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Rapid detection of α-thalassaemia variants using droplet digital PCR

Lee TY, Lai MI, Ramachandran V, Tan JA, Teh LK, Othman R, et al.

Int J Lab Hematol, 2016 Aug;38(4):435-43.
PMID: 27349818 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.12520

INTRODUCTION: Alpha thalassaemia is a highly prevalent disease globally and is a well-known public health problem in Malaysia. The deletional forms of the mutation are the most common forms found in alpha thalassaemia. The three most common deletional alpha thalassaemia found in this region include --(SEA) deletion, -α(3.7) rightward and -α(4.2) leftward deletions. The prevalence rate of triplication alpha cases such as ααα(anti3.7) and ααα(anti4.2) is not known in Malaysia although it plays a role in exacerbating the clinical phenotypes in beta thalassaemia carriers. Recently, there have been more reported cases of rare alpha thalassaemia mutations due to the advancement of molecular techniques involved in thalassaemia detections. Therefore, it is essential to develop a new method which allows the detection of different alpha thalassaemia mutations including the rare ones simultaneously and accurately.
METHODS: The purpose of this study was to design an assay for the detection of triplications, common and rare deletional alpha thalassaemia using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR).
RESULTS: This is a quantitative detection method to measure the changes of copy number which can detect deletions, duplications and triplications of the alpha globin gene simultaneously.
CONCLUSION: In conclusion, ddPCR is an alternative method for rapid detection of alpha thalassaemia variants in Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Molecular Epidemiology
Re-emergence of genotype G9 during a five-and-a-half-year period in Turkish children with rotavirus diarrhea

Bozdayi G, Altay A, Yahiro T, Ahmed S, Meral M, Dogan B, et al.

Arch Virol, 2016 Oct;161(10):2879-84.
PMID: 27444180 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2986-5

This study was done to understand the dynamics of rotavirus genotype distribution in Turkish children. Samples were collected from January 2006 through August 2011 from children at a hospital in Ankara. Rotavirus was detected in 28 % (241/889) of the samples. Genotype G9P[8] was predominant (28 %), followed by G1P[8] (16.3 %) and G2P[8] (15.9 %). G9 was absent in the samples from 2006 and 2007 and then re-emerged in 2008 and increased gradually. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Turkish G9 rotaviruses of the present study formed a sublineage with strains from Italy and Ethiopia, possibly indicating spread of a clone in these countries.

Matched MeSH terms: Molecular Epidemiology
Fulltext Frequency and molecular epidemiology of Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene in Staphylococcus aureus colonising HIV-infected patients

Mohd-Zain Z, Mohd-Nawi SFA, Adnan A, Kumar S

Malays J Pathol, 2017 Aug;39(2):115-122.
PMID: 28866692 MyJurnal

BACKGROUND: HIV-infected patients pose a high risk of contracting skin and soft tissue infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Those who are colonized with methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) that carry Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) are predisposed to severe infections that could lead to necrotic skin infections. However the association of S. aureus specifically methicillin sensitive S. aureus carrying PVL gene in HIV patients has not been widely reported. Here, we study the prevalence and the molecular epidemiology of PVL-producing S. aureus in HIV-infected patients.
METHODS: Swabs from four body sites of 129 HIV-infected patients were cultured for S. aureus and identified by standard microbiological procedures. The isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing by disk diffusion against penicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, and cotrimoxazole. PCR was used to detect the PVL gene and genetic relationship between the isolates was determined by using pulse field gel electrophoresis.
RESULTS: A total of 51 isolates of S. aureus were obtained from 40 (31%) of the patients. The majority (43.1%) of the isolates were obtained from the anterior nares. Thirteen (25.5%) of all the isolates were resistant to more than one category of antibiotics, with one isolate identified as MRSA. Thirty-eight (74.5%) isolates (including the MRSA isolate) carried PVL gene where the majority (44.7%) of these isolates were from the anterior nares. A dendogram revealed that the isolates were genetically diverse with 37 distinct pulsotypes clustered in 11 groups.
CONCLUSION: S. aureus obtained from multiple sites of the HIV patients were genetically diverse without any clonality observed.

Matched MeSH terms: Molecular Epidemiology
Genetic polymorphisms of CYP3A4: CYP3A4*18 allele is found in five healthy Malaysian subjects

Ruzilawati AB, Suhaimi AW, Gan SH

Clin Chim Acta, 2007 Aug;383(1-2):158-62.
PMID: 17601520 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2007.05.004

BACKGROUND: Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) is the major cytochrome involved in metabolizing of >60% of all drugs used in humans. A number of allelic variations in CYP3A4 gene are known to affect catalytic activity including CYP3A4*4, CYP3A4*5 and CYP3A4*18. We investigated the frequencies of CYP3A4*4, CYP3A4*5 and CYP3A4*18 alleles in a Malaysian population. This will impact treatment of patients receiving drugs metabolized by these alleles.

METHODS: The study was conducted in 121 healthy Malaysian volunteers. DNA was extracted from leucocytes and the 3 alleles were determined by PCR-RFLP. The PCR product was later digested with restriction enzymes BstMA I, BshV I and Hpa II.

RESULTS: No mutations were detected for CYP3A4*4 and CYP3A4*5 alleles. The frequency of the CYP3A4*18 allele in the Malaysian population is 2.1%. All 5 subjects with CYP3A4*18 mutations were found to be heterozygous.

CONCLUSION: The present study describes polymorphisms of CYP3A4 among Malaysian subjects. Clinical relevance of these genetic variants in these healthy volunteers is under investigation.

Matched MeSH terms: Molecular Epidemiology
Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from countries in the western pacific region

Park YK, Bai GH, Kim SJ

J Clin Microbiol, 2000 Jan;38(1):191-7.
PMID: 10618086

A total of 422 Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from eight countries were subjected to IS6110 and IS1081 DNA fingerprinting by means of restriction fragment analysis to characterize M. tuberculosis strains from each country. Chinese, Mongolian, Hong Kong, Filipino, and Korean isolates had comparatively more copies of IS6110 (proportion with eight or more copies; 95% +/- 5%), while Thai, Malaysian, and Vietnamese isolates had fewer copies (proportion with eight or more copies, 60% +/- 4%). We found a number of novel IS1081 types in this study. One IS1081 type was present in 56% of Filipino isolates, had a specific 6.6-kb PvuII fragment in its IS6110 DNA fingerprint, and was termed the "Filipino family." The IS1081 types of Thai isolates had interposing characteristics between the characteristics of northeastern Asian and southeastern Asian IS1081 types. A 1.3-kb single-copy IS6110 fragment was found only in Vietnamese M. tuberculosis isolates. Although M. tuberculosis isolates from each country had comparatively similar characteristics depending on the classification factor, each country's isolates showed characteristic DNA fingerprints and differed slightly from the isolates from the other countries in either the mode number of IS6110 copies or the distribution of IS1081 types.

Matched MeSH terms: Molecular Epidemiology
Molecular analysis of vibrio cholerae strains isolated in Malaysia: public health implications

Iyer L, Vadivelu J

Asia Pac J Public Health, 2006;18(3):33-41.
PMID: 17153080

The genetic diversity or clonality among Vibrio cholerae O1, O139 and non-O1/ non-O139 of clinical and environmental origin using ribotyping and PFGE was performed in order to ascertain the public health implications of the different genotypes circulating within the Malaysian environment. Using an in-house typing scheme, of the 214 strains included, 202 strains were isolated locally between 1992 and 1998, seven were obtained from Bangladesh and five were reference strains. Amongst the 176 El Tor O1 strains, 152 clinical strains demonstrated five ribotypes--E1a, E1b, E2a, E3 and E1c. E1b was the most predominant ribotype demonstrated by 84% of the El Tor O1 strains and was present in all years demonstrating that this strain was intrinsic to Malaysia. PFGE analysis of these strains demonstrated minimal variation amongst the 15 PFGE profiles obtained. Ribotpye E2a amongst five clinical and two environmental O1 strains, were from one location and had previously been reported in Indonesia and the Philippines, thus demonstrating strong evidence that these strains may have been imported into Malaysia. Among Vibrio cholerae O139 strains, 91.7% were of ribotype A1a similar to the original O139, while two others were of ribotype A1b and one of A1e, corresponding to ribotypes 1, 2 and 3 of Dalsgaard and colleagues' scheme for O139 strains. PFGE analysis demonstrated that 89% of ribotype A1a could be differentiated into three PFGE genotypes which were very closely related. The eight non-O1/non-O139 serogroup strains were heterogeneous in both ribotype and PFGE patterns.

Matched MeSH terms: Molecular Epidemiology
Circulating human group A rotavirus genotypes in Malaysia

Zuridah H, Kirkwood CD, Bogdanovic-Sakran N, Bishop RF, Yap KL

J Med Virol, 2010 Apr;82(4):707-11.
PMID: 20166178 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21717

This study examined the temporal distribution of rotavirus genotypes in Malaysia. Rotaviruses from children with diarrhea admitted to hospitals in 1996 (n = 93) and 2007 (n = 12) in two different regions of Peninsular (West) Malaysia were analyzed for their G and P genotypes using a hemi-nested RT-PCR assay. In the 2007 samples, the dominant strain was G9P[8]. It was identified in 42% of the samples. Different strains all possessing the G1 genotype were identified in the rest of the samples. In contrast, 81% of the samples collected in 1996 were the G1P[8] strain. No strains with G9 genotype were detected in samples collected in 1996.

Matched MeSH terms: Molecular Epidemiology
Emergence of equine-like G3 and porcine-like G9 rotavirus strains in Sarawak, Malaysia: 2019-2021

Tahar AS, Ong EJ, Rahardja A, Mamora D, Lim KT, Ahmed K, et al.

J Med Virol, 2023 Aug;95(8):e28987.
PMID: 37501648 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28987

Rotavirus is the leading causative viral agent of pediatric acute gastroenteritis globally, infecting mostly children 5 years old and below. Data on rotavirus prevalence in Malaysia is scarce, despite the WHO's recommendation for continuous rotavirus surveillance, and has underestimated the need for national rotavirus vaccination. Characteristics of the current rotavirus strains in Malaysia have to be determined to understand the rotavirus epidemiology and vaccine compatibility. This study sought to determine the genetic relatedness of Sarawak rotavirus strains with global strains and to determine the antigenic coverage and epitope compatibility of Rotarix and RotaTeq vaccines with the Sarawak rotavirus strains via in silico analysis. A total of 89 stool samples were collected from pediatric patients (<5 years old) with acute gastroenteritis at private hospitals in Kuching, Sarawak. Rotavirus was detected using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Positive amplicons were analyzed using nucleotide sequencing before phylogenetic analyses and assessment of epitope compatibility. Genotyping revealed G1P[8] (1/13; 7.7%), G3P[8] (3/13; 23%), G9P[4] (1/13; 7.7%), and G9P[8] (3/13; 23%), G9P[X] (1/13; 7.7%), GXP[4] (1/13; 7.7%), and GXP[8] (3/13; 23%) in samples. All wild-type Sarawak rotavirus strains, with the exception of G1, showed variations in their phylogenetic and antigenic epitope characteristics.

Matched MeSH terms: Molecular Epidemiology
Fulltext Molecular epidemiology of enterovirus 71 infection in the central region of Taiwan from 2002 to 2012

Wu WH, Kuo TC, Lin YT, Huang SW, Liu HF, Wang J, et al.

PLoS One, 2013;8(12):e83711.
PMID: 24391812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083711

Enterovirus 71 (EV71), a causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease can be classified into three genotypes and many subtypes. The objectives of this study were to conduct a molecular epidemiological study of EV71 in the central region of Taiwan from 2002-2012 and to test the hypothesis that whether the alternative appearance of different EV71 subtypes in Taiwan is due to transmission from neighboring countries or from re-emergence of pre-existing local strains. We selected 174 EV71 isolates and used reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to amplify their VP1 region for DNA sequencing. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using Neighbor-Joining, Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian methods. We found that the major subtypes of EV71 in Taiwan were B4 for 2002 epidemic, C4 for 2004-2005 epidemic, B5 for 2008-2009 epidemic, C4 for 2010 epidemic and B5 for 2011-2012 epidemic. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the 2002 and 2008 epidemics were associated with EV71 from Malaysia and Singapore; while both 2010 and 2011-2012 epidemics originated from different regions of mainland China including Shanghai, Henan, Xiamen and Gong-Dong. Furthermore, minor strains have been identified in each epidemic and some of them were correlated with the subsequent outbreaks. Therefore, the EV71 infection in Taiwan may originate from pre-existing minor strains or from other regions in Asia including mainland China. In addition, 101 EV71 isolates were selected for the detection of new recombinant strains using the nucleotide sequences spanning the VP1-2A-2B region. No new recombinant strain was found. Analysis of clinical manifestations showed that patients infected with C4 had significantly higher rates of pharyngeal vesicles or ulcers than patients infected with B5. This is the first study demonstrating that different EV 71 genotypes may have different clinical manifestations and the association of EV71 infections between Taiwan and mainland China.

Matched MeSH terms: Molecular Epidemiology*
Molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among veterinary students and personnel at a veterinary hospital in Malaysia

Aklilu E, Zunita Z, Hassan L, Cheng CH

Vet Microbiol, 2013 Jun 28;164(3-4):352-8.
PMID: 23523336 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.02.030

In this study, we report the molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among veterinary students and personnel in Malaysia. Nasal and oral swabs were collected from 103 veterinary medicine students and 28 personnel from a veterinary hospital. Antibiotic sensitivity test (AST), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test, and PCR amplifications of nucA and mecA gene were performed. Molecular characterization of the isolates was conducted using multilocus sequence typing (MLST), staphylococcal protein A gene (spa) typing, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results from MLST show the presence of the pandemic and widespread MRSA clones, ST5 and ST59. Spa gene typing revealed spa type t267 which has a wide geographical distribution. A new spa type, t5697 was found in this study. Fingerprint analysis by using PFGE show heterogeneity of the isolates. These findings affirm the importance of MRSA in veterinary settings and underscore the need for further extensive research to devise contextual control and prevention strategies.

Matched MeSH terms: Molecular Epidemiology*
Fulltext Genetic diversity, seasonality and transmission network of human metapneumovirus: identification of a unique sub-lineage of the fusion and attachment genes

Chow WZ, Chan YF, Oong XY, Ng LJ, Nor'E SS, Ng KT, et al.

Sci Rep, 2016 06 09;6:27730.
PMID: 27279080 DOI: 10.1038/srep27730

Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is an important viral respiratory pathogen worldwide. Current knowledge regarding the genetic diversity, seasonality and transmission dynamics of HMPV among adults and children living in tropical climate remains limited. HMPV prevailed at 2.2% (n = 86/3,935) among individuals presented with acute respiratory tract infections in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia between 2012 and 2014. Seasonal peaks were observed during the northeast monsoon season (November-April) and correlated with higher relative humidity and number of rainy days (P

Matched MeSH terms: Molecular Epidemiology
Molecular epidemiology of Newcastle disease viruses in Vietnam

Choi KS, Kye SJ, Kim JY, To TL, Nguyen DT, Lee YJ, et al.

Trop Anim Health Prod, 2014 Jan;46(1):271-7.
PMID: 24061688 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-013-0475-3

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) causes significant economic losses to the poultry industry in Southeast Asia. In the present study, 12 field isolates of NDV were recovered from dead village chickens in Vietnam between 2007 and 2012, and were characterized. All the field isolates were classified as velogenic. Based on the sequence analysis of the F variable region, two distinct genetic groups (Vietnam genetic groups G1 and G2) were recognized. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the 12 field isolates fell into the class II genotype VII cluster. Ten of the field isolates, classified as Vietnam genetic group G1, were closely related to VIIh viruses that had been isolated from Indonesia, Malaysia, and Cambodia since the mid-2000s, while the other two field isolates, of Vietnam genetic group G2, clustered with VIId viruses, which were predominantly circulating in China and Far East Asia. Our results indicate that genotype VII viruses, especially VIIh viruses, are predominantly responsible for the recent epizootic of the disease in Vietnam.

Matched MeSH terms: Molecular Epidemiology
Fulltext Biodiversity and clinico-demographic characteristics of human rhinoviruses from hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory tract infections in Malaysia

Etemadi MR, Othman N, Savolainen-Kopra C, Sekawi Z, Wahab N, Sann LM

J Clin Virol, 2013 Dec;58(4):671-7.
PMID: 23932333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2013.05.017

BACKGROUND: There is accumulating evidence that human rhinovirus (HRV) causes acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTI). Recently, HRV-C was identified as a new species of HRV, but its spectrum of clinical disease is not well understood.
OBJECTIVES: We investigated the molecular epidemiology, demographic and clinical characteristics of HRVs among hospitalized children with ALRIs.
STUDY DESIGN: One hundred and sixty-five nasopharangeal aspirates taken from children <5 years hospitalized with ALRTIs in Serdang Hospital, Malaysia, were subject to reverse transcriptase-PCR for HRV. Phylogenetic analysis on VP4/VP2 and 5'-NCR regions was used to further characterize HRV. Other respiratory viruses were also investigated using semi-nested multiplex RT-PCR assay. Clinical parameters were analyzed between HRV, RSV and IFV-A mono-infections and between HRV species.
RESULTS: HRV was detected in 54 (33%) patients for both single (36 samples) and multiple (18 samples) infections, 61.1% (22/36) represents HRV-A strains while the remaining 14 HRV-C. Strain P51 was the first reported representative of HRV98. The majority of the single HRV cases were in the second half of infancy; HRV-C occurred among older children compared with HRV-A. HRV children were admitted significantly earlier and less febrile than RSV and IFV-A infection. HRV-C infected children were more likely to have rhonchi and vomiting as compared to HRV-A. Pneumonia was the most common discharge diagnosis followed by bronchiolitis and post-viral wheeze in HRV patients.
CONCLUSION: Our study showed high prevalence of HRVs and detection of HRV-C among hospitalized children with ALRTIs in Malaysia. Analysis of clinical parameters suggested specific features associated with HRVs infections and specific HRV groups.

Matched MeSH terms: Molecular Epidemiology
Temporal changes in the genotypes of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from a tertiary Malaysian hospital based on MLST, spa, and mec-associated dru typing

Lim KT, Hanifah YA, Yusof MY, Goering RV, Thong KL

Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 2012 Oct;74(2):106-12.
PMID: 22770652 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2012.05.033

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the main bacterial pathogens responsible for nosocomial infections leading to pneumonia, bloodstream, skin, and soft tissue infections. The objective of this study was to investigate the genomic changes of MRSA in a tertiary hospital between the years 2003, 2004, 2007, and 2008. One hundred fifty-four MRSA strains were characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), spa, and mec-associated dru typing. Among the 154 strains, 29 different dru, 15 spa, and 8 MLST types were identified. Seven sequence types (STs) (ST239, ST22, ST5, ST6, ST80, ST573, and ST241) were identified among 2007-08 strains, although only 2 STs (ST239 and ST20) were observed among 2003 strains. Clones ST239-t037-dt13g, ST22-t032-(dt10a and dt10aw), and 28 other MRSA clones being introduced in 2007-2008 have replaced the ST239-t037 (dt13d, 14h, 13i, 13l, 13m, 15m, 15l, and 11al) clones present in 2003. The predominant MLST clone, ST239 (90.3%), was further distinguished into 7 different spa types and 26 different dru types, including 17 novel dru types. Maximum parsimony tree based on dru repeats revealed that 10 dru types (dt11am, dt13j, dt15n, dt13q, dt13n, dt13p, dt13f, dt13ao, dt12j, dt7v) shared the same MLST-spa types with dt13d, suggesting that these MRSA clones might have evolved from ST239-t037-dt13d. In conclusion, our data showed that the ST239-t037-dt13d clone and other MRSA clones in 2003 were replaced by ST239-t037-dt13g and other new emerging spa and dru types.

Matched MeSH terms: Molecular Epidemiology
Genetic diversity of caprine Blastocystis from Peninsular Malaysia

Tan TC, Tan PC, Sharma R, Sugnaseelan S, Suresh KG

Parasitol Res, 2013 Jan;112(1):85-9.
PMID: 22961236 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-3107-3

Blastocystis sp. is a common intestinal parasite found in humans and animals. The possibility of zoonotic transmission to humans from livestock especially goats led us to investigate the genetic diversity of caprine Blastocystis sp. obtained from five different farms in Peninsular Malaysia. Moreover, there is a lack of information on the prevalence as well as genetic diversity of Blastocystis sp. in goat worldwide. Results showed that 73/236 (30.9 %) of the goats were found to be positive for Blastocystis infection. The most predominant Blastocystis sp. subtype was ST1 (60.3 %) followed by ST7 (41.1 %), ST6 (41.1 %), and ST3 (11.0 %) when amplified by PCR using sequenced-tagged site (STS) primers. Four farms had goats infected only with ST1 whereas the fifth showed mixed infections with multiple STs. The proximity of the fifth farm to human dwellings, nearby domesticated animals and grass land as opposed to a sterile captive environment in the first four farms may account for the multiple STs seen in the fifth farm. Since ST1, ST3, ST6 and ST 7 were previously reported in human infection worldwide in particular Malaysia, the potential of the zoonotic transmission of blastocystosis should not be disregarded. The implications of different farm management systems on the distribution of Blastocystis sp. STs are discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Molecular Epidemiology
Fulltext Genetic characterization of Zika virus strains: geographic expansion of the Asian lineage

Haddow AD, Schuh AJ, Yasuda CY, Kasper MR, Heang V, Huy R, et al.

PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2012;6(2):e1477.
PMID: 22389730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001477

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus distributed throughout much of Africa and Asia. Infection with the virus may cause acute febrile illness that clinically resembles dengue fever. A recent study indicated the existence of three geographically distinct viral lineages; however this analysis utilized only a single viral gene. Although ZIKV has been known to circulate in both Africa and Asia since at least the 1950s, little is known about the genetic relationships between geographically distinct virus strains. Moreover, the geographic origin of the strains responsible for the epidemic that occurred on Yap Island, Federated States of Micronesia in 2007, and a 2010 pediatric case in Cambodia, has not been determined.

Matched MeSH terms: Molecular Epidemiology
Fulltext Molecular characterization and epidemiology of rotavirus isolates obtained from children with diarrhoea in Malaysia

Zuridah H, Kirkwood CD, Bishop RF, Bogdanovic-Sakran N, Yap KL

Med J Malaysia, 2009 Sep;64(3):193-6.
PMID: 20527266 MyJurnal

This retrospective study examined the G/P type of rotavirus in RNA samples that have previously been e-typed by RNA-PAGE in 1996. The results were then compared to 2007 samples to ascertain the extent of changes that may have occurred in this 11-years time interval. The G and P genotypes were determined by hemi-nested PCR and further analysed by phylogenetic study. In 1996, the G/P combination G1P[8], G(UT)P[8] and G1P(UT) prevalence rate were 81%, 9% and 7%, respectively. As expected, the G9 genotype which has already emerged worldwide was identified in 42% of the 2007 samples with the remaining 33% G1P[8] and 25% G1P(UT) Analysis of the RNA pattern showed that majority of the isolates were long e-type in both series, nevertheless minor differences within electropherotypes were observed. Genetic diversity in some strains of the human group A rotaviruses was analysed by phylogenetic methods. These findings will help in the decision to introduce rotavirus vaccines within the next decade.

Matched MeSH terms: Molecular Epidemiology
Fulltext First report on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus of Spa type T037, Sequence Type 239, SCCmec type III/IIIA in Malaysia

Neela V, Ghasemzadeh Moghaddam H, van Belkum A, Horst-Kreft D, Mariana NS, Ghaznavi Rad E

Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 2010 Jan;29(1):115-7.
PMID: 19779745 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-009-0813-6

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from Malaysia were shown to possess staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec)-III and IIIA. Spa sequencing and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) documented t037 and ST 239 (CC8) for 83.3% of the isolates. This confirms observations in several other Far Eastern countries and corroborates the epidemicity of this clone.

Matched MeSH terms: Molecular Epidemiology
Molecular Epidemiology of Chikungunya Virus by Sequencing

Thayan R, Yusof MA, Saat Z, Sekaran SD, Wang SM

Methods Mol Biol, 2016;1426:11-9.
PMID: 27233257 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3618-2_2

Molecular surveillance of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is important as it provides data on the circulating CHIKV genotypes in endemic countries and enabling activation of measures to be taken in the event of a pending outbreak. Molecular surveillance is carried out by first detecting CHIKV in susceptible humans or among field-caught mosquitoes. This is followed by sequencing a selected region of the virus which will provide evidence on the source of the virus and possible association of the virus to increased cases of Chikungunya infections.

Matched MeSH terms: Molecular Epidemiology
A major methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clone predominates in Malaysian hospitals

Norazah A, Lim VK, Rohani MY, Alfizah H, Koh YT, Kamel AG

Epidemiol Infect, 2003 Jun;130(3):407-11.
PMID: 12825724

This study was conducted to determine the molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Malaysian hospitals. A total of 264 MRSA isolates from eight hospitals were subjected to typing by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of SmaI restricted DNA. Antibiotic disk susceptibility testing was also carried out to determine their resistance patterns. Thirty-one PFGE pattern types were identified. Three major pattern types A, ZC and K were found with type A the predominant profile in c. 80% of strains and present in all hospitals. Unlike type A, other DNA pattern types were unique to the hospitals in which they were isolated. PFGE type A also consisted of strains that were multiply antibiotic resistant. The presence of a single predominant PFGE type in Malaysian hospitals is an important finding which suggests that inter-hospital spread of MRSA had occurred frequently and regularly.

Matched MeSH terms: Molecular Epidemiology

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