Displaying publications 21 - 40 of 104 in total

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  1. In vitro susceptibility studies of Plasmodium falciparum isolates and clones against type II antifolate drugs
    Ang HH, Lam CK, Wah MJ
    Chemotherapy, 1996 Sep-Oct;42(5):318-23.
    PMID: 8874969
    Six clones were derived from each Plasmodium falciparum isolate obtained from Malaysia, Africa and Thailand and were characterized against type II antifolate drugs, cycloguanil and pyrimethamine using the modified in vitro microtechnique. Results showed that these isolates were of a heterogeneous population, with 50% inhibitory concentrations of Gombak A clones at 0.0151-0.1450 and 0.0068-0.1158 microM, Gambian clones at 0.0056-0.1792 and 0.0004-0.0068 microM and TGR clones at 0.0103-0.0703 and 0.0776-0.3205 microM against cycloguanil and pyrimethamine, respectively. All clones displayed similar susceptibilities as their parent isolates except A/D3, A/D5, A/G4 and A/H7 clones which were sensitive to cycloguanil at 0.0735, 0.0151, 0.0540 and 0.0254 microM but Gm/B2 clone was resistant at 0.1792 microM, respectively. However, A/D3, TGR/B4, TGR/B7, TGR/C4, TGR/C7 and TGR/H2 clones were resistant to pyrimethamine at 0.1158, 0.1070, 0.1632, 0.1580, 0.2409 and 0.3205 microM, respectively. Further results indicated that they were pure clones compared to their parent isolates as their drug susceptibility studies were statistically different (p < 0.05).
    Matched MeSH terms: Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects*
  2. Variability in schizonticidal drug susceptibility amongst clones and isolates of Plasmodium falciparum
    Ang HH, Chan KL, Mak JW
    Chemotherapy, 1997 Mar-Apr;43(2):142-7.
    PMID: 9084924
    Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Malaysia, Africa and Thailand were cultured in vitro following the method of Trager and Jensen and subsequently cloned using the limiting dilution method of Rosario. These clones were presently characterized against three schizonticidal drugs, chloroquine, mefloquine and quinine, using the modified in vitro microtechnique. Results showed that all the clones derived from Gombak A isolate were chloroquine-resistant with average IC50 values ranging at 0.1377-1.0420 microM (0.007-0.058 mefloquine activity), sensitive to mefloquine at 0.0032-0.0103 microM and quinine at 0.0025-0.0428 microM (0.075-3.080 mefloquine activity). Similarly, the TGR clone displayed resistance to chloroquine at 0.1715-0.5875 microM (0.002-0.029 mefloquine activity) but were also sensitive to mefloquine at 0.0008-0.0058 microM and quinine at 0.0055-0.0700 microM (0.055-0.202 mefloquine activity). In contrast, four out of six Gambian clones were sensitive to chloroquine at 0.0047-0.0172 microM (0.122-0.617 mefloquine activity) but all were sensitive to mefloquine at 0.0008-0.0029 and 0.0016-0.0102 microM (0.096-1.813 mefloquine activity). In general, most of the clones displayed susceptibility patterns similar to that of their parent isolates against the three schizonticidal drugs except Gm/B2 and Gm/H5 Gambian clones were chloroquine-resistant at 0.3427 microM (0.006 mefloquine activity) and 0.2260 microM (0.004 mefloquine activity), respectively. Further results indicated that they were pure clones compared to their parent isolates as their schizonticidal drug susceptibilities were statistically different (p < 0.05) except Gm/C6 and TGR/B7 clones against mefloquine (p < 0.05).
    Matched MeSH terms: Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects*
  3. Assessment of the association between three pfmdr1 point mutations and chloroquine resistance in vitro of Malaysian Plasmodium falciparum isolates
    Cox-Singh J, Singh B, Alias A, Abdullah MS
    Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1995 7 1;89(4):436-7.
    PMID: 7570891
    Matched MeSH terms: Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects*
  4. Study of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to 4-Aminoquinolines (Chloroquine) in Sabah, Malaysia
    Maqsudur Rahman KM
    J Trop Med Hyg, 1980 Dec;83(6):259-64.
    PMID: 7003166
    The status of P. falciparum resistance to chloroquine in Sabah, Malaysia were not know until 1971-1972. Several in-vivo and on in-vivo studies were conducted from 971-1975, and the result showed 51% out of total 57 cases studied were resistant to chloroquine. The latest in-vitro study (collaborative with WHO) started in July 1978, to continue till 1980, to cover the whole State. The preliminary result shows 65 cases (85%) out of a total 76 successful tests are resistant to chloroquine. On the basis of this preliminary result, the radical treatment for P. falciparum infection was changed from chloroquine to Fansidar from June 1979 throughout the State.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects*
  5. A study of the sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine and mefloquine using the in vitro microtechnique in Peninsular Malaysia
    Ho KB, Mak JW, Ramadas M
    Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1987;81(2):257-9.
    PMID: 3303483
    Plasmodium falciparum drug sensitivities to chloroquine and mefloquine were assessed with WHO in vitro microtechnique test kits in 5 localities near the border with Thailand in Peninsular Malaysia. 105 of 113 (92.9%) parasite isolates were successfully tested and 103 (98.1%) showed resistance to chloroquine with parasite growth even at greater than or equal to 5.7 pmol of the drug. All these isolates were sensitive to mefloquine, parasite growth being inhibited at less than or equal to 11.3 pmol of the drug.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects*
  6. Doxycycline in the treatment of falciparum malaria among aborigine children in West Malaysia
    Ponnampalam JT
    Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1981;75(3):372-7.
    PMID: 7034311
    Doxycycline in a single dose was found to be a valuable drug in the treatment of chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria. It was less effective in a single daily dose of 4 mg/kg body-weight for four days, when it cured only five out of nine patients, while a dosage of 4 mg/kg body-weight for seven days cured 23 out of 26 patients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects
  7. Chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum infection from Lampung and South Sumatra, Indonesia
    Pribadi W, Dakung LS, Gandahusada S, Daldyono
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1981 Mar;12(1):69-73.
    PMID: 7020096
    A report was made of 4 cases of chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum infections. The infections, detected in Jakarta, were imported from Kotabumi, Tanjung Karang, the Island of Pidada in the Lampung Province and from Pangkalpinang on the Island Bangka in the Province of South Sumatra. Treatment with courses of 1500 mg chloroquine base and with increased dosages up to 2250 mg base failed to cure the patients. The chloroquine sensitivity test in vitro was carried out in 3 patients, which showed that the Plasmodium falciparum strains were resistant to chloroquine at the R I level. The strains appeared to be similar to the Malaya Camp strain. In vivo observations revealed that the parasites were resistant at the R I level with a delayed recrudescence. The chloroquine resistant falciparum malaria cases, acquired in South Sumatra, may therefore be regarded as the first reported cases from a focus outside the already known two foci in Indonesia, namely East Kalimantan and Irian Jaya. It may be expected that chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum will be encountered in other parts of Indonesia in the near future. The use of a combination of sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine should not be recommended in Indonesia because chloroquine is still considered the drug of choice against all malaria infections in Indonesia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects*
  8. Epidemiology of malaria in Malaysia
    Rahman KM
    Rev. Infect. Dis., 1982 9 1;4(5):985-91.
    PMID: 6755616
    Malaria is a major public health problem in Malaysia, particularly in peninsular Malaysia and the state of Sabah. An eradication program started in the states of Sabah and Sarawak in 1961 initially was remarkably successful. A similar but staged program was started in peninsular Malaysia in 1967 and was also quite successful. However, a marked upsurge in incidence in Sabah in 1975-1978 showed that malaria is still a major hazard. The disease leads to great economic losses in terms of the productivity of the labor force and the learning capacity of schoolchildren. The topography, the climate, and the migrations of the people due to increased economic activity are similar in peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, and Sarawak. However, the epidemiologic picture differs strikingly from area to area in terms of species of vectors, distribution of parasitic species, and resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine. Likewise, the problems faced by the eradication or control programs in the three regions are dissimilar. Because solutions to only some of these problems are possible, the eradication of malaria in Malaysia is not likely in the near future. However, the situation offers an excellent opportunity for further studies of antimalaria measures.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects
  9. Fulltext Malaria in the Malaysian Army with particular reference to chemosuppressive use
    Supramaniam V, Datta GC, Singam V, Singh J
    Med J Malaysia, 1987 Mar;42(1):44-9.
    PMID: 3323860
    Malaria is the most important communicable disease in the field for the Malaysian soldier. His chief weapon is chemoprophylaxis. This was proguanil hydrochloride in the '50s, changed to Daraclor in 1962; since late 1985, Fansidar only is used. The incidence of malaria over the years has fluctuated widely and had its peak in 1977 at 29.7/1,000 soldiers and since then has shown a downward trend. Studies carried out to study the problem are noted briefly. Antimalarial discipline in the field, continued surveillance and integrated control measures in the base are emphasised in the fight against malaria.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects
  10. Studies on the resistance of malaria to chloroquine and to a combination of chloroquine and pyrimethamine in Peninsular Malaysia
    Dondero TJ, Parsons RE, Ponnampalam JT
    Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1976;70(2):145-8.
    PMID: 785725
    In vivo chloroquine resistance surveys, which allowed for detection of late recrudescing RI resistance, were conducted in three regions of Peninsular Malaysia, which were previously not recognized as having appreciable drug resistance. Among the 485 Plasmodium falciparum infections tested resistance rates ranged locally from 20% to 67% in those with parasitaemias over 1,000 per mm3, and 5% to 59% in all parasitaemias. The region found to have the most serious resistance was western Pahang. In one study a combination of chloroquine and pyrimethamine proved no more efficacious than chloroquine alone. Most of the resistance encountered was the late recrudescing RI type. There was no apparent correlation between drug resistance and Anopheles balabacensis as this species was not found despite intensive collections in two of the three main regions. There was no evidence of resistance among the 222 P. vivax and 35 P. malariae infections also tested.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects*
  11. Susceptibility studies of Plasmodium falciparum isolates and clones against cycloguanil and pyrimethamine using the modified in vitro microtechnique
    Ang HH, Chan KL, Mak JW
    J Parasitol, 1996 Dec;82(6):1029-31.
    PMID: 8973418
    Six clones were derived from each Malaysian Plasmodium falciparum isolate and characterized for their susceptibilities against type II antifolate drugs, cycloguanil and pyrimethamine. Results showed that these isolates were of a heterogeneous population, with average IC50 values of Gombak C clones at 0.012-0.084 microM and 0.027-0.066 microM, ST 9 clones at 0.019-0.258 microM and 0.027-0.241 microM, ST 12 clones at 0.015-0.342 microM and 0.012-0.107 microM, ST 85 clones at 0.022-0.087 microM and 0.024-0.426 microM, and ST 148 clones at 0.027-0312 microM and 0.029-0.690 microM against cycloguanil and pyrimethamine, respectively. Generally, most of these clones displayed susceptibility patterns similar to their parent isolates except ST 9/A4, ST 9/A7, ST 9/B5, ST 9/D9, ST 9/D10, ST 148/A4, ST 148/A5, ST 148/A7, ST 148/F7, ST 148/F8 clones, which were sensitive at 0.027 microM, 0.019 microM, 0.022 microM, 0.063 microM, 0.037 microM, 0.031 microM, 0.042, microM, 0.042 microM, 0.062 microM, and 0.027 microM, whereas, ST 12/D7 clone was resistant at 0.342 microM, against cycloguanil respectively. However, ST 9/A4, ST 9/D8, ST 12/D5, ST 85/A5, ST 85/B3, ST 85/B4, ST 85/D3, ST 85/D7, ST 148/A6, and ST 148/A7 clones were resistant to pyrimethamine at 0.158 microM, 0.241 microM, 0.107 microM, 0.223 microM, 0.393 microM, 0.402 microM, 0.426 microM, 0.115 microM, 0.690 microM, and 0.520 microM, respectively.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects*
  12. Efficacy and resistance of different artemisinin-based combination therapies: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
    Mathenge PG, Low SK, Vuong NL, Mohamed MYF, Faraj HA, Alieldin GI, et al.
    Parasitol Int, 2020 Feb;74:101919.
    PMID: 31015034 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2019.04.016
    BACKGROUND: Malaria parasites have developed resistance to most of the known antimalarial drugs in clinical practice, with reports of artemisinin resistance emerging in South East Asia (SEA). We sort to find the status of artemisinin resistance and efficacy of different modalities of the current artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs).

    METHODS: We carried out a systematic search in 11 electronic databases to identify in vivo studies published between 2001 and 2017 that reported artemisinin resistance. This was then followed by A network meta-analysis to compare the efficacy of different ACTs. Quality assessment was performed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias (ROB) tool for randomized controlled trials and National Institute of Health (NIH) tool for cross-sectional studies. The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO under number CRD42018087574.

    RESULTS: With 8400 studies initially identified, 82 were eligible for qualitative and quantitative analysis. Artemisinin resistance was only reported in South East Asia. K13 mutation C580Y was the most abundant mutation associated with resistance having an abundance of 63.1% among all K13 mutations reported. Although the overall network meta-analysis had shown good performance of dihydroartemisinin piperaquine in the early years, a subgroup analysis of the recent years revealed a poor performance of the drug in relation to recrudescence, clinical failure and parasitological failure especially in the artemisinin resistant regions.

    CONCLUSION: With report of high resistance and treatment failure against the leading artemisinin combination therapy in South East Asia, it is imperative that a new drug or a formulation is developed before further spread of resistance.

    Matched MeSH terms: Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects*
  13. A new antiplasmodial sterol from Indonesian marine sponge, Xestospongia sp
    Murtihapsari M, Salam S, Kurnia D, Darwati D, Kadarusman K, Abdullah FF, et al.
    Nat Prod Res, 2021 Mar;35(6):937-944.
    PMID: 31210054 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1611815
    A new antimalarial sterol, kaimanol (1), along with a known sterol, saringosterol (2) was isolated from the Indonesian Marine sponge, Xestospongia sp. The chemical structure of the new compound was determined on the basis of spectroscopic evidences and by comparison to those related compounds previously reported. Isolated compounds, 1 and 2 were evaluated for their antiplasmodial effect against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strains. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited antiplasmodial activity with IC50 values of 359 and 0.250 nM, respectively.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects*
  14. Quantitative assessment of antimalarial activities from Malaysian Plasmodium falciparum isolates by modified in vitro microtechnique
    Hoon AH, Lam CK, Wah MJ
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1995 Mar;39(3):626-8.
    PMID: 7793863
    Malaysian, TGR (Thailand), and Gambian (West African) Plasmodium falciparum isolates were cultured in vitro by the candle jar method and were characterized for their susceptibilities to present antimalarial drugs by the modified in vitro microtechnique. Results showed that 93 and 47% of the Malaysian isolates were resistant at 50% inhibitory concentrations of 0.1415 to 0.7737 and 0.1025 to 0.1975 microM, respectively, while the rest were susceptible to choloroquine and cycloguanil at 0.0376 and 0.0306 to 0.0954 microM, respectively. All isolates were susceptible to mefloquine, quinine, and pyrimethamine at 0.0026 to 0.0172, 0.0062 to 0.0854, and 0.0149 to 0.0663 microM, respectively. In contrast, the Gambian isolate was susceptible to multiple drugs at 0.0024 to 0.0282 microM; TGR was resistant to chloroquine at 0.8147 microM but was susceptible to mefloquine, quinine, cycloguanil, and pyrimethamine at 0.0024, 0.0096, 0.0143, and 0.0495 microM, respectively.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects*
  15. Fulltext Antiplasmodial properties of some Malaysian medicinal plants
    Noor Rain A, Khozirah S, Mohd Ridzuan MA, Ong BK, Rohaya C, Rosilawati M, et al.
    Trop Biomed, 2007 Jun;24(1):29-35.
    PMID: 17568375 MyJurnal
    Seven Malaysian medicinal plants were screened for their antiplasmodial activities in vitro. These plants were selected based on their traditional claims for treatment or to relieve fever. The plant extracts were obtained from Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM). The antiplasmodial activities were carried out using the pLDH assay to Plasmodium falciparum D10 strain (sensitive strain) while the cytotoxic activities were carried out towards Madin- Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells using MTT assay. The concentration of extracts used for both screening assays were from the highest concentration 64 microg/ml, two fold dilution to the lowest concentration 0.03 microg/ml. Goniothalamus macrophyllus (stem extract) showed more than 60% growth inhibition while Goniothalamus scortechinii root and stem extract showed a 90% and more than 80% growth inhibition at the last concentration tested, 0.03 microg/ml. The G. scortechini (leaves extract) showed an IC50 (50% growth inhibition) at 8.53 microg/ml, Ardisia crispa (leaves extract) demonstrated an IC50 at 5.90 +/- 0.14 microg/ml while Croton argyratus (leaves extract) showed a percentage inhibition of more than 60% at the tested concentration. Blumea balsamifera root and stem showed an IC50 at 26.25 +/- 2.47 microg/ml and 7.75 +/- 0.35 microg/ ml respectively. Agathis borneensis (leaves extract) demonstrated a 50% growth inhibition at 11.00 +/- 1.41 microg/ml. The study gives preliminary scientific evidence of these plant extracts in line with their traditional claims.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects*
  16. Fulltext Effect of Eurycoma longifolia extract on the Glutathione level in Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes in vitro
    Mohd Ridzuan MA, Noor Rain A, Zhari I, Zakiah I
    Trop Biomed, 2005 Dec;22(2):155-63.
    PMID: 16883282 MyJurnal
    In the present study we examined the effect of E. longifolia methanol extract (TA164) on the GSH levels of P. falciparum infected erythrocytes and uninfected erythrocytes. Our study on parasite growth shows the IC50 and IC75 values of TA164 to be 0.17 g/ml and 6 g/ml respectively while for BSO was 25.5 g/ml and 46.5 g/ml respectively. About 95% to 100% growth inhibition of P. falciparum infected erythrocyte was observed when treated with TA164 and BSO at 16 g/ml and 64 g/ml respectively. The study on GSH contents indicated that non-infected erythrocytes treated with 6 g/ml (IC75 values) of TA164 at 24 hours incubation showed less GSH content as compared to non-treated erythrocytes. A similar observation was seen on treated trophozoite infected erythrocyte (10% parasitemia) when treated with 6 g/ml at 3 hours incubation. Analysis of the GSH contents of parasite compartments treated with TA164 at the same concentration (6 g/ml) for 3 hours incubation indicated a reduction of GSH contents. At the same concentration, TA164 did not affect the GSH contents of enriched trophozoite infected erythrocytes (60-70% parasitemia). TA164 did affect the GSH content of non-infected erythrocyte at 24 hours (accept IC50 value) as well as the parasite compartments (trophozoite infected erythrocyte and parasite itself) but fails to affect the GSH content of enriched trophozoite infected erythrocyte.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects*
  17. Efficacy and safety of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in endemic countries: meta-analysis of randomised controlled studies
    Naing C, Mak JW, Aung K, Wong JY
    Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 2013 Feb;107(2):65-73.
    PMID: 23222952 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trs019
    The present review aimed to synthesise available evidence on the efficacy of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP) in treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in people living in malaria-endemic countries by performing a meta-analysis of relevant studies. We searched relevant studies in electronic data bases up to December 2011. Published results from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing efficacy of DP with other artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), or non-ACTs, or placebo were selected. The primary endpoint was 28-day and 42-day treatment failure. We identified 26 RCTs. Many of the studies included in the present review were of high quality. Overall, DP, artesunate-mefloquine (MAS3) and artemether-lumefentrine (AL) were equally effective for reducing the risk of recurrent parasitaemia. The PCR confirmed efficacy of DP (99.5%) and MAS3 (97.7%) at day 28 exceeded 90%; both are efficacious. Comparable efficacy was also found for DP (95.6%) and AL (94.3%). The present review has documented that DP is comparable to other currently used ACTs such as MAS3 and AL in treating uncomplicated falciparum malaria. The better safety profile of DP and once-daily dosage improves adherence and its fixed co-formulation ensures that both drugs are taken together. Our conclusion is that DP has the potential to become a first-line antimalarial drug.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects
  18. Fulltext Importance of kelch 13 C580Y mutation in the studies of artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum in Greater Mekong Subregion
    Zaw MT, Lin Z, Emran NA
    J Microbiol Immunol Infect, 2020 Oct;53(5):676-681.
    PMID: 31563454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2019.07.006
    The mortality caused by Plasmodium falciparum was reduced by Artemisinin (ART) and ART combination therapy (ACT). However, Artemisinin resistance (ART-R) emerge during 2008 in Cambodia and spread to Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS). ART-R was confirmed not to spread to India, a gateway to whole Africa. The whole genome sequencing approach of P. falciparum assumed the k13 gene encoded Kelch protein was discovered to be associated with ART-R. Of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of k13 gene, C580Y mutant was commonly dominant in Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos and Vietnam and assumed to be one of strong molecular markers for ART-R in P. falciparum isolates in GMS. Literatures published between 2017 and 2018 were reviewed in this work. F446I is observed to be doubtful molecular marker as ART-R marker. Transgenic experiment showed that parasite with F446I mutation displayed prolonged clearance in respond to ART while C580Y was applied as positive control mutant. Furthermore, study of C580Y allele in four countries Cambodia, Thailand, Laos resulted in single origin whereas the parasite with this allele showed multi-origin in three Provinces of Vietnam. As artemisinin was short acting drug, the role of long acting partner drug was studied by using transgenic C580Y mutant and C580 to leave recrudescent P. falciparum. Recently, there was treatment failure with ACT in some countries in GMS. In this review, the importance of C580Y mutation in the study of ART-R was discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects*
  19. Hospital and field traials of sulformethoxine with pyrimethamine against Malaysian strains of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax
    Laing AB
    Med J Malaya, 1968 Sep;23(1):5-19.
    PMID: 4237560
    Matched MeSH terms: Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects*
  20. Increased frequency of chloroquine resistant P. falciparum on a rubber estate in Peninsular Malaysia during two years of systematic chloroquine treatment
    Dondero TJ, Parsons RE, O'Holohan DR
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1975 Dec;6(4):488-94.
    PMID: 775652
    Chloroquine pressure was applied over a 22 month period on a somewhat isolated, malarious rubber estate by examination of residents at 4-week intervals and treatment of parasitaemias with chloroquine. During this time the monthly attack rate for P. falciparum rose four-fold to an average of nearly 18% per month, while that of P. vivax remained relatively constant at about 8%. Eight in vivo chloroquine resistance studies, which allowed both detection of late recrudescing R-I resistance and estimation of the risk of reinfection, showed an apparent rise in the drug resistance rate, from 12% to 20% prior to the study to the range of 40-50%. Virtually all resistance encountered was R-I in nature. There was no convincing evidence of chloroquine resistance among 148 tested P. vivax infections.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects
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