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  1. Social support and glycemic control in adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
    Chew BH, Khoo EM, Chia YC
    Asia Pac J Public Health, 2015 Mar;27(2):NP166-73.
    PMID: 22199159 DOI: 10.1177/1010539511431300
    INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study is to examine the prevalence of social support and its association with glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) in an urban primary care center within an academic institution. Social support is important in the management of chronic diseases. However, its association with glycemic control has been controversial.
    METHODS: This was part of a study examining religiosity in T2D patients. Nonsmoking patients with T2D for at least 3 years and aged 30 years and above were recruited. Social support was measured using The Social Support Survey-Medical Outcomes Study (SS), a self-administered questionnaire; the scores range from 19 to 95, and a high score indicates better social support. Glycemic control was measured using the 3 most recent glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels within the past 3 years.
    RESULTS: A total of 175 participants completed the SS survey (response rate 79.0%). The mean age was 62.7 (standard deviation [SD] = 10.8) years, and the mean duration of diabetes was 11.74 (SD = 6.7) years. The mean HbA1c level was 8.15 (SD = 1.44). The mean SS score was 68.1. The prevalence of high and low social support were 29.7% and 24.0 %, respectively. A significant correlation was found between SS score and number of social supporters (n = 167). No significant correlation was found between the self-reported number of social supporters or the SS score and the mean HbA1c level.
    CONCLUSIONS: Social support was not associated with glycemic control in adult patients with T2D in this primary care setting.

    Study site: Primary care clinic, Universiti Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC)
    Matched MeSH terms: India/ethnology
  2. Smoking is associated with an increased risk of developing ACPA-positive but not ACPA-negative rheumatoid arthritis in Asian populations: evidence from the Malaysian MyEIRA case-control study
    Yahya A, Bengtsson C, Lai TC, Larsson PT, Mustafa AN, Abdullah NA, et al.
    Mod Rheumatol, 2012 Aug;22(4):524-31.
    PMID: 22006120 DOI: 10.1007/s10165-011-0544-2
    We investigated the association between cigarette smoking and the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in the Malaysian population. A total of 1,056 RA patients and 1,416 matched controls aged 18-70 years within a defined area of Peninsular Malaysia were evaluated in a case-control study between August 2005 and December 2009. A case was defined as a person with early diagnosed RA using the 1987 American College of Rheumatology criteria for RA. Controls were randomly selected matched for sex, age, and residential area. Cases and controls answered a questionnaire on a broad range of issues, including lifestyle factors and smoking habits wherein current and former smoking was classified as ever-smoking. The presence of anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPA) was determined for cases and controls. We found that ever-smokers had an increased risk of developing ACPA-positive RA [odds ratio (OR) = 4.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.9-9.2] but not ACPA-negative RA (OR = 0.7, 95% CI 0.3-2.0), compared with never-smokers. A significant dose-response relationship between cumulative dose of smoking and risk of ACPA-positive RA was observed (<20 pack-years OR = 3.3, 95% CI 1.1-9.8; at least 20 pack-years OR = 5.2, 95% CI 1.6-17.6). Hence, smoking is associated with an increased risk of ACPA-positive RA in the Malaysian population, in which the genetic context is similar to several other Asian countries.
    Matched MeSH terms: India/ethnology
  3. Fulltext Prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors among attendees of the Batu 9, Cheras Health Centre, Selangor, Malaysia
    Amplavanar NT, Gurpreet K, Salmiah MS, Odhayakumar N
    Med J Malaysia, 2010 Sep;65(3):173-9.
    PMID: 21939163 MyJurnal
    This study describes the prevalence of selected cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors screened in patients 30 years and above attending a health centre in Cheras, Selangor. The study involved 3772 patients screened from March 2002 to June 2008. Risk factors screened included blood pressure, height, weight, serum total cholesterol, random blood sugar levels and smoking status. Majority of respondents were between 40 and 49 years of age (58.1%), males (64.7%) and ethnic Malays (74.4%). About two thirds (62.6%) were found to be overweight or obese, two fifths (40.2%) had hypercholesterolemia, a third (34.2%) had hypertension and 31.6% were smokers at some time. Overall 87% and 60% had at least one and two CVD risk factors respectively. Prevalence of four of the five risk factors screened was highest among the Malay middle aged men and lowest among the Chinese. Thus a substantial proportion of middle aged men were at high risk of CVD. Our findings show the need for ongoing monitoring of CVD risk factors and implementation of effective preventive strategies.
    Matched MeSH terms: India/ethnology
  4. Fulltext Shared epitope alleles remain a risk factor for anti-citrullinated proteins antibody (ACPA)--positive rheumatoid arthritis in three Asian ethnic groups
    Too CL, Padyukov L, Dhaliwal JS, Lundström E, Yahya A, Muhamad NA, et al.
    PLoS One, 2011;6(6):e21069.
    PMID: 21698259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021069
    BACKGROUND: To investigate the associations between HLA-DRB1 shared epitope (SE) alleles and rheumatoid arthritis in subsets of rheumatoid arthritis defined by autoantibodies in three Asian populations from Malaysia.
    METHODS: 1,079 rheumatoid arthritis patients and 1,470 healthy controls were included in the study. Levels of antibodies to citrullinated proteins (ACPA) and rheumatoid factors were assessed and the PCR-SSO method was used for HLA-DRB1 genotyping.
    RESULTS: The proportion of ACPA positivity among Malay, Chinese and Indian rheumatoid arthritis patients were 62.9%, 65.2% and 68.6%, respectively. An increased frequency of SE alleles was observed in ACPA-positive rheumatoid arthritis among the three Asian ethnic groups. HLA-DRB1*10 was highly associated with rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility in these Asian populations. HLA-DRB1*0405 was significantly associated with susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis in Malays and Chinese, but not in Indians. HLA-DRB1*01 did not show any independent effect as a risk factor for rheumatoid arthritis in this study and HLA-DRB1*1202 was protective in Malays and Chinese. There was no association between SE alleles and ACPA- negative rheumatoid arthritis in any of the three Asian ethnic groups.
    CONCLUSION: The HLA-DRB1 SE alleles increase the risk of ACPA-positive rheumatoid arthritis in all three Asian populations from Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: India/ethnology
  5. Fulltext Malaysia Shape of the Nation (MySoN): a primary care based study of abdominal obesity in Malaysia
    Zaki M, Robaayah Z, Chan SP, Vadivale M, Lim TO
    Med J Malaysia, 2010 Jun;65 Suppl A:143-9.
    PMID: 21488476
    Abdominal obesity (AO), measured by waist circumference (WC), is a stronger predictor of subsequent development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) than generalised obesity, which is measured by body mass index (BMI). This study aimed to measure WC and prevalence of AO in Malaysians visiting primary care physicians. 1893 patients between the ages of 18 and 80 attending primary care clinics in Malaysia were recruited over two days for this multi-centre cross-sectional study. Pregnant women were excluded, their medical history, weight, height and WC were examined. The prevalence of co-morbidities were as follows: (1) CVD-4%, lipid disorder-17%, hypertension-26%, diabetes-14% and any of the clinical characteristics of CVD/lipid disorder/hypertension/diabetes-38%. The mean BMI for men and women was 25.62 +/- 4.73 kg/m2 and 26.63 +/- 5.72 kg/m2, respectively. Based on WHO criteria for BMI (overweight, 25-29.9 kg/m2; obese, > 30 kg/m2), 34.2% were overweight and 20.4% were obese. The mean WC for men and women was 89.03 +/- 13.45 cm and 84.26 +/- 12.78 cm, respectively. Overall, 55.6% had AO and there was higher prevalence among women (based on International Diabetes Federation criteria: WC > or = 90 cm for men and > or = 80 cm for women). AO was present in approximately 71% patients with lipid disorder, in 76% with hypertension and in 75% with diabetes. Patients with AO were also at a higher risk of developing co-morbidities. Malaysia has a high prevalence of AO and associated cardiovascular risk factors. This needs to be addressed by public health programs, which should also include routine measurement of WC.
    Matched MeSH terms: India/ethnology
  6. Fulltext The positive mental health instrument: development and validation of a culturally relevant scale in a multi-ethnic Asian population
    Vaingankar JA, Subramaniam M, Chong SA, Abdin E, Orlando Edelen M, Picco L, et al.
    Health Qual Life Outcomes, 2011;9:92.
    PMID: 22040157 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7525-9-92
    Instruments to measure mental health and well-being are largely developed and often used within Western populations and this compromises their validity in other cultures. A previous qualitative study in Singapore demonstrated the relevance of spiritual and religious practices to mental health, a dimension currently not included in exiting multi-dimensional measures. The objective of this study was to develop a self-administered measure that covers all key and culturally appropriate domains of mental health, which can be applied to compare levels of mental health across different age, gender and ethnic groups. We present the item reduction and validation of the Positive Mental Health (PMH) instrument in a community-based adult sample in Singapore.
    Matched MeSH terms: India/ethnology
  7. Independent impact of area-level socioeconomic measures on visual impairment
    Zheng Y, Lamoureux E, Finkelstein E, Wu R, Lavanya R, Chua D, et al.
    Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2011;52(12):8799-805.
    PMID: 21969296 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-7700
    It is known that a person's socioeconomic status (SES; individual-level SES) is closely correlated with his or her degree of visual impairment. Whether there is an independent relationship between area-level measures of SES (e.g., living in a lower SES environment) and visual impairment is unclear. This study describes the associations of area-level SES with visual impairment.
    Matched MeSH terms: India/ethnology
  8. Prevalence and correlates of premature ejaculation in a primary care setting: a preliminary cross-sectional study
    Tang WS, Khoo EM
    J Sex Med, 2011 Jul;8(7):2071-8.
    PMID: 21492404 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02280.x
    INTRODUCTION: Premature ejaculation (PE) is common. However, it has been underreported and undertreated.
    AIMS: To determine the prevalence of PE and to investigate possible associated factors of PE.
    METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted at a primary care clinic over a 3-month period in 2008. Men aged 18-70 years attending the clinic were recruited, and they completed self-administered questionnaires that included the Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool (PEDT), International Index of Erectile Function, sociodemography, lifestyle, and medical illness. The operational definition of PE included PE and probable PE based on the PEDT.
    MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Prevalence of PE.
    RESULTS: A total of 207 men were recruited with a response rate of 93.2%. There were 97 (46.9%) Malay, 57 (27.5%) Chinese, and 53 (25.6%) Indian, and their mean age was 46.0 ± 12.7 years. The prevalence of PE was 40.6% (N = 82) (PE: 20.3%, probable PE: 20.3% using PEDT). A significant association was found between ethnicity and PE (Indian 49.1%, Malay 45.4%, and Chinese 24.6%; χ(2) = 8.564, d.f. = 2, P = 0.014). No significant association was found between age and PE. Multivariate analysis showed that erectile dysfunction (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 4.907, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.271, 10.604), circumcision (adjusted OR 4.881, 95% CI 2.346, 10.153), sexual intercourse ≤5 times in 4 weeks (adjusted OR 3.733, 95% CI 1.847, 7.544), and Indian ethnicity (adjusted OR 3.323, 95% CI 1.489, 7.417) were predictors of PE.
    CONCLUSION: PE might be frequent in men attending primary care clinics. We found that erectile dysfunction, circumcision, Indian ethnicity, and frequency of sexual intercourse of ≤5 times per month were associated with PE. These associations need further confirmation.
    Study site: primary care clinic at the University Malaya Medical Center (UMMC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: India/ethnology
  9. The prevalence and impact of major depressive disorder among Chinese, Malays and Indians in an Asian multi-racial population
    Chong SA, Vaingankar J, Abdin E, Subramaniam M
    J Affect Disord, 2012 Apr;138(1-2):128-36.
    PMID: 22209269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.11.038
    Reports of rates of depression among different Asian ethnic groups within the same country using standardized assessments are rare in the extant literature.
    Matched MeSH terms: India/ethnology
  10. Prevalence and risk factors of epiretinal membrane in Asian Indians
    Koh V, Cheung CY, Wong WL, Cheung CM, Wang JJ, Mitchell P, et al.
    Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2012 Feb;53(2):1018-22.
    PMID: 22247478 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-8557
    To describe the prevalence of epiretinal membrane (ERM) and its risk factors in an Indian population and compare the findings with other populations.
    Matched MeSH terms: India/ethnology
  11. Cutaneous larva migrans in Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: rate of correct diagnosis made by the referring primary care doctors
    Yap FB
    Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 2011 Jul;105(7):405-8.
    PMID: 21600621 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2011.04.002
    A retrospective study was undertaken to determine the clinical features of cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) seen in the Department of Dermatology, Hospital Kuala Lumpur (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia) and to assess the rate of correct diagnosis made by the referring primary care doctors. Clinical records of all 31 patients with CLM seen between January 2006 and June 2010 were retrieved. The majority of patients were male. The mean age was 32.2 years. Pruritus was reported in 83.9% of cases and serpiginous tracts in 100%. The mean lesion count was 4.4 and the mean duration of disease before presentation was 3.1 weeks. The majority of skin lesions were on the buttock and lower extremities. Only 45.2% of patients had the correct diagnosis made by the referring primary care doctors. Older age of patients and lower number of lesions were associated with a higher rate of correct diagnosis. The low rate of correct diagnosis made by the referring primary care doctors to the dermatologists in this study warrants the need for education of not only primary care doctors but also future primary care providers, consisting of medical students, house officers and junior medical officers.

    Study site: Department of Dermatology, Hospital Kuala Lumpur
    Matched MeSH terms: India/ethnology
  12. Quality of life among Malaysian patients with vitiligo
    Wong SM, Baba R
    Int J Dermatol, 2012 Feb;51(2):158-61.
    PMID: 22250623 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2011.04932.x
    Vitiligo is a chronic disease and can have significant impairment on patients' quality of life (QoL). Studies have shown that limitations in QoL are similar in magnitude to patients with other chronic skin diseases like psoriasis. The objective of this study was to assess the quality of life (QoL) of patients with vitiligo attending the dermatology clinic of a tertiary hospital in Malaysia.
    Study site: Dermatology clinic, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: India/ethnology
  13. Variation in human genetic polymorphisms, their association with Helicobacter pylori acquisition and gastric cancer in a multi-ethnic country
    Schmidt HM, Ha DM, Taylor EF, Kovach Z, Goh KL, Fock KM, et al.
    J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2011 Dec;26(12):1725-32.
    PMID: 21649724 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.06799.x
    BACKGROUND AND AIM: The contribution of human genetic polymorphisms to Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer (GC) development remains unclear due to geographic variation in the association between specific host genetic polymorphisms and GC. In the current study we investigated the association between polymorphisms related to immune and cancer-related pathways and H. pylori infection among the major ethnicities, Chinese, Malay and Indian, resident in Singapore and Malaysia as well as the association between these polymorphisms and GC development in ethnic Chinese patients.

    METHODS: Thirty-four polymorphisms in 26 genes were typed by mass spectrometry in 422 patients undergoing endoscopy (162 Chinese, 113 Indian and 87 Malay controls and 60 Chinese GC cases). Patients were assessed for evidence of H. pylori infection. Odds ratios (OR) and confidence intervals (CI) were obtained using logistic regression models.

    RESULT: The prevalence of 16 polymorphisms varied significantly among the ethnicities. In the Chinese subgroup, nominally significant associations were shown between (i) EBBR2+1963G (rs1801200) and H. pylori infection (per-allele OR: 0.48, 95% CI 0.23, 0.98, P = 0.04), (ii) PTGS2-1195G (rs689466) and an increased risk of GC on adjusting for H. pylori status (OR: 1.53, 95% CI 0.99, 2.37, P = 0.05), and (iii) IL1B-1473C (rs1143623) and a decreased risk of GC (OR: 0.64, 95% CI 0.41, 0.99, P = 0.05). Borderline significant associations were seen between IL2-330G (rs2069762) (OR 1.45, 95% CI 0.95, 2.15, P = 0.06) and IL13-1111T (rs1800925) (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.42, 1.01, P = 0.06) and H. pylori infection.

    CONCLUSION: These findings contribute to the understanding of the genetic variation between ethnicities, which may influence H. pylori susceptibility and the outcome of infection.

    Matched MeSH terms: India/ethnology
  14. Fulltext Medical students' choice of specialty and factors determining their choice: a cross-sectional questionnaire survey in Melaka-Manipal Medical College, Malaysia
    Chew YW, Rajakrishnan S, Low CA, Jayapalan PK, Sreeramareddy CT
    Biosci Trends, 2011;5(2):69-76.
    PMID: 21572250
    Information about medical students' choice of specialty can be helpful for planning health manpower. However, such information from medical students in Malaysian medical schools is lacking. We carried out a cross-sectional questionnaire survey among fourth- and fifth-year medical undergraduate students at Melaka-Manipal Medical College. A total of 425 students responded to the survey questionnaire. Nearly a quarter of the students indicated internal medicine as their choice of specialty. Other choices were general surgery (13.2%), pediatrics (11.3%), orthopedics (12.7%) and obstetrics & gynecology (Ob/Gyn) (12.1%). Female students (OR 1.91; 95% CI 1.18-3.08), fourth-year students (OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.15-3.12), and students who reported a higher self-rated knowledge of their subject of choice were more likely to choose internal medicine and allied specialties (OR 1.53; 95% CI 1.07-2.19). The influence of teaching faculty and consultants at the teaching hospitals (74.4%) and inspiration obtained during clinical postings (71.9%) were the factors which were rated by the most students as 'important' for choosing a specialty. About half of the students intended to pursue their postgraduate studies in Malaysia, most of the rest in the United Kingdom or Australia. While internal medicine and surgical subspecialties were preferred, students were not inclined towards primary care or diagnostic subspecialties. Incentives should be provided and other measures should be taken to make these branches more attractive.
    Matched MeSH terms: India/ethnology
  15. Determinants of body weight status in Malaysia: an ethnic comparison
    Tan AK, Yen ST, Feisul MI
    Int J Public Health, 2012 Apr;57(2):279-88.
    PMID: 21318327 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-011-0238-8
    OBJECTIVE: To investigate the roles of sociodemographic and health lifestyle factors in affecting body mass index (BMI) across ethnic groups in Malaysia.

    METHODS: Data are obtained from 2,436 observations from the Malaysia Non-Communicable Disease Surveillance-1. The multi-ethnic sample is segmented into Malay, Chinese, and Indian/other ethnicities. Ordered probit analysis is conducted and marginal effects of sociodemographic and health lifestyle variables on BMI calculated.

    RESULTS: Malays between 41 and 58 years are more likely to be overweight or obese than their 31-40 years counterparts, while the opposite is true among Chinese. Retirees of Chinese and Indian/other ethnicities are less likely to be obese and more likely to have normal BMI than those between 31 and 40 years. Primary educated Chinese are more likely to be overweight or obese, while tertiary-educated Malays are less likely to suffer from similar weight issues as compared to those with only junior high school education. Affluent Malays and Chinese are more likely to be overweight than their low-middle income cohorts. Family illness history is likely to cause overweightness or obesity, irrespective of ethnicity. Malay cigarette smokers have lower overweight and obesity probabilities than non-cigarette smokers.

    CONCLUSIONS: There exists a need for flexible policies to address cross-ethnic differences in the sociodemographic and health-lifestyle covariates of BMI.

    Matched MeSH terms: India/ethnology
  16. Pharmacogenetics of CYP1A2, novel polymorphisms and haplotypes in three distinct Asian populations
    Lim JS, Singh O, Ramasamy RD, Ramasamy S, Subramanian K, Lee EJ, et al.
    Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet., 2010;25(6):616-23.
    PMID: 20930417
    CYP1A2 play an important role in the metabolism of many carcinogens and clinically important drugs. CYP1A2 activity has been found to be influenced by the presence of polymorphic variants which were reported to display wide interethnic variation. This study investigates the frequency distribution and linkage disequilibrium patterns of CYP1A2 genetic polymorphisms, and characterize their haplotype structures in three healthy Asian populations in Singapore (Chinese, Malay, and Indian). The entire CYP1A2 gene was screened in 126 healthy subjects from all three ethnic groups (N=42 each). A total of 25 polymorphisms was identified, of which nine were novel. The polymorphisms, -2467delT and -163C>A were detected at high frequencies in all Asian ethnic groups. Significant interethnic differences were observed in the genotypic frequency distribution of IVS2-99G>A (P<0.01) and 1548C>T (P=0.05) across the three ethnic groups while -163C>A (P=0.02) was found to differ between Chinese and Malays. Haplotype analyses revealed four to six major haplotypes in each ethnic population which accounted for more than 60% of the cumulative haplotype frequencies. Future studies should be done to investigate the functional roles of these haplotypes.
    Matched MeSH terms: India/ethnology
  17. A cross-sectional study of diastolic dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis and its association with disease activity
    Abdul Muizz AM, Mohd Shahrir MS, Sazliyana S, Oteh M, Shamsul AS, Hussein H
    Int J Rheum Dis, 2011 Feb;14(1):18-30.
    PMID: 21303478 DOI: 10.1111/j.1756-185X.2010.01593.x
    AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluate the left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients without clinically evident cardiovascular manifestations and to estimate whether there is any correlation between RA disease severity and disability and LV diastolic dysfunction.
    METHODS: The study was a cross-sectional study involving 53 patients (47 female and 6 male) with RA without clinically evident heart disease and 53 healthy subjects (47 female and 6 male) who served as a control group. Both groups were matched for age and sex. Echocardiographic and Doppler studies were conducted in all patients with RA and control subjects.
    RESULTS: Of 17 cardiac parameters assessed, only two were abnormal. None of the specific cardiac diastolic dysfunction parameters were significantly different in RA patients compared to the control group. There was no significant correlation between diastolic function values in RA patients and value of Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS-28) and value of Health Assessment Questionnaires Disability Index (HAQDI). Atrial (A) wave velocity was greater in RA patients compared to the control group (0.71 [0.58-0.83] vs. 0.61 [0.51-0.71]; P < 0.04). However, interventricular relaxation time (IVRT) ([73.08 ± 9.92 vs. 70.74 ± 9.02], P = 0.207), lower E/A ratio (1.27 [1.02-1.56] vs. 1.42 [1.20-1.68], P = 0.102), diastolic dysfunction parameters according to Redfield Classification (25 [47.2%] vs. 27 [50.9%] P = 0.56), diastolic dysfunction using E/A (P = 0.321) and tissue doppler imaging (E/E') (P = 0.148) were not different.
    CONCLUSION: Prevalence of diastolic dysfunction in the rheumatoid arthritis group (47.2%) was not different from controls (50.9%). LV diastolic function had no significant correlation with RA disease severity and duration of disease.
    Matched MeSH terms: India/ethnology
  18. Glyoxalase I Ala111Glu gene polymorphism: No association with breast cancer risk but correlated with absence of progesterone receptor
    Naidu R, Har YC, Taib NA
    Pathol. Int., 2010 Sep;60(9):614-20.
    PMID: 20712647 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2010.02568.x
    The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between the Glyoxalase I (GLOI) Ala111Glu polymorphism and breast cancer risk among the major Malaysian ethnic groups, the Malays, Chinese and Indians, as well as clinico-pathological characteristics of these patients. Genotyping of GLOI gene was performed on blood samples obtained from 387 patients and 252 normal healthy women who had no history of any malignancy using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. The genotype and allele frequencies of GLOI polymorphism were not significantly different between the patients and normal individuals among the Malays (P= 0.721, 0.402), Chinese (P= 0.208, 0.079) and Indians (P= 0.612, 0.349), respectively. The Malay, Chinese and Indian women who were Glu/Glu homozygotes (P= 0.419, 0.093, 0.367), Ala/Glu heterozygotes (P= 0.648, 0.182, 0.402) and carriers of Glu allele (P= 0.402, 0.079, 0.349), respectively, were not associated with breast cancer risk. The Glu allele genotype was significantly associated with absence of progesterone receptor (P= 0.036). Thus, the polymorphic variant of the GLOI gene might not be a useful genetic marker to identify Malaysian Malay, Chinese or Indian women who could be at greater risk of developing breast cancer.

    Study site: Universiti Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC)
    Matched MeSH terms: India/ethnology
  19. Fulltext Ethnic disparities in prevalence and impact of risk factors of chronic kidney disease
    Sabanayagam C, Lim SC, Wong TY, Lee J, Shankar A, Tai ES
    Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2010 Aug;25(8):2564-70.
    PMID: 20185856 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfq084
    There is substantial heterogeneity in literature regarding the epidemiology for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in different Asian populations. We aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors of CKD in a multi-ethnic Asian population in Singapore.
    Matched MeSH terms: India/ethnology
  20. Fulltext Craniofacial anthropometric norms of Malaysian Indians
    Ngeow WC, Aljunid ST
    Indian J Dent Res, 2009 Jul-Sep;20(3):313-9.
    PMID: 19884715 DOI: 10.4103/0970-9290.57372
    OBJECTIVE: This study was done to establish the craniofacial anthropometric norms of the young adult (18- 25 years) Malaysian Indian.
    MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study group consisted of convenient samples of 100 healthy volunteers, with equal number of female and male subjects who had no history of mixed racial-parentage. Twenty-two linear measurements were taken twice from 28 landmarks over six craniofacial regions. The methodology and evaluation of indices of the craniofacial region was adapted from Hajnis et al.
    RESULTS: The minimum measurements are always contributed by the female Indian except for the nose height (n-sn), (left) eye fissure length (ex-en), upper vermillion height (ls-sto), and lower vermillion height (sto-li). There is a gender difference in all the measurements except the (left) eye fissure height (independent t-test; P < 0.05). The Malaysian Indians exhibit some North American White Caucasian (NAWC) features in all regions. The cephalic index indicates a brachycephalic or relatively short wide head with a tendency towards mesocephaly. From the low nasal index, the Malaysian Indian female have a nose that is narrow or leptorrhin similar to the NAWCs. The lower value of the upper lip height to mouth width index in the Indian female indicates a relatively shorter upper lip height compared to the mouth width, also similar to the NAWC.
    CONCLUSION: This study establishes the craniofacial anthropometric norms of the Malaysian Indian over 22 parameters. Male in general has a significantly higher measurement than female. The Malaysian Indians do exhibit some NAWC features.
    Matched MeSH terms: India/ethnology*
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