OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to describe ICU nurses' knowledge about SBS and the need of an instrument to detect the signs and symptoms of SBS.

METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 100 ICU nurses, recruited through simple random sampling from the Critical Care Indonesia Nurse Association. The study focused on nurses' knowledge of SBS and the need for an instrument to detect it. Research instruments included basic respondent characteristics, nurses' knowledge, and the need for an SBS detection tool. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics.

RESULTS: The majority of respondents exhibited a good level of knowledge (66%), yet many answered questions incorrectly regarding SBS etiology, symptoms, and effects. This was exemplified by incorrect responses attributing noise and chemicals as causes of SBS, overlooking fatigue as a symptom, and inaccurately assessing the physical effects of SBS. Notably, nurses demonstrated strong knowledge regarding SBS prevention (71%) and treatment (94%). Respondents unanimously supported the necessity of an instrument capable of detecting SBS among ICU nurses (71%), with an electronic instrument being the preferred option over other forms.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the LD50 of synbiotic containing probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 and prebiotic Musa acuminata peel extract.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The determination of LD50 is done according to the Acute Oral Toxicity test No. 425 (AOT425). For limit test, five female Sprague Dawley rats were given a limit dose of 2000 mg/kg of the synbiotic mixture once orally, and observed for 12 days. For subacute toxicity test, twenty female Sprague Dawley rats were randomised into 4 groups (n = 5). Control group received saline, others received synbiotic mixture at doses 175 mg/kg, 550 mg/kg, and 2000 mg/kg, respectively, and observed for 14 days. Animals were euthanised on day-15, blood was collected, and subjected to haematological and biochemical analyses. Kidney and liver were preserved for histopathological examination.

RESULT: No significant changes on the average body weight of the animals throughout the study. Haematological parameters and biochemical analysis do not depict any changes related to acute toxicity. Histopathology analysis depicted mild changes on kidney and liver.

METHODS: The extracts were prepared and initially assessed for their phytochemical composition and antibacterial activity. Then, AgNPs were synthesized from these extracts at room temperature, and various analytical techniques, including UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), ATIR-FTIR, zeta sizer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA), were used to characterize the NPs. After confirmation of prepared NPs, they were subjected to their antibacterial activity.

RESULTS: HPLC analysis demonstrated the presence of eight phytoconstituents in organic ginger extracts. The absorption spectra of the silver suspension exhibited surface plasmon resonance peaks with maxima between 420 and 448 nm. Functional groups like C-H, N-H, OH, C-O-C, C=O, and C-O were identified in both the organic and aqueous extracts of Z. officinale, playing a key role in the formation of AgNPs, as characterized by ATR-FTIR analysis. Both ginger organic and aqueous extract synthesized AgNPs crystalline structure was shown in XRD analysis and the particle size distribution showed average diameter of 200.5 nm of AgNPs from aqueous extracts. Scanning Electron Microscopy displayed spherical structure and EDA results showed the percentage of elements in synthesized AgNPs using plant extracts. Most promising antibacterial activity was obtained against Escherichia coli ie 20.83±0.53 for 100 µg/mL.

METHODS: Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing PCABs to PPIs in the maintenance of healing rates of endoscopically proven healed EE and indexed in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CENTRAL until 3 February 2024, were included. A fixed-effects model meta-analysis was performed to pool primary efficacy outcome (maintenance of healing rates at week 24) and safety data (any treatment-emergent adverse event or TEAE). The risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane's Risk of Bias 2 (RoB2) tool.

RESULTS: Four RCTs with a total of 2554 patients were eligible for inclusion. All trials were of low risk of bias. Compared to lansoprazole 15 mg, the maintenance rates of healed EE at week 24 were significantly higher with vonoprazan 10 mg (RR 1.13; 95% CI 1.07-1.19) and vonoprazan 20 mg (RR 1.15; 95% CI 1.10-1.21). Likewise, compared to lansoprazole 15 mg, any TEAEs were significantly greater with vonoprazan 20 mg (RR 1.10; 95% CI 1.01-1.20) but not vonoprazan 10 mg.

SIGNIFICANCE: The significance of this research was to successfully incorporate slightly water soluble and potent anticancer drug (cisplatin) into cubosomes, which provide slow and sustained release of drug for longer period of time.

METHODS: The delivery system was developed through top-down approach by melting GMO and poloxamer 407 (P407) at 70 °C and then drop-wise addition of warm deionized water (70 °C) containing cisplatin. The formulation then exposed to probe sonicator for about 2 min. A randomized regular two level full factorial design with help of Design Expert was used for optimization of blank cubosomal formulations. Cisplatin loaded cubosomes were then subjected to physico-chemical characterization.

RESULTS: The characterization of the formulation revealed that it had a sufficient surface charge of -9.56 ± 1.33 mV, 168.25 ± 5.73 nm particle size, and 60.64 ± 0.11% encapsulation efficiency. The in vitro release of cisplatin from the cubosomes at pH 7.4 was observed to be sustained, with 94.5% of the drug being released in 30 h. In contrast, 99% of cisplatin was released from the drug solution in just 1.5 h. In vitro cytotoxicity assay was conducted on the human lung carcinoma NCI-H226 cell line, the cytotoxicity of cisplatin-loaded cubosomes was relative to that of pure cisplatin solution, while blank (without cisplatin) cubosomes were nontoxic.