosclerosis.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism*; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
Cardiovascular activity of the n-butanol fraction of the methanol extract of Loranthus ferrugineus Roxb

Ameer OZ, Salman IM, Siddiqui MJ, Yam MF, Sriramaneni RN, Sadikun A, et al.

Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res., 2010 Feb;43(2):186-94.
PMID: 20084331

We investigated the vascular responses and the blood pressure reducing effects of different fractions obtained from the methanol extract of Loranthus ferrugineus Roxb. (F. Loranthaceae). By means of solvent-solvent extraction, L. ferrugineus methanol extract (LFME) was successively fractionated with chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The ability of these LFME fractions to relax vascular smooth muscle against phenylephrine (PE)- and KCl-induced contractions in isolated rat aortic rings was determined. In another set of experiments, LFME fractions were tested for blood pressure lowering activity in anesthetized adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 g, 14-18 weeks). The n-butanol fraction of LFME (NBF-LFME) produced a significant concentration-dependent inhibition of PE- and KCl-induced aortic ring contractions compared to other fractions. Moreover, NBF-LFME had a significantly higher relaxant effect against PE- than against high K+-induced contractions. In anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats, NBF-LFME significantly lowered blood pressure in a dose-dependent manner and with a relatively longer duration of action compared to the other fractions. HPLC, UV and IR spectra suggested the presence of terpenoid constituents in both LFME and NBF-LFME. Accordingly, we conclude that NBF-LFME is the most potent fraction producing a concentration-dependent relaxation in vascular smooth muscle in vitro and a dose-dependent blood pressure lowering activity in vivo. The cardiovascular effects of NBF-LFME are most likely attributable to its terpenoid content.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects*
Factors inducing in-stent restenosis: an in-vitro model

Santin M, Morris C, Harrison M, Mikhalovska L, Lloyd AW, Mikhalovsky S

Med J Malaysia, 2004 May;59 Suppl B:93-4.
PMID: 15468834

In-stent restenosis is caused by the proliferation of the smooth muscle cells (SMCs) following a host response towards the implanted device. However, the precise biochemical and cellular mechanisms are still not completely understood. In this paper, the behaviour of SMCs has been investigated by an in vitro model where the cells were stimulated by platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) on tissue-like substrates as well as on biomaterials such as stainless steel (St) and diamond-like carbon (DLC)-coated St. The results demonstrated that SMCs have a completely different adhesion mode on St and become particularly prone to proliferation and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion under PDGF stimulus. This would suggest that restenosis may caused by the accidental contact of the SMC with the St substrate under an inflammatory insult.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology*
Incidence of acute atherosis in complete molar pregnancy

Hayati AR, Azizah A, Wahidah A

Malays J Pathol, 1998 Dec;20(2):113-4.
PMID: 10879273

A clinicohistological study of acute atherosis in molar pregnancy was undertaken. Maternal decidual vessels in currettage samples of 38 histologically confirmed complete hydatidiform moles were examined histologically for acute atherosis, recognised as fibrinoid necrosis of the smooth muscle wall with a perivascular mononuclear cell infiltrate, with or without lipophages. Acute atherosis was detected in eight of 38 cases, an incidence of 18.4%. All the patients were normotensive. The significance of acute atherosis in molar pregnancy remains to be clarified.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
Fulltext Decoding the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into mesangial cells at the transcriptomic level

Wong CY, Chang YM, Tsai YS, Ng WV, Cheong SK, Chang TY, et al.

BMC Genomics, 2020 Jul 07;21(1):467.
PMID: 32635896 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06868-5

BACKGROUND: Mesangial cells play an important role in the glomerulus to provide mechanical support and maintaine efficient ultrafiltration of renal plasma. Loss of mesangial cells due to pathologic conditions may lead to impaired renal function. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) can differentiate into many cell types, including mesangial cells. However transcriptomic profiling during MSC differentiation into mesangial cells had not been studied yet. The aim of this study is to examine the pattern of transcriptomic changes during MSC differentiation into mesangial cells, to understand the involvement of transcription factor (TF) along the differentiation process, and finally to elucidate the relationship among TF-TF and TF-key gene or biomarkers during the differentiation of MSC into mesangial cells.
RESULTS: Several ascending and descending monotonic key genes were identified by Monotonic Feature Selector. The identified descending monotonic key genes are related to stemness or regulation of cell cycle while ascending monotonic key genes are associated with the functions of mesangial cells. The TFs were arranged in a co-expression network in order of time by Time-Ordered Gene Co-expression Network (TO-GCN) analysis. TO-GCN analysis can classify the differentiation process into three stages: differentiation preparation, differentiation initiation and maturation. Furthermore, it can also explore TF-TF-key genes regulatory relationships in the muscle contraction process.
CONCLUSIONS: A systematic analysis for transcriptomic profiling of MSC differentiation into mesangial cells has been established. Key genes or biomarkers, TFs and pathways involved in differentiation of MSC-mesangial cells have been identified and the related biological implications have been discussed. Finally, we further elucidated for the first time the three main stages of mesangial cell differentiation, and the regulatory relationships between TF-TF-key genes involved in the muscle contraction process. Through this study, we have increased fundamental understanding of the gene transcripts during the differentiation of MSC into mesangial cells.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
Fulltext Adult Intramuscular Shoulder Angiomyolipoma: a rare case

Kadhim Jawad Obaid, Yahya Mohammad Arpine, Nor Salmah Bakar, Marlina Tanty Ramli Hamid, Ahmed Ramzi Yusof

Journal of Clinical and Health Sciences, 2016;1:37-39.

Intramuscular shoulder angiomyolipomas are very rare. We report a case in a 22-year-old male with a well circumscribed lesion located on the back of the shoulder. This lesion, differs from renal angiomyolipoma in terms of non-association with tuberous sclerosis, circumscription and male predominance. Another characteristic feature is the absence of epithelioid cells. Differential diagnosis includes lipoma, angiolipoma, angioleiomyoma, hemangioma, myolipoma and liposarcoma. It is distinguished from the above mentioned entities by the presence of a combination of thick-walled blood vessels, smooth muscle and fat.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Smooth
Fulltext A case of lymphangioleiomyomatosis with multiple angiomyolipomas in the kidneys: a case report

How, S.H., Azlin, S., Pang, Y.K., Liam, C.K.

JUMMEC, 2006;9(2):35-38.
MyJurnal

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare disease. The reported prevalence is around one per million in the West but the exact prevalence in Asia is unknown. It affects primarily young women of reproductive age, with a mean age of onset at 34 years. The disease is characterised by an abnormal proliferation of smooth muscle-like cells that grow over a course of time to obstruct airways, lymphatic and blood vessels. We report a case of LAM in a young woman who presented with a spontaneous pneumothorax. Computed tomography scan of the thorax and abdomen showed homogenous thin-walled cystic lesions with normal intervening lung parenchyma and multiple lesions in her kidneys with Hounsfield units similar to that of fat.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Smooth
Fulltext Changing paradigms in the treatment of asthma

Loh LC

Family Physician, 2005;13(3):0-0.
MyJurnal

Significant changes have occurred in relation to how chronic asthma is being treated. Emphasis has now shifted from viewing asthma as a condition of smooth muscle dysfunction to one of chronic inflammation. As such, anti-inflammatory therapy forming the cornerstone of treatment represents the first important milestone in the evolution of asthma treatment. For this purpose, inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) is by far the most effective anti-inflammatory therapy. Another important milestone is the recognition of the superiority of adding long-acting β2-agonist (LABA) to ICS over escalating ICS dose alone or other forms of add-on therapies in treating asthmatic patients not responding to regular ICS alone. The effectiveness of adding LABA to ICS in treating asthma logically led to combining the two drugs into one single inhaler (salmeterol/fluticasone and budesonide/formoterol) that has the attractiveness of being user-friendly and ensuring that ICS is not missed out. The unique property of formoterol that allows for repetitive flexible dosing paved way to the concept of using Symbicort for both regular maintenance dosing and as required rescue medication. This revolutionary approach has been recently shown to provide improved asthma outcome, achieved at an overall lower or at least comparable corticosteroid intake, and may represent another evolutionary step in the treatment strategy of chronic asthma.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Smooth
Fulltext Congenital epulis: immunohistochemical findings of 12 cases

Ajura Abdul Jalil, Lukman Md Auzair, Hin, Lau Shin

Archives of Orofacial Sciences, 2015;10(1):34-40.
MyJurnal

Congenital epulis is a fairly rare soft tissue tumour occurring exclusively on the alveolar ridge of newborns. The exact origin of congenital epulis is still debatable. The objective of the study is to determine the clinicopathological features and immunohistochemical findings of congenital epulis. A retrospective study was carried out to determine the clinicopathological features of congenital epulis, diagnosed histologically in the main oral histopathology laboratory in Malaysia from 1967 to 2014. Immunostaining using vimentin, muscle specific actin, smooth muscle antigen, desmin, S100, CD34, CD68 and CD1a was carried out. Twelve cases of congenital epulis were reviewed. All of the patients were females and the presentation age ranged from 2 to 90 days. The patients comprised of 6 Malays, 3 Chinese, 2 Indians and 1 Orang Asli. Most of the cases (n=7) involved the maxillary ridge and presented as pedunculated well-defined lumps (n=8). Excisional biopsy was performed in all cases. Via immunohistochemistry, vimentin expression was observed in all cases; but negative for CD34, muscle specific actin, smooth muscle antigen, and desmin. CD1a and S100 positivity was seen in five cases. The interstitial cells were highlighted by CD68. Although congenital epulis has been first described 130 years ago, the exact nature of its histogenesis remains a mystery.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Smooth
Fulltext Solitary fibrous tumour of the submandibular region: a rare entity

Noor Liza Ishak, Primuharsa Putra Sabir Athar Husin, Suria Hayati Md Pauzi, Isa Mohd Rose, Mohd Razif Mohamad Yunus

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2016;12(2):53-55.
MyJurnal

Solitary fibrous tumours of the head and neck region are
extremely rare. The clinical diagnosis is often difficult to
establish, and this lesion may be indistinguishable from other
soft tissue neoplasms. An 18-year old Chinese gentleman
presented with a painless right submandibular swelling which
was increasing in size for eight months. A computed
tomography scan showed a well-defined solid mass measuring
about 2.0 x 2.96 cm in the submandibular region. The tumour
was resected and was confined within its capsule.
Immunohistochemical staining was strongly positive for CD34,
CD 99, and vimentin and negative for desmin, smooth muscle
actin (SMA), cytokeratin, S100 and CD68. The microscopic and
immunohistochemical profile were compatible with solitary
fibrous tumour. Distinguishing solitary fibrous tumours from
various spindle neoplasms can be difficult. In view of the
resemblance, immunohistochemical staining can help
differentiate solitary fibrous tumour from spindle neoplasm.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Smooth
Fulltext Cladosporium cladosporioides from the perspectives of medical and biotechnological approaches

AlMatar M, Makky EA

3 Biotech, 2016 Jun;6(1):4.
PMID: 28330073 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-015-0323-4

Fungi are important natural product sources that have enormous potential for the production of novel compounds for use in pharmacology, agricultural applications and industry. Compared with other natural sources such as plants, fungi are highly diverse but understudied. However, research on Cladosporium cladosporioides revealed the existence of bioactive products such as p-methylbenzoic acid, ergosterol peroxide (EP) and calphostin C as well as enzymes including pectin methylesterase (PME), polygalacturonase (PG) and chlorpyrifos hydrolase. p-Methylbenzoic acid has ability to synthesise 1,5-benzodiazepine and its derivatives, polyethylene terephthalate and eicosapentaenoic acid. EP has anticancer, antiangiogenic, antibacterial, anti-oxidative and immunosuppressive properties. Calphostin C inhibits protein kinase C (PKC) by inactivating both PKC-epsilon and PKC-alpha. In addition, calphostin C stimulates apoptosis in WEHI-231 cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. Based on the stimulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress in some types of cancer, calphostin C has also been evaluated as a potential photodynamic therapeutic agent. Methylesterase (PME) and PG have garnered attention because of their usage in the food processing industry and significant physiological function in plants. Chlorpyrifos, a human, animal and plant toxin, can be degraded and eliminated by chlorpyrifos hydrolase.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Smooth, Vascular
Fulltext Adult Intramuscular Shoulder Angiomyolipoma: a rare case

Kadhim Jawad Obaid, Yahya Mohammad Arpine, Nor Salmah Bakar, Marlina Tanty Ramli Hamid, Ahmed Ramzi Yusof

Journal of Clinical and Health Sciences, 2016;1(2):37-39.
MyJurnal

Intramuscular shoulder angiomyolipomas are very rare. We report a case in a 22-year-old male with a well circumscribed lesion located on the back of the shoulder. This lesion, differs from renal angiomyolipoma in terms of non-association with tuberous sclerosis, circumscription and male predominance. Another characteristic feature is the absence of epithelioid cells. Differential diagnosis includes lipoma, angiolipoma, angioleiomyoma, hemangioma, myolipoma and liposarcoma. It is distinguished from the above mentioned entities by the presence of a combination of thick-walled blood vessels, smooth muscle and fat.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Smooth

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