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Antimicrobial activities of graphene oxide against biofilm and intracellular Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis

Saeed SI, Vivian L, Zalati CWSCW, Sani NIM, Aklilu E, Mohamad M, et al.

BMC Vet Res, 2023 Jan 14;19(1):10.
PMID: 36641476 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03560-6

BACKGROUND: S. aureus is one of the causative agents of bovine mastitis. The treatment using conventional antimicrobials has been hampered due to the development of antimicrobial resistance and the ability of the bacteria to form biofilms and localize inside the host cells.
OBJECTIVES: Here, the efficacy of graphene oxide (GO), a carbon-based nanomaterial, was tested against the biofilms and intracellular S. aureus invitro. Following that, the mechanism for the intracellular antimicrobial activities and GO toxicities was elucidated.
METHODS: GO antibiofilm properties were evaluated based on the disruption of biofilm structure, and the intracellular antimicrobial activities were determined by the survival of S. aureus in infected bovine mammary cells following GO exposure. The mechanism for GO intracellular antimicrobial activities was investigated using endocytosis inhibitors. GO toxicity towards the host cells was assessed using a resazurin assay.
RESULTS: At 100 ug/mL, GO reduced between 30 and 70% of S. aureus biofilm mass, suggesting GO's ability to disrupt the biofilm structure. At 200 ug/mL, GO killed almost 80% of intracellular S. aureus, and the antimicrobial activities were inhibited when cells were pre-treated with cytochalasin D, suggesting GO intracellular antimicrobial activities were dependent on the actin-polymerization of the cell membrane. At

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle; Cattle Diseases*
Clinico-pathology and hemato-biochemistry responses in buffaloes infected with Pasteurella multocida type B:2 immunogen outer membrane protein

Chung ELT, Abdullah FFJ, Marza AD, Saleh WMM, Ibrahim HH, Abba Y, et al.

Microb Pathog, 2017 Jan;102:89-101.
PMID: 27894962 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.11.015

The aim of this study was to investigate the clinico-pathology and haemato-biochemistry alterations in buffaloes inoculated with Pasteurella multocida type B:2 immunogen outer membrane protein via subcutaneous and oral routes. Nine buffalo heifers were divided equally into 3 treatment groups. Group 1 was inoculated orally with 10 mL of phosphate buffer saline (PBS); Group 2 and 3 were inoculated with 10 mL of outer membrane protein broth subcutaneously and orally respectively. Group 2 buffaloes showed typical haemorrhagic septicaemia clinical signs and were only able to survive for 72 h of the experiment. However, Group 3 buffaloes were able to survive throughout the stipulated time of 21 days of experiment. There were significant differences (p 0.05) in edema between groups except for the lung. This study was a proof that oral route infection of Pasteurella multocida type B:2 immunogen outer membrane protein can be used to stimulate host cell.

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle; Cattle Diseases/blood; Cattle Diseases/diagnosis*; Cattle Diseases/immunology*; Cattle Diseases/microbiology
Sperm abnormalities in Droughtmaster bulls

Bongso TA, Jainudeen MR

Trop Anim Health Prod, 1982 Feb;14(1):58.
PMID: 7080208
Matched MeSH terms: Cattle/physiology*
Effect of age at first calving and milking system on the lactation performance of F1 Bos indicus/Bos taurus crossbreds in Sabah

Edwards MD

Trop Anim Health Prod, 1985 Nov;17(4):201-8.
PMID: 4089967 DOI: 10.1007/BF02356977

This paper examines the effect of age at first calving and milking system on the overall lactation performance and incidence of lactation failure of 442 F1 Bos indicus/Bos taurus dairy crossbreds in Sabah. The two types of crossbred used in the study were imported F1 Sahiwal x Friesian and locally bred Friesian x Local Indian Dairy. Heifers which did not lactate for at least 120 days or produced less than 20 kg of milk during the fourteenth week of lactation were considered to have failed to establish a lactation. The imported and locally bred heifers recorded failure rates of 23.4 and 21.4% respectively. Three milking systems were examined namely machine milking without calf, machine milking with calf and hand milking. They produced failure rates of 30, 12 and 5.6% respectively. The cows that passed recorded 120 day milk production figures of 878, 1,134 and 1,054 kg respectively. The three age groups of less than 30 months, 30 to 34 months and greater than 34 months recorded failure rates of 37, 22 and 10% respectively. The heifers machine milked without their calf which calved at less than 30 months of age recorded a failure rate of 44% while those which calved at greater than 34 months recorded a failure rate of only 17%.
Study site: Tawau and Sebrang Livestock Breeding Centres, Sabah, Malaysia

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle/physiology*
The application of a computerised recording system to smallholder dairy extension in Malaysia

Abu Hassan MA, Kamaruddin MI, Pharo HJ

Acta Vet Scand Suppl, 1988;84:110-2.
PMID: 3232593
Matched MeSH terms: Cattle/physiology*
Fulltext Phylogenetic relationships of Malayan gaur with other species of the genus Bos based on cytochrome b gene DNA sequences

Rosli MK, Zakaria SS, Syed-Shabthar SM, Zainal ZZ, Shukor MN, Mahani MC, et al.

Genet. Mol. Res., 2011;10(1):482-93.
PMID: 21476194 DOI: 10.4238/vol10-1gmr1002

The Malayan gaur (Bos gaurus hubbacki) is one of the three subspecies of gaurs that can be found in Malaysia. We examined the phylogenetic relationships of this subspecies with other species of the genus Bos (B. javanicus, B. indicus, B. taurus, and B. grunniens). The sequence of a key gene, cytochrome b, was compared among 20 Bos species and the bongo antelope, used as an outgroup. Phylogenetic reconstruction was employed using neighbor joining and maximum parsimony in PAUP and Bayesian inference in MrBayes 3.1. All tree topologies indicated that the Malayan gaur is in its own monophyletic clade, distinct from other species of the genus Bos. We also found significant branching differences in the tree topologies between wild and domestic cattle.

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle/genetics*
Fulltext Species identification of Malayan Gaur, Kedah-Kelantan and Bali cattle using polymerase chain reaction-restricted fragment length polymorphism

Romaino SM, Fazly-Ann ZA, Loo SS, Hafiz MM, Hafiz MD, Iswadi MI, et al.

Genet. Mol. Res., 2014;13(1):406-14.
PMID: 24535867 DOI: 10.4238/2014.January.21.8

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a useful genetic marker that can be used for species identification. The cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene is a suitable mtDNA candidate gene for use in phylogenetic analyses due to its sequence variability, which makes it appropriate for comparisons at the subspecies, species, and genus levels. This study was conducted to develop a rapid molecular method for species identification of Malayan gaur (Bos gaurus hubbacki), Kedah-Kelantan (KK) (Bos indicus), and Bali (Bos javanicus) cattle in Malaysia. DNA was extracted from blood samples of 8 Malayan gaurs, 30 KK, and 28 Bali cattle. A set of both specific and universal primers for the Cyt b gene were used in PCR amplification. DNA sequences obtained were then analyzed using BioEdit and Restriction Mapper softwares. The PCR products obtained from Cyt b gene amplification were then subjected to restriction enzyme digestion. The amplification, using both specific and universal primers, produced a 154- and a 603-bp fragment, respectively, in all three species. Two restriction enzymes, NlaIV and SspI, were used to obtain specific restriction profiles that allowed direct identification of Malayan gaur, KK, and Bali cattle. Our findings indicate that all three species can be identified separately using a combination of universal primers and the restriction enzyme SspI.

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle/genetics*
First detection and molecular identification of Entamoeba bovis from Japanese cattle

Matsubayashi M, Matsuura Y, Nukata S, Daizi Y, Shibahara T, Teramoto I, et al.

Parasitol Res, 2018 Jan;117(1):339-342.
PMID: 29185030 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5689-2

Thus far, Entamoeba species have been classified based on morphology such as the number of nuclei in mature cysts and their hosts. Using recently developed molecular tools, ruminant Entamoeba spp. are currently classified into four species/genotypes: E. bovis and Entamoeba ribosomal lineages (RL) 1, 2, and 4. However, the distribution or pathogenicity of ruminant Entamoeba has not been well documented. In the present study, we examined a total of 25 fecal and seven environmental samples collected from six farms in Japan from 2016 to 2017 by the floatation method and PCR and sequencing analyses. Consequently, we detected Entamoeba cysts in 18 of 25 cattle samples and four of the seven environmental samples, including soil and drinking water, by microscopic examinations. In sequential examinations, Entamoeba-positive cattle were found to shed cysts without any clinical symptoms for more than 8 months. By PCR for molecular identification, isolates in ten cattle and one soil sample were successfully sequenced and formed a cluster of E. bovis, which was separated from those of other Entamoeba species/genotypes such as RL1-4 in phylogenetic analysis. To our knowledge, this is the first report about E. bovis in Japan, and our results may implicate that E. bovis is not pathogenic.

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle; Cattle Diseases/epidemiology; Cattle Diseases/parasitology*
Fulltext Detection of Cattle Using Drones and Convolutional Neural Networks

Rivas A, Chamoso P, González-Briones A, Corchado JM

Sensors (Basel), 2018 Jun 27;18(7).
PMID: 29954080 DOI: 10.3390/s18072048

Multirotor drones have been one of the most important technological advances of the last decade. Their mechanics are simple compared to other types of drones and their possibilities in flight are greater. For example, they can take-off vertically. Their capabilities have therefore brought progress to many professional activities. Moreover, advances in computing and telecommunications have also broadened the range of activities in which drones may be used. Currently, artificial intelligence and information analysis are the main areas of research in the field of computing. The case study presented in this article employed artificial intelligence techniques in the analysis of information captured by drones. More specifically, the camera installed in the drone took images which were later analyzed using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to identify the objects captured in the images. In this research, a CNN was trained to detect cattle, however the same training process could be followed to develop a CNN for the detection of any other object. This article describes the design of the platform for real-time analysis of information and its performance in the detection of cattle.

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle
Epidemiology and risk factors associated with Anaplasma marginale infection of cattle in Peninsular Malaysia

Ola-Fadunsin SD, Gimba FI, Abdullah DA, Sharma RSK, Abdullah FJF, Sani RA

Parasitol Int, 2018 Dec;67(6):659-665.
PMID: 29960083 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2018.06.013

Bovine anaplasmosis is a major concern to cattle farming in most parts of the world. Anaplasmosis negatively impacts the profitability of cattle farming by reducing the production, reproduction, and draft ability of cattle. Here, we report results from a one-year cross sectional study to determine the epidemiology and the risk factors for Anaplasma marginale infection of cattle in Peninsular Malaysia. Examination of one thousand and forty five blood samples of apparently healthy cattle from forty-three farms in all the states of Peninsular Malaysia by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay revealed an overall prevalence of A. marginale infection of cattle of 72.6%, showing high endemicity of this heamoprotozoan among cattle in the country. Cattle breeds, production type, herd owner, herd size, management system, farm size, farm age, prophylactic treatment against blood parasites, presence of ticks, frequency of deticking, zones, closeness to forest, closeness to waste area, closeness to human settlement and closeness to body of water were the risk factors significantly associated (P 

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle; Cattle Diseases/microbiology; Cattle Diseases/epidemiology*
Fulltext The usage of pelvimetry to predict dystocia in cattle

Hiew, M.W.H., Constable, P.D.

Jurnal Veterinar Malaysia, 2015;27(2):1-4.
MyJurnal

Pelvimetry is the measurement of the dimensions of the pelvis, measured internally or externally, and is typically conducted with the aid of a pelvimeter. Intrapelvic dimensions, namely the intrapelvic height and width, are used to calculate pelvic area which has a moderate to high degree of heritability. Pelvic area measurements are associated with calving difficulty and have been used by producers to select for heifers to be included in their breeding herd.

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle
Fulltext Characterization and functional properties of gelatin extracted from goatskin

Zilhadia, Yahdiana,H., Effionora, A., Irwandi, J.

International Food Research Journal, 2018;25(1):275-281.
MyJurnal

Gelatin from goatskin pretreated with hydrochloric acid and extracted with distilled water at 60oC for 9 hours was characterized and compared to that of bovine skin gelatin (BSG). A yield of 10.26% (wet weight basis) was obtained. Goatskin gelatin (GSG) had high protein (86.58%), suitable moisture (9.58%), low fat (1.46%) and low ash (0.11%) content. The functional properties of GSG including gel strength (301 g bloom) and emulsion activity index (94.27%) were higher than the functional properties of BSG including gel strength (192 g bloom) and emulsion activity index (49.74%). The foaming property of GSG (102%) was lower than that of BSG (164.67%). This study shows that GSG has a high potential for application as a source of commercial gelatin.

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle
Cornsilk improves nutrient content and physical characteristics of beef patties

Wan Rosli W, Nurhanan R, Solihah M, Mohsin S

Sains Malaysiana, 2011;40:1123-1127.

The nutrient composition, cooking characteristics and sensory properties of beef patties incorporated with various level of cornsilk were studied. The beef patties were formulated with either 2, 4 or 6% of cornsilk. Protein content increased in line with the cornsilk level in both raw and cooked beef patties. Both raw and cooked patties incorporated with 6% cornsilk recorded the highest protein concentration at 17.2 and 23.3%, respectively. Both raw and cooked patties containing 6% cornsilk recorded the lowest concentration of fat at 12.4 and 11.4%, respectively. All cooked patty samples recorded moisture content ranging from 40.42-42.98%. Beef patty formulated with 6% cornsilk recorded the highest cooking yield at 80.13% compared to other treatments. The addition of cornsilk did not change the sensory properties and consumer acceptability of cornsilk-based beef patties. Cornsilk fibre was effective in improving cooking yield, moisture and fat retention and enhancing texture of beef patties.

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle
Evaluation of the analytical performance of a portable ion-selective electrode meter for measuring whole-blood, plasma, milk, abomasal-fluid, and urine sodium concentrations in cattle

Megahed AA, Hiew M, Grünberg W, Trefz FM, Constable PD

J Dairy Sci, 2019 Aug;102(8):7435-7444.
PMID: 31202658 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-16198

A portable ion-selective electrode (ISE) meter (LAQUAtwin B-722; Horiba Instruments Inc., Irvine, CA) is available for measuring the sodium ion concentration ([Na]) in biological fluids. The objective of this study was to characterize the analytical performance of the ISE meter in measuring [Na] in whole-blood, plasma, milk, abomasal fluid, and urine samples from cattle. Method comparison studies were performed using whole-blood and plasma samples from 106 sick calves and 11 sick cows admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital, 80 milk and 206 urine samples from 16 lactating Holstein-Friesian cows with experimentally induced free water, electrolyte, and acid-base imbalances, and 67 abomasal fluid samples from 7 healthy male Holstein-Friesian calves fed fresh milk with or without an oral electrolyte solution. Deming regression and Bland-Altman plots were used to determine the accuracy of the meter against reference methods. The meter used in direct mode on undiluted samples measured whole-blood [Na] 9.7 mmol/L (7.3%) lower than a direct ISE reference method and plasma [Na] 16.7 mmol/L (12.7%) lower than an indirect ISE reference method. The meter run in direct mode measured milk [Na] 3.1 mmol/L lower and abomasal fluid [Na] 9.0% lower than indirect ISE reference methods. The meter run in indirect mode on diluted samples accurately measured urine [Na] compared with an indirect ISE reference method. We conclude that, after adjustment for the bias determined from Bland-Altman plots, the LAQUAtwin ISE meter provides a clinically useful and low-cost cow-side instrument for measuring [Na] in whole blood, plasma, milk, and abomasal fluid.

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle; Cattle Diseases/blood*; Cattle Diseases/urine
Molecular Prevalence and Epidemiology of Trypanosoma evansi Among Cattle in Peninsular Malaysia

Ola-Fadunsin SD, Gimba FI, Abdullah DA, Abdullah FJF, Sani RA

Acta Parasitol, 2020 Mar;65(1):165-173.
PMID: 31797192 DOI: 10.2478/s11686-019-00150-9

BACKGROUND: Animal trypanosomiasis (Surra) caused by Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) is known to be one of the important haemoprotozoan parasites that causes great economical loss on animal production due to mortality and loss of condition.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study was designed to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors associated with T. evansi infection among cattle in Peninsular Malaysia. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed on 1045 blood samples collected from 43 farms. A well-structured questionnaire was used to collect data on risk factors associated with T. evansi prevalence. The RoTat 1.2 set of primers was used to amplify products of 205 base pair.
RESULTS: The overall prevalence was found to be 17.9% (187/1045; 95% CI = 15.66-20.31). Trypanosoma evansi was detected among cattle in all the States of Peninsular Malaysia. Breeds of cattle and closeness to waste area, where the risk factors significantly (p

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle; Cattle Diseases/epidemiology*; Cattle Diseases/parasitology
Cow- and herd-level factors associated with lameness in dairy farms in Peninsular Malaysia

Sadiq MB, Ramanoon SZ, Shaik Mossadeq WM, Mansor R, Syed-Hussain SS

Prev Vet Med, 2020 Nov;184:105163.
PMID: 33038612 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105163

Lameness is a major welfare issue in dairy cows. This study was aimed at investigating the cow- and herd -level factors associated with lameness in dairy farms from four states in Peninsular Malaysia. The study population was 1001 lactating cows from 28 dairy farms located in Selangor (n = 9), Perak (n = 8), Negeri Sembilan (n = 6) and Johor (n = 5). Lameness was assessed by locomotion scoring. Individual cow characteristics such as breeds, parity, body condition score (BCS), hock condition, leg hygiene, presence of claw lesion and claw overgrowth were recorded. Data on herd characteristics, management practices and housing design were collected by on-farm inspection and farmers' interview. Mixed-eﬀ ;ects logistic regressions were used to model the data and to assess the factors associated with lameness. Cow-level lameness prevalence was 34.2 % (95 % CI 22.2-50.0 %), with all the farms having at least one case of lameness. Claw lesions were recorded in 470 cows (46.9 %; CI 33.3-63.3 %) of which 296 (62.9 %) of them were lame. Of these, 78.9 % of the lesions were present on the rear feet and 25.5% of the cows had more than one foot affected. The proportion of cows having non-infectious and infectious claw lesions were 81.9 % and 18.1 %, and the predominant claw lesions were sole ulcers (24.9 %), white line disease (19.6 %), sole haemorrhage (10.2%), swelling of coronet (9.6 %), toe ulcers (8.4 %), and digital dermatitis (5.6%). Cows at third or more parities had higher odds of lameness (OR = 2.2; 95 % CI 1.2-4.1) compared to primiparous cows. Low BCS (< 2.5) increased the odds of lameness (OR = 4.8; 95 % CI 2.9-7.9) relative to cows with moderate BCS, and cows with hair loss around the hock (OR = 1.4; 95 % CI 1.1-1.9) relative to those with normal hock condition. Greater odds of being lame was observed in cows having claw lesion (OR = 15.2; 95 % CI 10.4-19.2) and those with overgrown claw (OR = 3.3; 95 % CI 2.4-4.5). There was increased odds of lameness in farms with high stocking density (OR = 1.8; 95 % CI 1.1-3.1), concrete floored walkways (OR = 1.9; 95 % CI 1.0-3.6), dirty floors (OR = 2.3; 95 % CI 1.9-3.7), and practicing preventive claw trimming (OR = 2.3; 95 % CI 1.9-4.6). Based on the high lameness prevalence, these findings could assist dairy farmers to make informed decisions on areas to implement on-farm changes to reduce lameness in the studied herds.

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle; Cattle Diseases/etiology; Cattle Diseases/epidemiology*
Fulltext Effects of marbling on physical and sensory characteristics of ribeye steaks from four different cattle breeds

Shahrai NN, Babji AS, Maskat MY, Razali AF, Yusop SM

Anim Biosci, 2021 May;34(5):904-913.
PMID: 32810938 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.20.0201

OBJECTIVE: Marbling or intramuscular fat (IMF) has been widely reported to directly impact the sensory acceptance of meat. This study was carried out to determine the physical and sensory characteristics of ribeye, Longissimus dorsi steaks obtained from four different cattle breeds namely Wagyu, Angus, Brahman, and Malaysian local beef, the Kedah-Kelantan (KK).
METHODS: The degree of marbling was determined by using an established combined camera-image analysis technique while instrumental texture determination was carried out by using Warner-Bratzler shear force analysis. Sensory evaluation of the beef steaks was performed following a quantitative descriptive analysis incorporating 10 trained consumer panelists.
RESULTS: Wagyu was found to possess the highest (p<0.05) percentage of IMF at 33.90% and the lowest shear force (raw = 5.61 N/mm2; cooked = 14.72 N/mm2) followed by Angus (20.87%), Brahman (12.17%), and KK (p<0.05, 6.86%). The difference in sensory properties of the four steaks was evident, with Wagyu appearing to be highly correlated with most sensory attributes measured namely sustained buttery, tooth-packing, chewiness, juiciness, tenderness, mouthfeel, oiliness, and overall acceptability. The Malaysian local beef, KK was found to be less acceptable (p<0.05), although most of its sensory attributes were found similar (p>0.05) in appearance, aroma, texture, juiciness, and flavour to the cooked steak from Angus and Brahman.
CONCLUSION: This present study demonstrated the role of IMF in determining the quality and sensory acceptance of beef from different cattle breeds. These data have provided new information and further understanding on the physical and sensory quality of Malaysian local beef.

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle
Experimental Brachiaria decumbens toxicity in cattle

Noordin MM, Salam Abdullah A, Rajion MA

Vet Res Commun, 1989;13(6):491-4.
PMID: 2631385

Although Brachiaria decumbens was not toxic when fed to cattle, the infusion of rumen liquor from B. decumbens intoxicated sheep into the rumen of cattle produced evidence suggesting hepatic and renal dysfunction. Several biochemical changes were observed including increases in serum aspartate amino transferase, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen and a marked reduction in the plasma bromosulphthalein clearance.

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle; Cattle Diseases/blood; Cattle Diseases/etiology*
Biochemical and serological studies of Pasteurella multocida isolated from cattle and buffaloes in Malaysia

Chandrasekaran S, Yeap PC, Chuink BH

Br. Vet. J., 1981 7 1;137(4):361-7.
PMID: 6793206
Matched MeSH terms: Cattle/microbiology*; Cattle Diseases/microbiology*
Leptospira interrogans serovar unipertama isolated in Malaysia

Bahaman AR, Ibrahim AL, Stallman ND

Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 1990 Jan;40(1):98-9.
PMID: 2223603

A leptospiral isolate from a bovine kidney was found to be antigenically different from all previously recognized serovars of Leptospira interrogans based on the cross-agglutinin absorption test. The new serovar belongs to the Sejroe serogroup, and the name Leptospira interrogans serovar unipertama is proposed for it, with strain K2-1 as the reference strain.

Matched MeSH terms: Cattle/microbiology*; Cattle Diseases/microbiology*

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