Displaying publications 41 - 60 of 205 in total

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  1. Fulltext Isolation, Purification, and Characterization of Heparinase from Streptomyces variabilis MTCC 12266
    Singh V, Haque S, Kumari V, El-Enshasy HA, Mishra BN, Somvanshi P, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2019 04 24;9(1):6482.
    PMID: 31019210 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42740-7
    Arterial/venous thrombosis is the major cardiovascular disorder accountable for substantial mortality; and the current demand for antithrombotic agents is extensive. Heparinases depolymerize unfractionated heparin (UFH) for the production of low molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs; used as anticoagulants against thrombosis). A microbial strain of Streptomyces sp. showing antithrombotic activity was isolated from the soil sample collected from north India. The strain was characterized by using 16S rRNA homology technique and identified as Streptomyces variabilis MTCC 12266 capable of producing heparinase enzyme. This is the very first communication reporting Streptomyces genus as the producer of heparinase. It was observed that the production of intracellular heparinase was [63.8 U/mg protein (specific activity)] 1.58 folds higher compared to extracellular heparinase [40.28 U/mg protein]. DEAE-Sephadex A-50 column followed by Sepharose-6B column purification of the crude protein resulted 19.18 folds purified heparinase. SDS-PAGE analysis of heparinase resulted an estimated molecular-weight of 42 kDa. It was also found that intracellular heparinase has the ability to depolymerize heparin to generate LMWHs. Further studies related to the mechanistic action, structural details, and genomics involved in heparinase production from Streptomyces variabilis are warranted for large scale production/purification optimization of heparinase for antithrombotic applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Thrombosis; Venous Thrombosis
  2. Fulltext Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis 2 weeks after the first dose of mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine
    Zakaria Z, Sapiai NA, Ghani ARI
    Acta Neurochir (Wien), 2021 08;163(8):2359-2362.
    PMID: 34101024 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-021-04860-w
    The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), also known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly transmissible virus and has become pandemic. Part of the prevention of disease spread by the Malaysian government is by getting COVID-19 vaccine. Using the mRNA technology, the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine is one of the vaccines been approved by the Drug Control Authority in Malaysia. Herein, we report an immediate complication of cerebral VST after the first dose of the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sinus Thrombosis, Intracranial/chemically induced*
  3. Axillary artery thrombosis associated with fracture of the clavicle
    Iqbal QM
    Med J Malaya, 1971 Sep;26(1):68-70.
    PMID: 4258581
    Matched MeSH terms: Thrombosis/etiology*
  4. Fulltext Mechanical thrombolysis as an adjunct therapy to management of portal vein thrombosis following Radio Frequency Ablation
    Hairol AO, Affirul CA, Azlanudin A, Zamri Z, Razman J, Choi SY
    Clin Ter, 2017 Jan-Feb;168(1):e5-e7.
    PMID: 28240755 DOI: 10.7417/CT.2017.1974
    Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has evolved to become the treatment of choice for non-resectable recurrent colorectal liver metastasis. It is however, not without complications. Portal vein thrombosis following RFA is rare but can be fatal to the outcome of the patient. Here, we present a case of a 66-year-old man who developed portal vein thrombosis following RFA. CT scan revealed a left portal vein thrombosis. This case report highlights the challenges and multimodal treatment of portal vein thrombosis following Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in a cirrhotic patient.
    Matched MeSH terms: Venous Thrombosis/therapy*
  5. Fulltext Familial antithrombin III deficiency in a Malay patient with massive thrombosis
    Wan Ab Rahman WS, Abdullah WZ, Hassan MN, Hussin A, Zulkafli Z, Haron J
    Malays J Pathol, 2017 Aug;39(2):197-200.
    PMID: 28866705 MyJurnal
    Patients with low antithrombin III (AT III) has increased risk for arteriovenous thromboembolic (TE) disease. We report a 28-year-old Malay lady who presented with spontaneous right calf pain and swelling of one week duration. She was on oral contraceptive pills and had a history of travelling for a long distance prior to the presentation. Her brother who was diagnosed with AT III deficiency had arterial thrombosis at a young age. She was diagnosed as having right popliteal vein thrombosis by ultrasound and treated with subcutaneous fondaparinux. While on treatment, she developed massive bilateral pulmonary embolism (PE). Thrombophilia study showed reduced AT III activity (38μl/dl) and normal results for protein C, protein S, activated protein C resistance and lupus anticoagulant assays. This patient has heterozygous AT III deficiency added with significant acquired factors responsible for the TE events. Those with AT III deficiency may have resistance to heparin therapy and require higher doses of heparin.
    Matched MeSH terms: Venous Thrombosis/genetics*
  6. Flow pattern analysis in type B aortic dissection patients after stent-grafting repair: Comparison between complete and incomplete false lumen thrombosis
    Wan Ab Naim WN, Ganesan PB, Sun Z, Lei J, Jansen S, Hashim SA, et al.
    Int J Numer Method Biomed Eng, 2018 05;34(5):e2961.
    PMID: 29331052 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.2961
    Endovascular stent graft repair has become a common treatment for complicated Stanford type B aortic dissection to restore true lumen flow and induce false lumen thrombosis. Using computational fluid dynamics, this study reports the differences in flow patterns and wall shear stress distribution in complicated Stanford type B aortic dissection patients after endovascular stent graft repair. Five patients were included in this study: 2 have more than 80% false lumen thrombosis (group 1), while 3 others had less than 80% false lumen thrombosis (group 2) within 1 year following endovascular repair. Group 1 patients had concentrated re-entry tears around the abdominal branches only, while group 2 patients had re-entry tears that spread along the dissection line. Blood flow inside the false lumen which affected thrombus formation increased with the number of re-entry tears and when only small amounts of blood that entered the false lumen exited through the branches. In those cases where dissection extended below the abdominal branches (group 2), patients with fewer re-entry tears and longer distance between the tears had low wall shear stress contributing to thrombosis. This work provides an insight into predicting the development of complete or incomplete false lumen thrombosis and has implications for patient selection for treatment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Thrombosis/surgery*
  7. Clinical characteristics and computed tomographical features of pulmonary thromboembolic disease associated with COVID-19 infection: A tertiary hospital analysis
    Tan TL, Illa NE, Ting SY, Hwong PL, Azmel A, Shunmugarajoo A, et al.
    Med J Malaysia, 2023 Mar;78(2):155-162.
    PMID: 36988524
    INTRODUCTION: The co-existence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pulmonary thromboembolic (PTE) disease poses a great clinical challenge. To date, few researches have addressed this important clinical issue among the South-East Asian populations. The objectives of this study were as follow: (1) to describe the clinical characteristics and computed tomographical (CT) features of patients with PTE disease associated with COVID-19 infection and (2) to compare these parameters with those COVID-19 patients without PTE disease.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study with retrospective record review was conducted in Hospital Tengku Ampuan Rahimah, Selangor, Malaysia. We included all hospitalised patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection who had undergone CT pulmonary angiogram (CTPA) examinations for suspected PTE disease between April 2021 and May 2021. Clinical data and laboratory data were extracted by trained data collectors, whilst CT images retrieved were analysed by a senior radiologist. Data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.

    RESULTS: We studied 184 COVID-19 patients who were suspected to have PTE disease. CTPA examinations revealed a total of 150 patients (81.5%) suffered from concomitant PTE disease. Among the PTE cohort, the commonest comorbidities were diabetes mellitus (n=78, 52.0%), hypertension (n=66, 44.0%) and dyslipidaemia (n=25, 16.7%). They were generally more ill than the non-PTE cohort as they reported a significantly higher COVID-19 disease category during CTPA examination with p=0.042. Expectedly, their length of both intensive care unit stays (median number of days 8 vs. 3; p=0.021) and hospital stays (median number of days 14.5 vs. 12; p=0.006) were significantly longer. Intriguingly, almost all the subjects had received either therapeutic anticoagulation or thromboprophylactic therapy prior to CTPA examination (n=173, 94.0%). Besides, laboratory data analysis identified a significantly higher peak C-reactive protein (median 124.1 vs. 82.1; p=0.027) and ferritin levels (median 1469 vs. 1229; p=0.024) among them. Evaluation of CT features showed that COVID-19 pneumonia pattern (p<0.001) and pulmonary angiopathy (p<0.001) were significantly more profound among the PTE cohort. To note, the most proximal pulmonary thrombosis was located in the segmental (n=3, 2.0%) and subsegmental pulmonary arteries (n=147, 98.0%). Also, the thrombosis predominantly occurred in bilateral lungs with multilobar involvement (n=95, 63.3%).

    CONCLUSION: Overall, PTE disease remains prevalent among COVID-19 patients despite timely administration of thromboprophylactic therapy. The presence of hyperinflammatory activities, unique thrombotic locations as well as concurrent pulmonary parenchyma and vasculature aberrations in our PTE cohort implicate immunothrombosis as the principal mechanism of this novel phenomenon. We strongly recommend future researchers to elucidate this important clinical disease among our post- COVID vaccination populations.

    Matched MeSH terms: Thrombosis*
  8. Fulltext COVID-19 Infection and Circulating Microparticles-Reviewing Evidence as Microthrombogenic Risk Factor for Cerebral Small Vessel Disease
    Che Mohd Nassir CMN, Hashim S, Wong KK, Abdul Halim S, Idris NS, Jayabalan N, et al.
    Mol Neurobiol, 2021 Aug;58(8):4188-4215.
    PMID: 34176095 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02457-z
    Severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) due to novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected the global society in numerous unprecedented ways, with considerable morbidity and mortality. Both direct and indirect consequences from COVID-19 infection are recognized to give rise to cardio- and cerebrovascular complications. Despite current limited knowledge on COVID-19 pathogenesis, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and coagulopathy appear to play critical roles in COVID-19-associated cerebrovascular disease (CVD). One of the major subtypes of CVD is cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) which represents a spectrum of pathological processes of various etiologies affecting the brain microcirculation that can trigger subsequent neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Prevalent with aging, CSVD is a recognized risk factor for stroke, vascular dementia, and Alzheimer's disease. In the background of COVID-19 infection, the heightened cellular activations from inflammations and oxidative stress may result in elevated levels of microthrombogenic extracellular-derived circulating microparticles (MPs). Consequently, MPs could act as pro-coagulant risk factor that may serve as microthrombi for the vulnerable microcirculation in the brain leading to CSVD manifestations. This review aims to appraise the accumulating body of evidence on the plausible impact of COVID-19 infection on the formation of microthrombogenic MPs that could lead to microthrombosis in CSVD manifestations, including occult CSVD which may last well beyond the pandemic era.
    Matched MeSH terms: Thrombosis/etiology*
  9. Cavernous sinus thrombosis secondary to sinusitis
    Amran M, Sidek DS, Hamzah M, Abdullah JM, Halim AS, Johari MR, et al.
    J Otolaryngol, 2002 Jun;31(3):165-9.
    PMID: 12121021
    Matched MeSH terms: Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis/diagnosis; Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis/drug therapy; Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis/etiology*
  10. Hemostatic abnormalities in nephrotic syndrome
    Abdullah R
    Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract., 1988 Jan;18(1):105-13.
    PMID: 3282374
    Nephrotic syndrome is often associated with a hypercoagulable state and thrombotic complications. Thrombosis may be due to a number of abnormalities in blood, including AT III deficiency, increased concentrations of fibrinogen, factors V and VIII, and platelet hyperaggregability. The therapeutic approach to thrombosis in nephrotic syndrome is the use of anticoagulants as a preventive measure or an attempt at thrombolysis with streptokinase, urokinase, or stanozolol.
    Matched MeSH terms: Thrombosis/drug therapy; Thrombosis/etiology; Thrombosis/veterinary*
  11. Fulltext A case of two common culprits causing pulmonary embolism
    Timothy, C.T.J., Mansor, A., Wengvei, C.T.K.
    JUMMEC, 2017;20(1):1-3.
    MyJurnal
    Pulmonary embolism is the obstruction of the pulmonary artery or its branches, commonly by thrombus or
    fat. We report an unusual case of double pathology - both pulmonary thromboembolism and fat embolism
    syndrome in a patient with bilateral femur and bilateral tibia fractures. This highlights the importance of a high
    index of suspicion of these conditions while managing patients with multiple long bone fractures. Morbidity
    and mortality can be significantly reduced with prompt and appropriate prevention strategies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Thrombosis
  12. Fulltext Persistent Brainstem Dysfunction in Long-COVID: A Hypothesis
    Yong SJ
    ACS Chem Neurosci, 2021 Feb 17;12(4):573-580.
    PMID: 33538586 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00793
    Long-COVID is a postviral illness that can affect survivors of COVID-19, regardless of initial disease severity or age. Symptoms of long-COVID include fatigue, dyspnea, gastrointestinal and cardiac problems, cognitive impairments, myalgia, and others. While the possible causes of long-COVID include long-term tissue damage, viral persistence, and chronic inflammation, the review proposes, perhaps for the first time, that persistent brainstem dysfunction may also be involved. This hypothesis can be split into two parts. The first is the brainstem tropism and damage in COVID-19. As the brainstem has a relatively high expression of ACE2 receptor compared with other brain regions, SARS-CoV-2 may exhibit tropism therein. Evidence also exists that neuropilin-1, a co-receptor of SARS-CoV-2, may be expressed in the brainstem. Indeed, autopsy studies have found SARS-CoV-2 RNA and proteins in the brainstem. The brainstem is also highly prone to damage from pathological immune or vascular activation, which has also been observed in autopsy of COVID-19 cases. The second part concerns functions of the brainstem that overlap with symptoms of long-COVID. The brainstem contains numerous distinct nuclei and subparts that regulate the respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and neurological processes, which can be linked to long-COVID. As neurons do not readily regenerate, brainstem dysfunction may be long-lasting and, thus, is long-COVID. Indeed, brainstem dysfunction has been implicated in other similar disorders, such as chronic pain and migraine and myalgic encephalomyelitis or chronic fatigue syndrome.
    Matched MeSH terms: Thrombosis/metabolism; Thrombosis/physiopathology*; Thrombosis/virology
  13. Arterial thrombosis and critical limb ischaemia in a case of nephrotic syndrome
    Koh KH, Tan C, Tan S, Ngu L
    Nephrology (Carlton), 2009 Sep;14(6):622.
    PMID: 19712262 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2008.01001.x
    Matched MeSH terms: Thrombosis/drug therapy; Thrombosis/etiology*
  14. Fulltext Elevated plasma tissue factor levels in neonates with umbilical arterial catheter-associated thrombosis
    Tay SP, Cheong SK, Boo NY
    Malays J Pathol, 2006 Jun;28(1):41-8.
    PMID: 17694958 MyJurnal
    Catheterization of the umbilical artery has been a useful aid in the management of sick neonates for the past few decades. However, it is associated with various complications. Reported studies strongly suggest a significant role of intravascular catheterization in the development of aortic thrombi. Increase in thrombosis of large vessels is believed to be related to mechanical injury in the catheterized vessels, which provide direct exposure of blood to tissue factor (TF), the primary cellular initiator of the extrinsic coagulation pathway. This study was conducted to determine the levels of plasma TF, tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) and D-dimer (DD) in infants with umbilical arterial catheter (UAC)-associated thrombosis. Quantification of TF was carried out using an in-house sandwich ELISA, whereas TFPI and DD levels were measured with commercial immunoassay kits. Infants with UAC inserted were found to have significantly higher levels of plasma TF (p < 0.001) than baseline levels. However, there were no significantly elevated levels of TFPI or DD. Infants with UAC-associated thrombosis demonstrated a greater increase of TF level (median: 414.5 pg/mL; range: -76.0, 6667.0) than infants without UAC-associated thrombosis (105.0 pg/mL; -976.0, 9480.0; p = 0.009) following UAC insertion. Our findings indicate that quantification and monitoring of TF levels could predict thrombus formation in infants with indwelling UAC. Following umbilical arterial catheterisation, infants with an approximately 3-fold rise in plasma TF levels were most at risk of developing abdominal aorta thrombosis as confirmed by real-time abdominal ultrasonography.
    Matched MeSH terms: Thrombosis/blood; Thrombosis/etiology*
  15. Follicular thyroid carcinoma with direct tumour extension into the great cervical veins and right atrium: is transcervical thrombectomy a safe option?
    Taib NA, Hisham AN
    Asian J Surg, 2007 Jul;30(3):216-9.
    PMID: 17638642
    Direct tumour extension into the internal jugular veins (IJV) and right atrium in thyroid cancer is extremely uncommon. We report three cases of advanced thyroid cancer invading into the IJV and right atrium. All three patients had well-differentiated thyroid cancer and presented with typical clinical picture of the superior cava syndrome coupled with significant compressive symptoms. Two patients had obvious tumour thrombus extending to the superior vena cava (SVC) and right atrium, whilst in one patient, the thrombus extended to the SVC close to the edge of the right atrium. In all three patients, the intraluminal tumour thrombus was clinically palpable. Involvement of the IJV, SVC and right atrium was confirmed with computed tomography (CT) scan and echocardiography. The decision to extract the thrombus transcervically was made on the basis of the positive "ring sign", which is a thin rim of contrast surrounding the tumour thrombus documented on CT. All three patients underwent total thyroidectomy with segmental resection and ligation of the IJV. The tumour thrombus was successfully extracted transcervically. The histopathology report confirmed follicular carcinoma in all three patients. Two patients had radioiodine ablation therapy postoperatively, and were well 18 months after operation. One patient who had lung metastases documented on chest CT succumbed to the disease due to massive haemoptysis 3 weeks after operation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Thrombosis/etiology*; Thrombosis/surgery*
  16. Fulltext The incidence of deep venous thrombosis following arthroscopic knee surgery
    Ng WM, Chan KY, Lim ABK, Gan EC
    Med J Malaysia, 2005 Jul;60 Suppl C:14-6.
    PMID: 16381276
    A prospective cohort study was undertaken at two centers to look for the incidence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) following knee arthroscopic surgery. Eighty-four patients who had 90 arthroscopic procedures were reviewed. The relevant risk factors: past or family history of DVT, smoking, oral contraceptives, body weight, haemoglobin level, platelet count, tourniquet time and type of anaesthesia were documented. All patients were subjected to preoperative and post-operative duplex ultrasound. Only one patient (1.2 %) was noted to have DVT involving the peroneal vein. We concluded that the incidence of DVT after knee arthroscopy was very low in this study population.
    Matched MeSH terms: Venous Thrombosis/etiology*; Venous Thrombosis/epidemiology
  17. Risk factors associated with umbilical vascular catheter-associated thrombosis in newborn infants
    Boo NY, Wong NC, Zulkifli SS, Lye MS
    J Paediatr Child Health, 1999 Oct;35(5):460-5.
    PMID: 10571759
    OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk factors associated with umbilical vascular catheter-associated thrombosis.

    METHODS: All consecutive inborn infants with umbilical arterial (UAC) and/or umbilical venous catheters (UVC) inserted for more than 6 h duration were included in the study. Each infant was screened for thrombosis in the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava by 2-D abdominal ultrasonography within 48-72 h of insertion of umbilical vascular catheters. Subsequent serial scanning was performed at intervals of every 5-7 days, and within 48 h after removal of catheters.

    RESULTS: Upon removal of umbilical catheters, abdominal aortic thrombi were detected in 32/99 (32.3%) infants with UAC. Small thrombi were detected in the inferior vena cava of 2/49 (4.1%) infants with UVC (one of whom had both UAC and UVC). When compared with those who received only UVC (n = 18), infants who received either UAC alone (n = 68) or both UAC and UVC (n = 31) had significantly higher risk of developing thrombosis (odds ratio (OR): 7.6, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1, 325.5)). Logistic regression analysis of various potential risk factors showed that the only significant risk factor associated with the development of abdominal aortic thrombosis following insertion of UAC was longer duration of UAC in situ (for every additional day of UAC in situ, adjusted OR of developing thrombosis was: 1.2, 95% CI: 1.1, 1.3; P = 0.002).

    CONCLUSION: Umbilical arterial catheter-associated thrombosis was common. Umbilical arterial catheter should be removed as soon as possible when not needed. Upon removal of UAC, all infants should be screened for abdominal aortic thrombus by 2-D ultrasonography.

    Matched MeSH terms: Venous Thrombosis/etiology*; Venous Thrombosis/pathology*
  18. Postoperative venous thromboembolism in Asia: a critical appraisal of its incidence
    Liew NC, Moissinac K, Gul Y
    Asian J Surg, 2003 Jul;26(3):154-8.
    PMID: 12925290
    Venous thromboembolism (VTE) has historically been perceived to be a rare disorder in Asia. However, new evidence has emerged recently that contradicts this perception. The question of routine VTE prophylaxis has been hotly debated in Asia due to disagreement on its incidence. We reviewed and analysed studies on postoperative VTE in Asian patients to determine if the condition was indeed rare and if the routine prophylactic measures as recommended by internationally accepted guidelines should be adopted in Asia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Venous Thrombosis/diagnosis; Venous Thrombosis/epidemiology*
  19. Fulltext Cerebral venous thrombosis: an unusual cause of complex ophthalmoplegia in an elderly man
    Ng, Benjamin Han Sim, Prakash Supahiah, Goh, Siew Yuen
    Borneo Journal of Medical Sciences, 2021;15(1):45-48.
    MyJurnal
    Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a neurological condition occurring because of thrombosis involving the cerebral venous sinuses. This case report is an unusual clinical manifestation of cerebral venous thrombosis in a 76-year-old Chinese man who presented with restricted eye movement and double vision. Despite extensive investigation, there was no better explanation for his clinical symptom and sign apart from cerebral venous thrombosis which was confirmed by magnetic resonance venography (MRV) of the brain. Once cerebral venous thrombosis was diagnosed, he was initiated on anticoagulation and discharged with oral warfarin. This case emphasizes the need to consider cerebral venous thrombosis as one of the rare causes of complex ophthalmoplegia especially when typical cardiovascular risk factors are lacking in an individual.
    Matched MeSH terms: Thrombosis; Venous Thrombosis; Intracranial Thrombosis
  20. Fulltext Role of Purinergic Signalling in Endothelial Dysfunction and Thrombo-Inflammation in Ischaemic Stroke and Cerebral Small Vessel Disease
    Lee NT, Ong LK, Gyawali P, Nassir CMNCM, Mustapha M, Nandurkar HH, et al.
    Biomolecules, 2021 07 06;11(7).
    PMID: 34356618 DOI: 10.3390/biom11070994
    The cerebral endothelium is an active interface between blood and the central nervous system. In addition to being a physical barrier between the blood and the brain, the endothelium also actively regulates metabolic homeostasis, vascular tone and permeability, coagulation, and movement of immune cells. Being part of the blood-brain barrier, endothelial cells of the brain have specialized morphology, physiology, and phenotypes due to their unique microenvironment. Known cardiovascular risk factors facilitate cerebral endothelial dysfunction, leading to impaired vasodilation, an aggravated inflammatory response, as well as increased oxidative stress and vascular proliferation. This culminates in the thrombo-inflammatory response, an underlying cause of ischemic stroke and cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). These events are further exacerbated when blood flow is returned to the brain after a period of ischemia, a phenomenon termed ischemia-reperfusion injury. Purinergic signaling is an endogenous molecular pathway in which the enzymes CD39 and CD73 catabolize extracellular adenosine triphosphate (eATP) to adenosine. After ischemia and CSVD, eATP is released from dying neurons as a damage molecule, triggering thrombosis and inflammation. In contrast, adenosine is anti-thrombotic, protects against oxidative stress, and suppresses the immune response. Evidently, therapies that promote adenosine generation or boost CD39 activity at the site of endothelial injury have promising benefits in the context of atherothrombotic stroke and can be extended to current CSVD known pathomechanisms. Here, we have reviewed the rationale and benefits of CD39 and CD39 therapies to treat endothelial dysfunction in the brain.
    Matched MeSH terms: Thrombosis/metabolism*; Thrombosis/pathology
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