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Retraction Note: Impact of credit, liquidity, and systematic risk on financial structure: comparative investigation from sustainable production

Sadiq M, Alajlani S, Hussain MS, Ahmad R, Bashir F, Chupradit S

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2024 Jul;31(33):46121.
PMID: 38980494 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34318-2
Recent synthetic approaches towards thienothiophenes: a potential template for biologically active compounds

Rafiq A, Aslam S, Ahmad M, Nazir MS, Farooq A, Sultan S

Mol Divers, 2024 Jun;28(3):1793-1821.
PMID: 37095354 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10647-1

Heterocyclic compounds are attractive candidates because of their vast applications in natural and physical sciences. Thienothiophene (TT) is an annulated ring of two thiophene rings with a stable and electron-rich structure. Thienothiophenes (TTs) fully represent the planar system, which can drastically alter or improve the fundamental properties of organic, π-conjugated materials when included into a molecular architecture. These molecules possessed many applications including, pharmaceutical as well as optoelectronic properties. Different isomeric forms of thienothiophene showed various applications such as antiviral, antitumor, antiglaucoma, antimicrobial, and as semiconductors, solar cells, organic field effect transistors, electroluminiscents etc. A number of methodologies were adopted to synthesize thienothiophene derivatives. In this review, we have addressed different synthetic strategies of various isomeric forms of thienothiophene that have been reported during last seven years, i.e., 2016-2022.
Fulltext Impact of Graphene Derivatives as Artificial Extracellular Matrices on Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Ikram R, Shamsuddin SAA, Mohamed Jan B, Abdul Qadir M, Kenanakis G, Stylianakis MM, et al.

Molecules, 2022 Jan 07;27(2).
PMID: 35056690 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020379

Thanks to stem cells' capability to differentiate into multiple cell types, damaged human tissues and organs can be rapidly well-repaired. Therefore, their applicability in the emerging field of regenerative medicine can be further expanded, serving as a promising multifunctional tool for tissue engineering, treatments for various diseases, and other biomedical applications as well. However, the differentiation and survival of the stem cells into specific lineages is crucial to be exclusively controlled. In this frame, growth factors and chemical agents are utilized to stimulate and adjust proliferation and differentiation of the stem cells, although challenges related with degradation, side effects, and high cost should be overcome. Owing to their unique physicochemical and biological properties, graphene-based nanomaterials have been widely used as scaffolds to manipulate stem cell growth and differentiation potential. Herein, we provide the most recent research progress in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) growth, differentiation and function utilizing graphene derivatives as extracellular scaffolds. The interaction of graphene derivatives in human and rat MSCs has been also evaluated. Graphene-based nanomaterials are biocompatible, exhibiting a great potential applicability in stem-cell-mediated regenerative medicine as they may promote the behaviour control of the stem cells. Finally, the challenges, prospects and future trends in the field are discussed.
Retraction Note: The step towards environmental mitigation in Pakistan: do transportation services, urbanization, and financial development matter?

Godil DI, Ahmad P, Ashraf MS, Sarwat S, Sharif A, Shabib-Ul-Hasan S, et al.

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2024 Jul;31(33):46110.
PMID: 38969887 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34261-2
Retraction Note: How green finance and financial development promote green economic growth: deployment of clean energy sources in South Asia

Sadiq M, Amayri MA, Paramaiah C, Mai NH, Ngo TQ, Phan TTH

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2024 Jul;31(33):46131.
PMID: 38977560 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34302-w
Retraction Note: Testing role of green financing on climate change mitigation: Evidences from G7 and E7 countries

Wu X, Sadiq M, Chien F, Ngo QT, Nguyen AT, Trinh TT

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2024 Jul;31(33):46100.
PMID: 38970635 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34268-9
Fulltext Requirements engineering issues causing software development outsourcing failure

Iqbal J, Ahmad RB, Khan M, Fazal-E-Amin, Alyahya S, Nizam Nasir MH, et al.

PLoS One, 2020;15(4):e0229785.
PMID: 32271783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229785

Software development outsourcing is becoming more and more famous because of the advantages like cost abatement, process enhancement, and coping with the scarcity of needed resources. Studies confirm that unfortunately a large proportion of the software development outsourcing projects fails to realize anticipated benefits. Investigations into the failures of such projects divulge that in several cases software development outsourcing projects are failed because of the issues that are associated with requirements engineering process. The objective of this study is the identification and the ranking of the commonly occurring issues of the requirements engineering process in the case of software development outsourcing. For this purpose, contemporary literature has been assessed rigorously, issues faced by practitioners have been identified and three questionnaire surveys have been organized by involving experienced software development outsourcing practitioners. The Delphi technique, cut-off value method and 50% rule have also been employed. The study explores 150 issues (129 issues from literature and 21 from industry) of requirements engineering process for software development outsourcing, groups the 150 issues into 7 identified categories and then extricates 43 customarily or commonly arising issues from the 150 issues. Founded on 'frequency of occurrence' the 43 customarily arising issues have been ranked with respect to respective categories (category-wise ranking) and with respect to all the categories (overall ranking). Categories of the customarily arising issues have also been ranked. The issues' identification and ranking contribute to design proactive software project management plan for dealing with software development outsourcing failures and attaining conjectured benefits of the software development outsourcing.
Fulltext Cosmos caudatus extract/fractions reduce smooth muscle cells migration and invasion in vitro : A potential benefit of suppressing atherosclerosis

Moshawih S, Cheema MS, Ibraheem ZO, Tailan ND, Hakim MN

Porto Biomed J, 2017;2(6):293-300.
PMID: 32258785 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbj.2017.03.008

HIGHLIGHTS: Cosmos caudatus Ethanolic extract fractionation by n-butanol produced a phenolics-saponin rich fraction.Cosmos caudatus butanol fraction was the most potent in all antioxidant and MTT assays.High concentrations of all fractions increased cells migration and invasion in vitro.Butanol fraction intermediate concentration maximally inhibited VSMC migration and invasion.Mild concentrations of crude and butanol fractions showed the best invasion inhibition index.
BACKGROUND: Cosmos caudatus Kunth is a medicinal herb used traditionally in Latin America and South East Asia to retard aging, rigidify bones and for several cardiovascular uses.
OBJECTIVE: Is to assess C. caudatus extract/fractions' antioxidant and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) migration and invasion inhibition capacity in vitro.
METHODS: Cosmos caudatus shoots were extracted by cold maceration in 50% ethanol to produce crude (CEE), and then the extract was fractionated to butanol (Bu.F), and aqueous fractions (Aq.f). Phenolics and saponins were quantified in extract and fractions by colorimetric methods and their antioxidant capacity was assayed in four different tests. Cytotoxic effect and safety level concentrations were determined for the fractions by using MTT assay. Migration and invasion inhibitory potential were measured in vitro at three different concentrations equivalent to (IC10, IC25, and IC50). Finally, invasion inhibitory index was calculated to obtain the best fraction(s) that show(s) the highest ratio of cell invasion inhibition to the total cell migration inhibition.
RESULTS: Butanol fraction yield was the lowest; nevertheless, its phytochemical contents, antioxidant activities as well as its potency were the highest. Unlike other fractions, Bu.F was strongly correlated with all antioxidant assays experimented. In addition, it has the highest inhibitory effect at IC25 against VSMCs migration and invasion that accounts for 53.93% and 59.94% respectively. Unexpectedly, Bu.F and CEE at IC10 displayed the highest invasion inhibitory index (approx. 68%).
CONCLUSION: Butanol fraction of C. caudatus offers a potentiality for the discovery of new leads for preventing atherosclerosis.
Fulltext In vitro effects of cobalt nanoparticles on aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities of wistar rats

Rasool A, Zulfajri M, Gulzar A, Hanafiah MM, Unnisa SA, Mahboob M

Biotechnol Rep (Amst), 2020 Jun;26:e00453.
PMID: 32368512 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00453

Cobalt nanoparticles (Co-NPs) have been extensively used in clinical practices and medical diagnosis. In this study, the potential toxicity effects of Co-NPs with special emphasis over the biochemical enzyme activities, such as aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) in serum, liver, and kidney of Wistar rats were investigated. This toxicity measurement of nanomaterials can support the toxicological data. The biochemical enzymatic variations are powerful tools for the assessment of toxicity. ASAT and ALAT enzymes have been widely used to predict tissue-specific toxicities associated with xenobiotic. The biochemical changes induced by Co-NPs have significance in their toxicological studies because the alterations in biochemical parameters before clinical symptoms indicate either their toxicant safety or detrimental effect. Herein, Co-NPs with particle size <50 nm significantly activated ASAT and ALAT enzymes in the serum, liver, and kidney of rats at concentration-dependent order.
Fulltext Removal of hydrocarbon pollutants from refinery wastewater using N-hexadecylchitosan as an efficient adsorptive platform

Khan R, Haram Z, Ahmad W, Sohni S, Xu J, Ilyas M

Sci Rep, 2024 Jul 26;14(1):17236.
PMID: 39060270 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66429-8

The negative impact of refinery wastewater is of great concern to the aquatic, terrestrial, and aerial environment. In this study, N-hexadecylchitosan (NHDC) was successfully synthesized to deal with low mechanical strength, poor adsorption capacity, and limited selectivity of native chitosan. The NHDC was characterized by fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray diffraction analysis (XRD) to study its composition, morphology, and structural attributes. The adsorption of hydrocarbon pollutants from refinery wastewater was studied in batch mode experiments. The results indicated that the removal of COD attained by chitosan and NHDC was 21 and 63%, respectively. COD removal was found to be maximal, i.e., 96% using 0.08 g of NHDC at 60 min in a solution of pH 6.5 maintained at 60 °C. Furthermore, kinetic data revealed that the adsorption system followed pseudo-second order kinetics, whereas equilibrium studies supported both monolayer and multilayer adsorption mechanisms. The designed adsorption platform was able to capture hydrocarbon pollutants under very mild optimized conditions. Furthermore, NHDC demonstrated long term stability when subjected to five successive cycles, which contributed to the sustainability of water treatment systems. On the basis of the outcome of this work, it is advocated that new biobased NHDC can be used as an efficient adsorbent for the remediation of organic contaminants laden wastewater streams generated from oil refineries.
Virulence and proteomic responses of Metarhizium anisopliae against Aedes albopictus larvae

Peng TL, Syazwan SA, Hamdan RH, Najwa NS, Ramli MF, Harshiny N, et al.

Pestic Biochem Physiol, 2024 Aug;203:105982.
PMID: 39084787 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.105982

The tropical climate in Malaysia provides an ideal environment for the rapid proliferation of Aedes mosquitoes, notably Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, prominent vectors of dengue fever. Alarmingly, these species are increasingly developing resistance to conventional pesticides. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Metarhizium anisopliae isolate HSAH5 spores, specifically on conidia (CO) and blastospores (BL), against Ae. albopictus larvae. The study centered on evaluating their pathogenic effects and the resultant changes in protein expression. Spore suspensions with varying concentrations were prepared for larvicidal bioassays, and protein expressions were analysed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Subsequently, protein annotation and network analysis were conducted to elucidate infection mechanisms and the proteomic response. Based on the lethal concentrations and time frames, CO exhibited faster larval mortality than BL at lower concentrations. Despite this, both spore types demonstrated comparable overall pathogenic effects. Results from the proteomic profiling revealed 150 proteins with varied expressions following exposure to Ae. albopictus extract, shedding light on distinct infection strategies between the spores. Gene Ontology enrichment and network analysis illustrated the diverse metabolic adaptations of M. anisopliae and interactions with mosquito larvae. This highlighted the complexity of host-pathogen dynamics and the significance of biosynthetic processes, energy storage, and cellular interaction pathways in disease progression. The BL network, consisting 80 proteins and 74 connections, demonstrates the intricate fungal mechanisms triggered by host stimuli. Conversely, the CO network, though smaller, displayed notable interconnectivity and concentrated involvement at the cell periphery, suggesting a deliberate strategy for initial host contact. This study offers valuable insights into proteome dynamics of M. anisopliae's BL and CO for managing mosquito populations and combating disease transmission, thereby significantly advancing public health and environmental conservation efforts.
Bibliometric Mapping of Psychological Flexibility Research: Trends and Future Directions

Wider W, Ping Pang NT, Lin J, Fauzi MA, Jiang L, Tanucan JCM

Percept Mot Skills, 2024 Aug;131(4):1207-1232.
PMID: 38727563 DOI: 10.1177/00315125241253946

In this article, we offer an exhaustive analysis of academic work on psychological flexibility using bibliometric techniques. We identify emerging trends in a dataset of 3535 scholarly articles from the Web of Science database. We highlight key publications, map out the field's intellectual framework, and anticipate future research avenues through co-citation and co-word analytics. The co-citation assessment revealed five distinct clusters, while the co-word analysis showed three. Although research regarding psychological flexibility has gained recent popularity, there remains a need for more scholarly initiatives to achieve a nuanced understanding of this subject.
Fulltext The contribution of quality management practices to student performance: Mediated by school culture

Parveen K, Phuc TQB, Alghamdi AA, Kumar T, Aslam S, Shafiq M, et al.

Heliyon, 2024 Aug 15;10(15):e34892.
PMID: 39145037 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34892

School management is responsible and accountable for implementing educational policies into practice effectively and efficiently to provide quality education. Simultaneously, school management can grasp the core features of the whole school process and identify the relationship among three variables: quality management practices, school culture, and student performance. The current study aims to explore the school principals' perception about quality management practices and its relationship with school culture and student performance in the public secondary schools of Punjab province, Pakistan. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, the study adopted an exploratory sequential mix-methods research design. The researcher conducted a systematic literature review of sixty-three previous studies and interviews with eleven school principals for the qualitative data. Based on results obtained from the qualitative phase, a questionnaire was prepared and dispatched to 150 school principals to get quantitative data. Successively 120 valid responses were received. SEM analysis was performed to get quantitative results. The study's preliminary conclusion demonstrated a positive connection between quality management and student performance in public secondary schools, and quality management was also a significant predictor of school culture. Further, school culture served as a complete mediator between quality management and student performance.
An efficient secure and energy resilient trust-based system for detection and mitigation of sybil attack detection (SAN)

Hussain MZ, Hanapi ZM, Abdullah A, Hussin M, Ninggal MIH

PeerJ Comput Sci, 2024;10:e2231.
PMID: 39145209 DOI: 10.7717/peerj-cs.2231

In the modern digital market flooded by nearly endless cyber-security hazards, sophisticated IDS (intrusion detection systems) can become invaluable in defending against intricate security threats. Sybil-Free Metric-based routing protocol for low power and lossy network (RPL) Trustworthiness Scheme (SF-MRTS) captures the nature of the biggest threat to the routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks under the RPL module, known as the Sybil attack. Sybil attacks build a significant security challenge for RPL networks where an attacker can distort at least two hop paths and disrupt network processes. Using such a new way of calculating node reliability, we introduce a cutting-edge approach, evaluating parameters beyond routing metrics like energy conservation and actuality. SF-MRTS works precisely towards achieving a trusted network by introducing such trust metrics on secure paths. Therefore, this may be considered more likely to withstand the attacks because of these security improvements. The simulation function of SF-MRTS clearly shows its concordance with the security risk management features, which are also necessary for the network's performance and stability maintenance. These mechanisms are based on the principles of game theory, and they allocate attractions to the nodes that cooperate while imposing penalties on the nodes that do not. This will be the way to avoid damage to the network, and it will lead to collaboration between the nodes. SF-MRTS is a security technology for emerging industrial Internet of Things (IoT) network attacks. It effectively guaranteed reliability and improved the networks' resilience in different scenarios.
Classification of optic neuritis in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (NMOSD) on MRI using CNN with transfer learning and manipulation of pre-processing on augmentation

Feng Y, Chow LS, Gowdh NM, Ramli N, Tan LK, Abdullah S

Biomed Phys Eng Express, 2024 Aug 14.
PMID: 39142299 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ad6f17

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), also known as Devic disease, is an autoimmune central nervous system disorder in humans that commonly causes inflammatory demyelination in the optic nerves and spinal cord. Inflammation in the optic nerves is termed optic neuritis (ON). ON is a common clinical presentation; however, it is not necessarily present in all NMOSD patients. ON in NMOSD can be relapsing and result in severe vision loss. To the best of our knowledge, no study utilises deep learning to classify ON changes on MRI among patients with NMOSD. Therefore, this study aims to deploy eight state-of-the-art CNN models (Inception-v3, Inception-ResNet-v2, ResNet-101, Xception, ShuffleNet, DenseNet-201, MobileNet-v2, and EfficientNet-B0) with transfer learning to classify NMOSD patients with and without chronic ON using optic nerve magnetic resonance imaging. This study also investigated the effects of data augmentation before and after dataset splitting on cropped and whole images. Both quantitative and qualitative assessments (with Grad-Cam) were used to evaluate the performances of the CNN models. The Inception-v3 was identified as the best CNN model for classifying ON among NMOSD patients, with accuracy of 99.5%, sensitivity of 98.9%, specificity of 93.0%, precision of 100%, NPV of 99.0%, and F1-score of 99.4%. This study also demonstrated that the application of augmentation after dataset splitting could avoid information leaking into the testing datasets, hence producing more realistic and reliable results.
Unpacking the environmental quality through the effects of natural resources, renewable energy consumption, banking development and industrial value addition: An empirical evidence from BRICS countries

Bashir MA, Qing L, Dewil R, Xi Z, Razi U, Jingting L

J Environ Manage, 2024 Sep;367:122058.
PMID: 39106799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122058

This study explores the association between natural resources rent, industrial value addition, banking development, renewable energy consumption, total reserves and environmental quality in the dynamic context of BRICS nations from 1995 to 2019. BRICS economies are responsible for global greenhouse gas emissions and confront pressing environmental challenges, including biodiversity loss and pollution. For the dependent variable, the environmental quality, the study constructed a composite index using PCA for all environmental indicators where interdependencies among variables are prevalent. Besides this, the study incorporates two interaction terms to determine the indirect influence of natural resource rent and banking development on environmental quality through the mediating role of industrial value addition. By applying the CS-ARDL technique, the outcomes of the study reveal that natural resources rent, industrial value addition, and total reserves positively influence ENQ, indicating the adverse consequences of industrial sectors on environmental quality and continued environmental degradation due to resource-intensive industrial production, underscoring the urgency of sustainable resource management. In contrast, banking development and renewable energy consumption negatively influence ENQ, signifying the positive role of developed banking sectors in supporting eco-friendly projects and enhancing environmental quality. This study offers valuable insights for policy interventions to foster a more sustainable future.
Corrigendum to 'Unpacking the environmental quality through the effects of natural resources, renewable energy consumption, banking development and industrial value addition: An empirical evidence from BRICS countries' [J. Environ. Manage. 367, September 2024, 122058]

Adnan Bashir M, Qing L, Dewil R, Xi Z, Razi U, Jingting L

J Environ Manage, 2024 Aug 16.
PMID: 39153948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122221
Fulltext Adaptation of a fluoroquinolone-sensitive Shigella sonnei to norfloxacin exposure

Wong BC, Law SKK, Md Zoqratt MZH, Ayub Q, Tan HS

R Soc Open Sci, 2024 Jun;11(6):232025.
PMID: 39100177 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.232025

Shigella causes shigellosis that requires antibiotic treatment in severe cases. Sublethal antibiotic concentrations can promote resistance, but their effect on antibiotic-sensitive bacteria before resistance development is unclear. This study investigated the effects of sublethal norfloxacin (NOR) challenges on a NOR-sensitive strain, Shigella sonnei UKMCC1015. Firstly, the whole genome of S. sonnei UKMCC1015 was assembled, and 45 antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes were identified. Interestingly, transcriptomic analysis showed that low NOR levels do not change either the expression of the AMR genes or NOR targets such as gyrA. Instead, multiple ribosomal protein genes were downregulated, which could be attributed to decreased ribosomal protein promoter activity, modulated by elevated guanosine pentaphosphate and tetraphosphate (ppGpp) levels. This alarmone is involved in the bacterial stringent response during environmental stress, and it is mainly produced from the ppGpp synthetase (relA). Additionally, we observed that a relA overexpression (prolonged period of elevated ppGpp levels) may negatively affect the NOR tolerance of the bacteria. In conclusion, this study revealed that a NOR-sensitive strain responds differently to sublethal NOR than commonly reported in resistant strains.
Fulltext Potential SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro inhibitors from chromene, flavonoid and hydroxamic acid compound based on FRET assay, docking and pharmacophore studies

Hariono M, Hariyono P, Dwiastuti R, Setyani W, Yusuf M, Salin N, et al.

Results Chem, 2021 Jan;3:100195.
PMID: 34567959 DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2021.100195

This present study reports some natural products and one hydroxamic acid synthetic compound which were previously reported as matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) inhibitors to be evaluated for their inhibition toward severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro). This enzyme is one of the proteins responsible for this coronaviral replication. Two herbal methanolic extracts i.e., Averrhoa carambola leaves and Ageratum conyzoides aerial part demonstrate >50% inhibition at 1000 µg/mL. Interestingly, apigenin, one of flavonoids, demonstrates 92% inhibition at 250 µg/mL (925 µM) as well as hydroxamic acid compound, N-isobutyl-N-(4-methoxyphenylsulfonyl)glycyl hydroxamic acid (NNGH), which shows 69% inhibition at 100 µM. The in vitro results are supported by the docking studies revealing that the binding mode of both compounds is mainly by interacting with GLU166 residue in the hydrophobic pocket of the 3CLpro. Pharmacophore mapping further supported the results by confirming that the in vitro activities of both compounds are due to their pharmacophore features employing hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA), hydrogen bond donor (HBD) and hydrophobic. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis reported chromene compounds in Ageratum conyzoides aerial part methanolic extract are potential to be this enzyme inhibitor candidate. These all results reflect their potencies to be SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors through 3CLpro inhibition mechanism.
Fulltext Public perception on face mask wearing during COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia: A cross sectional study

Yusof MZ, Fadzil NFZ, Kamaruzi NNNA, Ayazi MSS

PLoS One, 2024;19(8):e0303031.
PMID: 39190710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303031

INTRODUCTION: Since the emergence of COVID-19, the Malaysian government has made wearing a face mask in public mandatory since August 1, 2020, as an effort by the government to control the transmission of COVID-19. However, Malaysians' willingness to wear face masks in public is unknown.
OBJECTIVE: Thus, this study aimed to evaluate their perception of face mask wearing during COVID-19 and its contributing factors.
METHODOLOGY: A total of 1024 respondents, aged ≥ 18 years, participated in this online cross-sectional survey from October 2021 to December 2021. The Face Mask Perception Scale (FMPS) was used to measure their perceptions.
RESULTS: Most of the respondents perceived wearing a face mask as uncomfortable. Our findings also revealed statistically significant differences and a small effect (f2 = 0.04) in which respondents who were concerned about being infected by the virus perceived face mask wearing appearance positively (B = - 0.09 units of log-transformed, 95% CI = - 0.15, - 0.04), whereas married respondents perceived it negatively (B = 0.07 units of log-transformed, 95% CI = 0.03, 0.09). There were no statistically significant differences in other domains of FMPS.
CONCLUSION: In conclusion, discomfort was a major complaint. Marital status and fear of COVID-19 infection affected their perceptions. The public health implications of these findings highlight the importance of addressing discomfort and societal perceptions, particularly those influenced by factors such as marital status and COVID-19 experience, to promote widespread acceptance and consistent usage of face masks, which is crucial in mitigating the spread of COVID-19.

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