Displaying publications 41 - 60 of 109 in total

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  1. Fulltext Data on dissolved metals in Terengganu waters of South China Sea during pre-, post-, and Northeast Monsoon season
    Ariffin MM, Adiana G, Bidai J, Hing LS, Nurulnadia MY, Ong MC, et al.
    Data Brief, 2019 Dec;27:104806.
    PMID: 31788520 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2019.104806
    Metals are natural elements existed in the environment. However, due to the rapid development of urbanisation and economic, high content of anthropogenic metals are being perceived in polluting the environment. The oceans are known to be a part of the sinking basin for anthropogenic metals ends. Dataset provided is purposely to give an overview of dissolved metals spatial distribution in the South China Sea off the east Peninsular of Malaysia during the pre-, post- and Northeast (NE) Monsoon period. Seawater samples were collected in a grid of 18 stations at 3 different water depth. Dissolved metals were pre-concentrated on-board ship using Chelex-100 resin and analysed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrophotometry (ICPMS). The dataset shows the effect of NE Monsoon on dissolved metals spatial distribution mainly at the area closer to the land. Therefore, this dataset could reveal the past information on anthropogenic metals intrusion in the South China Sea, since Terengganu state was recently pointed to be one of the Malaysian waterfront city. Additionally, this dataset also could help in studying the cycle of metals in the southern South China Sea waters.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oceans and Seas
  2. Currents simulation in the Malacca Straits by using three-dimensional numerical model
    Rizal S, Setiawan I, Ilhamsyah Y, Musman M, Iskandar T, Wahid MA
    Sains Malaysiana, 2010;39.
    The Malacca Straits is located between Peninsula Malaysia and Sumatra Island. This investigation used equation of motion (Navier-Stokes equation) with the following driving forces: tides, wind of National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) for year of 2007, salinity and temperature. The equation of motion was solved by means of Hamburg Shelf Ocean Model (HAMSOM). The results for both southwest and northeast monsoon were explained and discussed. The simulation results both for February and August 2007 were relatively similar. Current surface simulation in the Malacca Straits agrees well with the current pattern of previous works. The magnitude of current was between 10-70 cm/s to the northwest. While at the layer 30-50 m in the Malacca Straits, the currents have the magnitude of 10-30 cm/s towards northwest. For the bottom current, the current speed was 0-20 cm/s towards northwest. For the surface and 30-50 m layer, generally the current magnitudes were greater in February compared to those in August. While for the bottom layer, the current magnitudes between February and August were relatively the same.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oceans and Seas
  3. Marine debris: A review of impacts and global initiatives
    Agamuthu P, Mehran SB, Norkhairah A, Norkhairiyah A
    Waste Manag Res, 2019 Oct;37(10):987-1002.
    PMID: 31084415 DOI: 10.1177/0734242X19845041
    Marine debris, defined as any persistent manufactured or processed solid material discarded, disposed of or abandoned in the marine and coastal environment, has been highlighted as a contaminant of global environmental and economic concern. The five main categories of marine debris comprise of plastic, paper, metal, textile, glass and rubber. Plastics is recognised as the major constituent of marine debris, representing between 50% and 90% of the total marine debris found globally. Between 4.8 and 12.7 million metric tonnes of consumer plastics end up in the world oceans annually, resulting in the presence of more than 100 million particles of macroplastics in only 12 regional seas worldwide, and with 51 trillion particles of microplastic floating on the ocean surface globally. The impacts of marine debris can be branched out into three categories; injury to or death of marine organisms, harm to marine environment and effects on human health and economy. Marine mammals often accidentally ingest marine debris because of its appearance that can easily be mistaken as food. Moreover, floating plastics may act as vehicles for chemicals and/or environmental contaminants, which may be absorbed on to their surface during their use and permanence into the environment. Additionally, floating plastics is a potential vector for the introduction of invasive species that get attached to it, into the marine environment. In addition, human beings are not excluded from the impact of marine debris as they become exposed to microplastics through seafood consumption. Moreover, landscape degradation owing to debris accumulation is an eyesore and aesthetically unpleasant, thus resulting in decreased tourism and subsequent income loss. There are a wide range of initiatives that have been taken to tackle the issue of marine debris. They may involve manual removal of marine debris from coastal and aquatic environment in form of programmes and projects organised, such as beach clean-ups by scientific communities, non-governmental organizations and the removal of marine litter from Europe's four regional seas, respectively. Other initiatives focus on assessment, reduction, prevention and management of marine debris under the umbrella of international (the United Nations Environment Programme/Mediterranean Action Plan, the Oslo/Paris Convention) and regional organisations - that is, the Helsinki Commission. There are also a number of international conventions and national regulations that encourage mitigation and management of marine debris. However, it is argued that these initiatives are short-term unsustainable solutions and the long-term sustainable solution would be adoption of circular economy. Similarly, four of the sustainable developmental goals have targets that promote mitigation of marine debris by efficient waste management and practice of 3R. As evident by the Ad Hoc Expert Group on Marine Litter and Microplastics meeting, tackling the marine debris crisis is not a straightforward, one-size-fits-all solution, but rather an integrated and continuous effort required at local, regional and global level.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oceans and Seas
  4. Simulation of southwest monsoon current circulation and temperature in the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia
    Daryabor F, Tangang F, Liew J
    Sains Malaysiana, 2014;43:389-398.
    This study investigates the southwest monsoon circulation and temperature along the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia by using the Regional Ocean Modeling System at 9 km resolution. The simulated circulation shows strong northward flowing western boundary currents along the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia with maximum speed of approximately of 0.6-0.7 ms-1. The western boundary current, that extends to a depth of about 35 m, continues flowing northward up to approximately 7oN where it changes direction eastward. The circulation along the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia is also characterized by two anti-cyclonic eddies. Furthermore, an elongated of cooler sea surface temperature that stretches along the coast was also simulated. The existence of this cool SST pattern is associated with coastal upwelling process due to localized lifting of isotherms near the coast as a response to the southerly-southwesterly wind stress along the coast during the southwest monsoon.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oceans and Seas
  5. Fulltext The Malacca Strait separates distinct faunas of poorly-flying Cautires net-winged beetles
    Jiruskova A, Motyka M, Bocek M, Bocak L
    PeerJ, 2019;7:e6511.
    PMID: 30863675 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6511
    We investigated the spatial and temporal patterns of Cautires diversification on the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra to understand if the narrow and frequently dry Malacca Strait separates different faunas. Moreover, we analyzed the origin of Cautires in Malayan and Sumatran mountains. We sampled 18 localities and present the mtDNA-based phylogeny of 76 species represented by 388 individuals. The phylogenetic tree was dated using mtDNA evolution rates and the ancestral ranges were estimated using the maximum likelihood approach. The phylogeny identified multiple lineages on the Malay Peninsula since the Upper Eocene (35 million years ago, mya) and a delayed evolution of diversity in Sumatra since the Upper Oligocene (26 mya). A limited number of colonization events across the Malacca Strait was identified up to the Pliocene and more intensive faunal exchange since the Pleistocene. The early colonization events were commonly followed by in situ diversification. As a result, the Malacca Strait now separates two faunas with a high species-level turnover. The montane fauna diversified in a limited space and seldom took part in colonization events across the Strait. Besides isolation by open sea or a savannah corridor, mimetic patterns could decrease the colonization capacity of Cautires. The Malay fauna is phylogenetically more diverse and has a higher value if conservation priorities should be defined.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oceans and Seas
  6. Diversity and DMS(P)-related genes in culturable bacterial communities in Malaysian coastal waters
    Kuek FWI, Aazani Mujahid, Lim Pt, Leaw Cp, Müller M
    Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:915-931.
    Little is known about the diversity and roles of microbial communities in the South China Sea, especially the eastern
    region. This study aimed to expand our knowledge on the diversity of these communities in Malaysian waters, as well as
    their potential involvement in the breakdown or osmoregulation of dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP). Water samples
    were collected during local cruises (Kuching, Kota Kinabalu, and Semporna) from the SHIVA expedition and the diversity
    of bacterial communities were analysed through the isolation and identification of 176 strains of cultured bacteria. The
    bacteria were further screened for the existence of two key genes (dmdA, dddP) which were involved in competing,
    enzymatically-mediated DMSP degradation pathways. The composition of bacterial communities in the three areas varied
    and changes were mirrored in physico-chemical parameters. Riverine input was highest in Kuching, which was mirrored
    by dominance of potentially pathogenic Vibrio sp., whereas the Kota Kinabalu community was more indicative of an
    open ocean environment. Isolates obtained from Kota Kinabalu and Semporna showed that the communities in these
    areas have potential roles in bioremediation, nitrogen fixing and sulphate reduction. Bacteria isolated from Kuching
    displayed the highest abundance (44%) of both DMSP-degrading genes, while the bacterial community in Kota Kinabalu
    had the highest percentage (28%) of dmdA gene occurrence and the dddP gene responsible for DMS production was
    most abundant (33%) within the community in Semporna. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study looking at
    the diversity of culturable bacteria in coastal waters of East Malaysia and also their potential roles in the DMS(P) cycle.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oceans and Seas
  7. Occupational risk assessment: review of wooden scaffold board application in Malaysian oil and gas industry
    Mohd Jamil Abdul Wahab, Noor Azrieda Abd Rashid, Salmiah Ujang, Choon LS
    Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:1139-1147.
    Timber scaffold boards have been widely utilised in the offshore construction industry. However, technical specifications
    and inspection procedure for the application of scaffold boards from a wood material were inadequate. In the development
    of the standard requirements, evaluation of actual engineering practices could indicate the level of workplace safety. A
    study was conducted to identify risk and safety measures concerning the use of timber scaffold boards in construction.
    This article discusses on the occupational risks and ergonomics issues of the scaffolding application based on the physical
    and mechanical conditions of tropical timber scaffold boards extracted from offshore oil and gas rigs. The boards were
    exposed to a seasonal climate of East Coast monsoon of South China Sea between November and February. The scaffolding
    application extended up to 20 m directly above the ocean surface and some boards were completely immersed below
    the ocean surface particularly during elevated tidal waves. Some of the boards were installed as the on-deck platforms.
    Forty scaffold boards fabricated from tropical timber species were evaluated. Physical characteristics of the boards
    were described by natural and man-made factors. A three-point bending test was conducted to determine the maximum
    load capacity of each board and the mode of fracture was evaluated. Timber identification test was conducted to identify
    the groups of the timber being used. The microscopic observation confirmed the presence of hyphae which indicated the
    biological deterioration has happened in some of the boards. Occupational risks were summarised based on the results
    of the physical and mechanical assessments
    Matched MeSH terms: Oceans and Seas
  8. Protect global values of the Southern Ocean ecosystem
    Brooks CM, Ainley DG, Jacquet J, Chown SL, Pertierra LR, Francis E, et al.
    Science, 2022 Nov 04;378(6619):477-479.
    PMID: 36264826 DOI: 10.1126/science.add9480
    Climate change and fishing present dual threats.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oceans and Seas
  9. Transcriptomic analysis reveals distinct mechanisms of adaptation of a polar picophytoplankter under ocean acidification conditions
    Tan YH, Poong SW, Yang CH, Lim PE, John B, Pai TW, et al.
    Mar Environ Res, 2022 Dec;182:105782.
    PMID: 36308800 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105782
    Human emissions of carbon dioxide are causing irreversible changes in our oceans and impacting marine phytoplankton, including a group of small green algae known as picochlorophytes. Picochlorophytes grown in natural phytoplankton communities under future predicted levels of carbon dioxide have been demonstrated to thrive, along with redistribution of the cellular metabolome that enhances growth rate and photosynthesis. Here, using next-generation sequencing technology, we measured levels of transcripts in a picochlorophyte Chlorella, isolated from the sub-Antarctic and acclimated under high and current ambient CO2 levels, to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved with its ability to acclimate to elevated CO2. Compared to other phytoplankton taxa that induce broad transcriptomic responses involving multiple parts of their cellular metabolism, the changes observed in Chlorella focused on activating gene regulation involved in different sets of pathways such as light harvesting complex binding proteins, amino acid synthesis and RNA modification, while carbon metabolism was largely unaffected. Triggering a specific set of genes could be a unique strategy of small green phytoplankton under high CO2 in polar oceans.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oceans and Seas
  10. Norway's mining plans threaten Arctic life
    Sonne C, Ciesielski TM, Jenssen BM, Lam SS, Zhong H, Dietz R
    Science, 2023 Aug 25;381(6660):843-844.
    PMID: 37616344 DOI: 10.1126/science.adj4244
    Matched MeSH terms: Oceans and Seas
  11. Fulltext Wealthy countries dominate industrial fishing
    McCauley DJ, Jablonicky C, Allison EH, Golden CD, Joyce FH, Mayorga J, et al.
    Sci Adv, 2018 Aug;4(8):eaau2161.
    PMID: 30083613 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau2161
    The patterns by which different nations share global fisheries influence outcomes for food security, trajectories of economic development, and competition between industrial and small-scale fishing. We report patterns of industrial fishing effort for vessels flagged to higher- and lower-income nations, in marine areas within and beyond national jurisdiction, using analyses of high-resolution fishing vessel activity data. These analyses reveal global dominance of industrial fishing by wealthy nations. Vessels flagged to higher-income nations, for example, are responsible for 97% of the trackable industrial fishing on the high seas and 78% of such effort within the national waters of lower-income countries. These publicly accessible vessel tracking data have important limitations. However, insights from these new analyses can begin to strategically inform important international- and national-level efforts underway now to ensure equitable and sustainable sharing of fisheries.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oceans and Seas
  12. Fulltext Searching for the Origin through Central Nervous System: A Review and Thought which Related to Microgravity, Evolution, Big Bang Theory and Universes, Soul and Brainwaves, Greater Limbic System and Seat of the Soul
    Idris Z
    Malays J Med Sci, 2014 Jul;21(4):4-11.
    PMID: 25977615 MyJurnal
    Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) serves buoyancy. The buoyancy thought to play crucial role in many aspects of the central nervous system (CNS). Weightlessness is produced mainly by the CSF. This manuscript is purposely made to discuss its significance which thought contributing towards an ideal environment for the CNS to develop and function normally. The idea of microgravity environment for the CNS is supported not only by the weightlessness concept of the brain, but also the noted anatomical position of the CNS. The CNS is positioned in bowing position (at main cephalic flexure) which is nearly similar to an astronaut in a microgravity chamber, fetus in the amniotic fluid at early gestation, and animals and plants in the ocean or on the land. Therefore, this microgravity position can bring us closer to the concept of origin. The hypothesis on 'the origin' based on the microgravity were explored and their similarities were identified including the brainwaves and soul. Subsequently a review on soul was made. Interestingly, an idea from Leonardo da Vinci seems in agreement with the notion of seat of the soul at the greater limbic system which has a distinctive feature of "from God back to God".
    Matched MeSH terms: Oceans and Seas
  13. Fulltext Effects of Pleistocene sea-level fluctuations on mangrove population dynamics: a lesson from Sonneratia alba
    Yang Y, Li J, Yang S, Li X, Fang L, Zhong C, et al.
    BMC Evol. Biol., 2017 01 18;17(1):22.
    PMID: 28100168 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0849-z
    BACKGROUND: A large-scale systematical investigation of the influence of Pleistocene climate oscillation on mangrove population dynamics could enrich our knowledge about the evolutionary history during times of historical climate change, which in turn may provide important information for their conservation.

    RESULTS: In this study, phylogeography of a mangrove tree Sonneratia alba was studied by sequencing three chloroplast fragments and seven nuclear genes. A low level of genetic diversity at the population level was detected across its range, especially at the range margins, which was mainly attributed to the steep sea-level drop and associated climate fluctuations during the Pleistocene glacial periods. Extremely small effective population size (Ne) was inferred in populations from both eastern and western Malay Peninsula (44 and 396, respectively), mirroring the fragility of mangrove plants and their paucity of robustness against future climate perturbations and human activity. Two major genetic lineages of high divergence were identified in the two mangrove biodiversity centres: the Indo-Malesia and Australasia regions. The estimated splitting time between these two lineages was 3.153 million year ago (MYA), suggesting a role for pre-Pleistocene events in shaping the major diversity patterns of mangrove species. Within the Indo-Malesia region, a subdivision was implicated between the South China Sea (SCS) and the remaining area with a divergence time of 1.874 MYA, corresponding to glacial vicariance when the emerged Sunda Shelf halted genetic exchange between the western and eastern coasts of the Malay Peninsula during Pleistocene sea-level drops. Notably, genetic admixture was observed in populations at the boundary regions, especially in the two populations near the Malacca Strait, indicating secondary contact between divergent lineages during interglacial periods. These interregional genetic exchanges provided ample opportunity for the re-use of standing genetic variation, which could facilitate mangrove establishment and adaptation in new habitats, especially in the context of global climate changes.

    CONCLUSION: Phylogeogrpahic analysis in this study reveal that Pleistocene sea-level fluctuations had profound influence on population differentiation of the mangrove tree S. alba. Our study highlights the fragility of mangrove plants and offers a guide for the conservation of coastal mangrove communities experiencing ongoing changes in sea-level.

    Matched MeSH terms: Oceans and Seas*
  14. Fulltext Implication of single year seasonal sampling to genetic diversity fluctuation that coordinates with oceanographic dynamics in torpedo scads near Taiwan
    Su YC, Su SH, Li HY, Wang HY, Lee SC
    Sci Rep, 2020 10 08;10(1):16829.
    PMID: 33033371 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74025-9
    Many fisheries management and conservation plans are based on the genetic structure of organisms in pelagic ecosystems; however, these structures tend to vary over time, particularly in cyclic ocean currents. We performed genetic analyses on the populations of the pelagic fish, Megalaspis cordyla (Osteichthyes: Carangidae) in the area surrounding Taiwan during 2000-2001. Genotyping was performed on M. cordyla collected seasonally around Taiwan as well as specimens collected from Singapore (Malacca strait) and Indonesia (Banda Sea). Gonadosomatic indices (GSI) revealed that M. cordyla does not spawn near Taiwan. Data related to the mitochondrial control region revealed that the samples from Singapore and Indonesia represented two distinct genetic cohorts. Genotyping revealed that during the summer (June-August 2000), the Indonesian variant was dominant in eastern Taiwan (presumably following the Kuroshio Current) and in the Penghu region (following the Kuroshio Branch Current). During the same period, the Singapore genotype was dominant along the western coast of Taiwan (presumably following the South China Sea Current); however, the number dropped during the winter (December-February 2001) under the effects of the China Coast Current. Divergence time estimates indicate that the two genetic cohorts split during the last glacial maximum. Despite the fact that these results are based on sampling from a single year, they demonstrate the importance of seasonal sampling in unravelling the genetic diversity in pelagic ecosystems.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oceans and Seas*
  15. Six handshakes, then silence
    Clery D
    Science, 2014 May 30;344(6187):964-5.
    PMID: 24876476 DOI: 10.1126/science.344.6187.964
    Matched MeSH terms: Oceans and Seas
  16. Effects of northeast monsoon on trace metal distribution in the South China Sea off Peninsular Malaysia
    Adiana G, Shazili NA, Marinah MA, Bidai J
    Environ Monit Assess, 2014 Jan;186(1):421-31.
    PMID: 23974537 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-013-3387-9
    Concentrations of trace metals in the South China Sea (SCS) were determined off the coast of Terengganu during the months of May and November 2007. The concentrations of dissolved and particulate metals were in the range of 0.019-0.194 μg/L and 50-365 μg/g, respectively, for cadmium (Cd), 0.05-0.45 μg/L and 38-3,570 μg/g for chromium (Cr), 0.05-3.54 μg/L and 21-1,947 μg/g for manganese (Mn), and 0.03-0.49 μg/L and 2-56,982 μg/g for lead (Pb). The order of mean log K D found was Cd > Cr > Pb > Mn. The study suggests that the primary sources of these metals are discharges from the rivers which drain into the SCS, in particular the Dungun River, which flows in close proximity to agricultural areas and petrochemical industries. During the northeast monsoon, levels of particulate metals in the bottom water samples near the shore were found to be much higher than during the dry season, the probable result of re-suspension of the metals from the bottom sediments.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oceans and Seas
  17. Fulltext Recruitment constraints in Singapore's fluted giant clam (Tridacna squamosa) population--a dispersal model approach
    Neo ML, Erftemeijer PL, van Beek JK, van Maren DS, Teo SL, Todd PA
    PLoS One, 2013;8(3):e58819.
    PMID: 23555597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058819
    Recruitment constraints on Singapore's dwindling fluted giant clam, Tridacna squamosa, population were studied by modelling fertilisation, larval transport, and settlement using real-time hydrodynamic forcing combined with knowledge of spawning characteristics, larval development, behaviour, and settlement cues. Larval transport was simulated using a finite-volume advection-diffusion model coupled to a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model. Three recruitment constraint hypotheses were tested: 1) there is limited connectivity between Singapore's reefs and other reefs in the region, 2) there is limited exchange within Singapore's Southern Islands, and 3) there exist low-density constraints to fertilisation efficacy (component Allee effects). Results showed that connectivity among giant clam populations was primarily determined by residual hydrodynamic flows and spawning time, with greatest chances of successful settlement occurring when spawning and subsequent larval dispersal coincided with the period of lowest residual flow. Simulations suggested poor larval transport from reefs located along the Peninsular Malaysia to Singapore, probably due to strong surface currents between the Andaman Sea and South China Sea combined with a major land barrier disrupting larval movement among reefs. The model, however, predicted offshore coral reefs to the southeast of Singapore (Bintan and Batam) may represent a significant source of larvae. Larval exchange within Singapore's Southern Islands varied substantially depending on the locations of source and sink reefs as well as spawning time; but all simulations resulted in low settler densities (2.1-68.6 settled individuals per 10,000 m(2)). Poor fertilisation rates predicted by the model indicate that the low density and scattered distribution of the remaining T. squamosa in Singapore are likely to significantly inhibit any natural recovery of local stocks.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oceans and Seas
  18. Distribution of heavy metals in surface sediments from the South China Sea ecosystem, Malaysia
    Rezaee Ebrahim Saraee K, Abdi MR, Naghavi K, Saion E, Shafaei MA, Soltani N
    Environ Monit Assess, 2011 Dec;183(1-4):545-54.
    PMID: 21594644 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-1939-4
    The concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, nickel, lead and zinc in surface sediments collected from the east coast of peninsular Malaysia, along the South China Sea, were measured by two methods instrumental neutron activation analysis and inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. The obtained results were use to determine the areal distribution of the metals of in the east coast of peninsular Malaysia and potential sources of these metals to this environment. The geochemical data propose that most of the metals found in the east coast of peninsular Malaysia constitute a redistribution of territorial materials within the ecosystem. Then, the metal concentrations can be considered to be present at natural background levels in surface sediments.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oceans and Seas
  19. Distribution and normalization of some metals in surface sediments from South Caspian Sea
    Sohrabi T, Ismail A, Nabavi MB
    Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 2010 Nov;85(5):502-8.
    PMID: 20957347 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-010-0112-z
    Surface sediments along the south of Caspian Sea were collected to evaluate the contamination of heavy metals. The result ranged (μg/g, Fe% dw): Pb(13.06-33.48); Ni(18.01-69.63); Cd(0.62-1.5); Zn(30.11-87.88); Cu(5.86-26.37) and Fe(1.8-4%) respectively. Cadmium showed higher EF when compared to other sites. Geoaccumulation Index value for Cd in most stations was classified as moderately contaminated and moderately to strongly contaminated, as well as the average of I(geo) of Cd (1.77 ± 0.35) suggested that surface sediments of Caspian coast were moderately polluted by this metal. The result of the Pearson correlation showed that there were significant positive associations between Ni, Cd and Zn (r = 0.44-0.76; p < 0.01).
    Matched MeSH terms: Oceans and Seas
  20. Fulltext Morphometric and meristic variation in two congeneric archer fishes Toxotes chatareus (Hamilton 1822) and Toxotes jaculatrix (Pallas 1767) inhabiting Malaysian coastal waters
    Simon KD, Bakar Y, Temple SE, Mazlan AG
    J Zhejiang Univ Sci B, 2010 Nov;11(11):871-9.
    PMID: 21043056 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.B1000054
    A simple yet useful criterion based on external markings and/or number of dorsal spines is currently used to differentiate two congeneric archer fish species Toxotes chatareus and Toxotes jaculatrix. Here we investigate other morphometric and meristic characters that can also be used to differentiate these two species. Principal component and/or discriminant functions revealed that meristic characters were highly correlated with pectoral fin ray count, number of lateral line scales, as well as number of anal fin rays. The results indicate that T. chatareus can be distinguished from T. jaculatrix by having a greater number of lateral line scales, a lower number of pectoral fin rays, and a higher number of anal fin rays. In contrast, morphometric discriminant analyses gave relatively low distinction: 76.1% of fish were ascribed to the correct species cluster. The observed morphometric differences came from the dorsal and anal spines lengths, with T. chatareus having shorter dorsal and longer anal spines than T. jaculatrix. Overall, meristic traits were more useful than morphometrics in differentiating the two species; nevertheless, meristics and morphometrics together provide information about the morphological differentiation between these two closely related archer fishes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oceans and Seas
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