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Fulltext The mediating role of procedural justice on the relationship between job analysis and employee performance in Jordan Industrial Estates

Khtatbeh MM, Mahomed ASB, Rahman SBA, Mohamed R

Heliyon, 2020 Oct;6(10):e04973.
PMID: 33083583 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04973

Job analysis and employees' perception of justice have a significant influence on employee performance within an organization. This study examined the relationships between job analysis, job performance, and procedural justice among local employees in Jordan Industrial Estates. The literature demonstrated gaps in knowledge regarding the relationships between these variables in developing countries, which are intended to be filled by this study. The study drew from the pay model and equity theory. Data were collected with a survey questionnaire from 690 Jordanian employees working in three industrial estates. The data were analyzed through structural equation modelling (SEM) using SPSS and AMOS software tools. The results indicated to a significant positive relationship between job analysis and job performance, job analysis and procedural justice, and a positive relationship between procedural justice and job performance. Also, it is found that procedural justice mediates the relationship between job analysis and job performance. It is expected that the results of this study would have an impact on employee's performance through the fair implementation of one of the human resources practices, namely, job analysis, and thus organizational performance. Also, it contributes to the body of knowledge and supports the mediating role of procedural justice in decisions taken within the organization.
Fulltext Irreversibility analysis of hydromagnetic nanofluid flow past a horizontal surface via Koo-Kleinstreuer-Li (KKL) model

Hussain SM, Shahzad F, Katbar NM, Jamshed W, Eid MR, Kamel A, et al.

Heliyon, 2023 Jul;9(7):e17668.
PMID: 37483748 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17668

The goal of this research is to investigate the effects of Ohmic heating, heat generation, and viscous dissipative flow on magneto (MHD) boundary-layer heat transmission flowing of Jeffrey nanofluid across a stretchable surface using the Koo-Kleinstreuer-Li (KKL) model. Engine oil serves as the primary fluid and is suspended with copper oxide nanomolecules. The governing equations that regulate the flowing and heat transmission fields are partial-differential equations (PDEs) that are then converted to a model of non-linear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) via similarity transformation. The resultant ODEs are numerically resolved using a Keller box technique via MATLAB software that is suggested. Diagrams and tables are used to express the effects of various normal liquids, nanomolecule sizes, magneto parameters, Prandtl, Deborah, and Eckert numbers on the velocity field and temperature field. The outcomes display that the copper oxide-engine oil nanofluid has a lower velocity, drag force, and Nusselt number than the plain liquid, although the introduction of nanoparticles raises the heat. The heat transference rate is reduced by Eckert number, size of nanomolecules, and magneto parameter rising. Whilst, Deborah number is shown to enhance both the drag-force factor and the heat transfer rate. Furthermore, the discoveries reported are advantageous to upgrading incandescent lighting bulbs, heating, and cooling equipment, filament-generating light, energy generation, multiple heating devices, and other similar devices.
Fulltext Pathway to global elimination of hepatitis B: HBV cure is just the first step

Howell J, Seaman C, Wallace J, Xiao Y, Scott N, Davies J, et al.

Hepatology, 2023 Sep 01;78(3):976-990.
PMID: 37125643 DOI: 10.1097/HEP.0000000000000430

Hepatitis B (HBV) is a major cause of global morbidity and mortality, and the leading cause of liver cancer worldwide. Significant advances have recently been made toward the development of a finite HBV treatment that achieves permanent loss of HBsAg and HBV DNA (so-called "HBV cure"), which could provide the means to eliminate HBV as a public health threat. However, the HBV cure is just one step toward achieving WHO HBV elimination targets by 2030, and much work must be done now to prepare for the successful implementation of the HBV cure. In this review, we describe the required steps to rapidly scale-up future HBV cure equitably. We present key actions required for successful HBV cure implementation, integrated within the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Health Sector Strategy (GHSS) 2022-2030 framework. Finally, we highlight what can be done now to progress toward the 2030 HBV elimination targets using available tools to ensure that we are preparing, but not waiting, for the cure.
Erratum to: Asian-Pacific consensus statement on the management of chronic hepatitis B: a 2012 update

Liaw YF, Kao JH, Piratvisuth T, Chan HL, Chien RN, Liu CJ, et al.

Hepatol Int, 2012 Oct;6(4):809-10.
PMID: 26201529 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-012-9386-z
Asian-Pacific consensus statement on the management of chronic hepatitis B: a 2012 update

Liaw YF, Kao JH, Piratvisuth T, Chan HL, Chien RN, Liu CJ, et al.

Hepatol Int, 2012 Jun;6(3):531-61.
PMID: 26201469 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-012-9365-4

Large volume of new data on the natural history and treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection have become available since 2008. These include further studies in asymptomatic subjects with chronic HBV infection and community-based cohorts, the role of HBV genotype/naturally occurring HBV mutations, the application of non-invasive assessment of hepatic fibrosis and quantitation of HBV surface antigen and new drug or new strategies towards more effective therapy. To update HBV management guidelines, relevant new data were reviewed and assessed by experts from the region, and the significance of the reported findings was discussed and debated. The earlier "Asian-Pacific consensus statement on the management of chronic hepatitis B" was revised accordingly. The key terms used in the statement were also defined. The new guidelines include general management, indications for fibrosis assessment, time to start or stop drug therapy, choice of drug to initiate therapy, when and how to monitor the patients during and after stopping drug therapy. Recommendations on the therapy of patients in special circumstances, including women in childbearing age, patients with antiviral drug resistance, concurrent viral infection, hepatic decompensation, patients receiving immune suppression or chemotherapy and patients in the setting of liver transplantation and hepatocellular carcinoma, are also included.
Fulltext APASL clinical practice guideline on hepatitis B reactivation related to the use of immunosuppressive therapy

Lau G, Yu ML, Wong G, Thompson A, Ghazinian H, Hou JL, et al.

Hepatol Int, 2021 Oct;15(5):1031-1048.
PMID: 34427860 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-021-10239-x

BACKGROUND & AIM: Hepatitis B reactivation related to the use of immunosuppressive therapy remains a major cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality in hepatitis B endemic Asia-Pacific region. This clinical practice guidelines aim to assist clinicians in all disciplines involved in the use of immunosuppressive therapy to effectively prevent and manage hepatitis B reactivation.
METHODS: All publications related to hepatitis B reactivation with the use of immunosuppressive therapy since 1975 were reviewed. Advice from key opinion leaders in member countries/administrative regions of Asian-Pacific Association for the study of the liver was collected and synchronized. Immunosuppressive therapy was risk-stratified according to its reported rate of hepatitis B reactivation.
RECOMMENDATIONS: We recommend the necessity to screen all patients for hepatitis B prior to the initiation of immunosuppressive therapy and to administer pre-emptive nucleos(t)ide analogues to those patients with a substantial risk of hepatitis and acute-on-chronic liver failure due to hepatitis B reactivation.
Correction to: APASL clinical practice guideline on hepatitis B reactivation related to the use of immunosuppressive therapy

Lau G, Yu ML, Wong G, Thompson A, Ghazinian H, Hou JL, et al.

Hepatol Int, 2022 Jan 25.
PMID: 35076895 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-022-10301-2
Fulltext Asian-Pacific clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatitis B: a 2015 update

Sarin SK, Kumar M, Lau GK, Abbas Z, Chan HL, Chen CJ, et al.

Hepatol Int, 2016 Jan;10(1):1-98.
PMID: 26563120 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-015-9675-4

Worldwide, some 240 million people have chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV), with the highest rates of infection in Africa and Asia. Our understanding of the natural history of HBV infection and the potential for therapy of the resultant disease is continuously improving. New data have become available since the previous APASL guidelines for management of HBV infection were published in 2012. The objective of this manuscript is to update the recommendations for the optimal management of chronic HBV infection. The 2015 guidelines were developed by a panel of Asian experts chosen by the APASL. The clinical practice guidelines are based on evidence from existing publications or, if evidence was unavailable, on the experts' personal experience and opinion after deliberations. Manuscripts and abstracts of important meetings published through January 2015 have been evaluated. This guideline covers the full spectrum of care of patients infected with hepatitis B, including new terminology, natural history, screening, vaccination, counseling, diagnosis, assessment of the stage of liver disease, the indications, timing, choice and duration of single or combination of antiviral drugs, screening for HCC, management in special situations like childhood, pregnancy, coinfections, renal impairment and pre- and post-liver transplant, and policy guidelines. However, areas of uncertainty still exist, and clinicians, patients, and public health authorities must therefore continue to make choices on the basis of the evolving evidence. The final clinical practice guidelines and recommendations are presented here, along with the relevant background information.
Allele HLA-DQB1*06 reduces fibrosis score in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Tan HL, Zain SM, Eng HS, Mohamed Z, Mahadeva S, Chan WK, et al.

Hepatology research : the official journal of the Japan Society of Hepatology, 2020 May 14.
PMID: 32410320 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13525

AIM: Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) regions were highlighted as important genetic markers for various liver diseases by hepatology-related genome-wide association studies. Replication studies in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are limited and none has investigated the association of HLA alleles with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and other histological characteristics. In the current study, we examined the association of HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 alleles with NAFLD spectrum and its histological characteristics.
METHODS: Consecutive biopsy-proven NAFLD patients (n = 191) and healthy controls (n = 188) were enrolled and genotyped for HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 alleles using the sequence-specific oligonucleotide-polymerase chain reaction method.
RESULTS: No association was found between the HLA alleles and NAFLD or NASH in a case-control setting. Nevertheless, among NAFLD patients, the frequency of HLA-DQB1*06 allele was significantly the lowest in NASH with significant fibrosis (10.4%) and approximately similar for NASH without significant fibrosis (22.9%) and NAFL (22.5%) (P = 0.004). It is noteworthy that the association remains significant after correction for multiple comparisons (Pc = 0.04). Multivariate analysis revealed that HLA-DQB1*06 allele is also associated with fibrosis score (P = 0.001); the result remains significant after correction for multiple comparisons.
CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that HLA-DQB1*06 is associated with lower fibrosis score in NAFLD patients.
Fulltext A multi-ethnic study of a PNPLA3 gene variant and its association with disease severity in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Zain SM, Mohamed R, Mahadeva S, Cheah PL, Rampal S, Basu RC, et al.

Hum Genet, 2012 Jul;131(7):1145-52.
PMID: 22258181 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-012-1141-y

The adiponutrin (PNPLA3) rs738409 polymorphism has been found to be associated with susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in various cohorts. We further investigated the association of this polymorphism with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) severity and with histological features of NAFLD. A total of 144 biopsy-proven NAFLD patients and 198 controls were genotyped for PNPLA3 gene polymorphism (rs738409 C>G). The biopsy specimens were histologically graded by a qualified pathologist. We observed an association of G allele with susceptibility to NAFLD in the pooled subjects (OR 2.34, 95% CI 1.69-3.24, p < 0.0001), and following stratification, in each of the three ethnic subgroups, namely Chinese, Indian and Malay (OR 1.94, 95% CI 1.12-3.37, p = 0.018; OR 3.51, 95% CI 1.69-7.26, p = 0.001 and OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.25-3.35, p = 0.005, respectively). The G allele is associated with susceptibility to NASH (OR 2.64, 95% CI 1.85-3.75, p < 0.0001), with NASH severity (OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.05-3.26, p = 0.035) and with presence of fibrosis (OR 1.95, 95% CI 1.17-3.26, p = 0.013) but not with simple steatosis nor with other histological parameters. Although the serum triglyceride level is significantly higher in NAFLD patients compared to controls, the G allele is associated with decreased level of triglycerides (p = 0.029) in the NAFLD patients. Overall, the rs738409 G allele is associated with severity of NASH and occurrence of fibrosis in patients with NAFLD.
Genome-wide prediction and annotation of Burkholderia pseudomallei AraC/XylS family transcription regulator

Lim BS, Chong CE, Zamrod Z, Nathan S, Mohamed R

In Silico Biol. (Gedrukt), 2007;7(4-5):389-97.
PMID: 18391231

Many members of the AraC/XylS family transcription regulator have been proven to play a critical role in regulating bacterial virulence factors in response to environmental stress. By using the Hidden Markov Model (HMM) profile built from the alignment of a 99 amino acid conserved domain sequence of 273 AraC/XylS family transcription regulators, we detected a total of 45 AraC/XylS family transcription regulators in the genome of the Gram-negative pathogen, Burkholderia pseudomallei. Further in silico analysis of each detected AraC/XylS family transcription regulatory protein and its neighboring genes allowed us to make a first-order guess on the role of some of these transcription regulators in regulating important virulence factors such as those involved in three type III secretion systems and biosynthesis of pyochelin, exopolysaccharide (EPS) and phospholipase C. This paper has demonstrated an efficient and systematic genome-wide scale prediction of the AraC/XylS family that can be applied to other protein families.
In silico identification and characterization of a putative phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase (PIP5K) gene in Eimeria tenella

Ling KH, Loo SS, Rosli R, Shamsudin MN, Mohamed R, Wan KL

In Silico Biol. (Gedrukt), 2007;7(1):115-21.
PMID: 17688436

Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinases (PIP5Ks) play diverse roles in the cellular biology of many organisms, including signal transduction, secretion and vesicular trafficking, and regulation of cytoskeleton assembly. Discovery of the PIP5K gene in Eimeria tenella may shed light on its role in the biology of this avian protozoan, and afford further understanding of the cell-host interaction, particularly during the invasion process. In this study, we report the identification of the PIP5K coding region in the genome sequence of Eimeria tenella using in silico gene prediction approaches. Prediction of the PIP5K coding sequence was confirmed by mapping the full-length cDNA sequence, generated via the Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (RACE) method, to the genomic sequence. The putative PIP5K gene of Eimeria tenella is located on the complementary strand of the E1080B12.b1 contig, and comprises 12 exons. Further analysis showed that the coding region spans from exon 1 to exon 7, with all exons obeying the adopted 'gt...ag' splicing rule of intronic sequences. Consensus of the hexameric 5' donor-splice site was deduced as GTRDBB... and the consensus for the 3' acceptor-splice sites as ...BHDYAG. The gene encodes a 252-amino acid residue protein. Domain search and protein fold recognition analyses provide compelling evidences that the deduced protein is a PIP5K.
In silico analysis of Burkholderia pseudomallei genome sequence for potential drug targets

Chong CE, Lim BS, Nathan S, Mohamed R

In Silico Biol. (Gedrukt), 2006;6(4):341-6.
PMID: 16922696

Recent advances in DNA sequencing technology have enabled elucidation of whole genome information from a plethora of organisms. In parallel with this technology, various bioinformatics tools have driven the comparative analysis of the genome sequences between species and within isolates. While drawing meaningful conclusions from a large amount of raw material, computer-aided identification of suitable targets for further experimental analysis and characterization, has also led to the prediction of non-human homologous essential genes in bacteria as promising candidates for novel drug discovery. Here, we present a comparative genomic analysis to identify essential genes in Burkholderia pseudomallei. Our in silico prediction has identified 312 essential genes which could also be potential drug candidates. These genes encode essential proteins to support the survival of B. pseudomallei including outer-inner membrane and surface structures, regulators, proteins involved in pathogenenicity, adaptation, chaperones as well as degradation of small and macromolecules, energy metabolism, information transfer, central/intermediate/miscellaneous metabolism pathways and some conserved hypothetical proteins of unknown function. Therefore, our in silico approach has enabled rapid screening and identification of potential drug targets for further characterization in the laboratory.
Fulltext Fatal Delayed Haemolytic Transfusion Reaction and Hyperhaemolysis Syndrome in a Pregnant Woman with Sickle Cell Anaemia

Asnawi AW, Sathar J, Mohamed R, Deraman R, Kumaran S, Hamid SS, et al.

Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus, 2016 Jun;32(Suppl 1):251-3.
PMID: 27408406 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-014-0495-9

Clinical manifestations of sickle cell disease (SCD) arise from the tendency of the sickle haemoglobin to polymerize and deform red blood cells into the characteristic sickle shape. Sickle cell crisis is a devastating complication that may occur in patients with SCD. If not managed properly permanent organ damage and even death may be the final outcome. A case of a 32-year-old Nigerian lady, Gravida 1 Para 0 in her first trimester, with SCD who developed signs and symptoms of delayed haemolytic transfusion reaction after receiving packed red cell transfusion is demonstrated. Multiple red cell alloantibodies were detected in the patient's plasma; anti-Fy a, anti-Jk b and anti-E. The patient miscarriaged and succumbed to complications of hyperhaemolysis with delayed haemolytic transfusion reaction, acute chest syndrome and renal failure. There is an urgent need for mandatory red cell antibody screen and identification especially in high-risk cases. Prevention of alloimmunization by supplying phenotype-specific red cells is also required.
Fulltext Assessing the burden of pneumonia using administrative data from Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines

Azmi S, Aljunid SM, Maimaiti N, Ali AA, Muhammad Nur A, De Rosas-Valera M, et al.

Int J Infect Dis, 2016 May 24;49:87-93.
PMID: 27235085 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.05.021

To describe the incidence, mortality, cost, and length of stay (LOS) of hospitalized community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) in three Southeast Asian countries: Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines.
Fulltext Cadmium toxicity induced alterations in the root proteome of green gram in contrasting response towards iron supplement

Muneer S, Hakeem KR, Mohamed R, Lee JH

Int J Mol Sci, 2014;15(4):6343-55.
PMID: 24739807 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15046343

Cadmium signifies a severe threat to crop productivity and green gram is a notably iron sensitive plant which shows considerable variation towards cadmium stress. A gel-based proteomics analysis was performed with the roots of green gram exposed to iron and cadmium combined treatments. The resulting data show that twenty three proteins were down-regulated in iron-deprived roots either in the absence (-Fe/-Cd) or presence (-Fe/+Cd) of cadmium. These down-regulated proteins were however well expressed in roots under iron sufficient conditions, even in the presence of cadmium (+Fe/+Cd). The functional classification of these proteins determined that 21% of the proteins are associated with nutrient metabolism. The other proteins in higher quantities are involved in either transcription or translation regulation, and the rest are involved in biosynthesis metabolism, antioxidant pathways, molecular chaperones and stress response. On the other hand, several protein spots were also absent in roots in response to iron deprivation either in absence (-Fe/-Cd) or presence (-Fe/+Cd) of cadmium but were well expressed in the presence of iron (+Fe/+Cd). Results suggest that green gram plants exposed to cadmium stress are able to change the nutrient metabolic balance in roots, but in the mean time regulate cadmium toxicity through iron supplements.
Sexual education in malaysia: accepted or rejected?

Mohd Mutalip SS, Mohamed R

Iran J Public Health, 2012;41(7):34-9.
PMID: 23113207

BACKGROUND: Introduction to sexual education in schools was suggested by the Malaysian government as one of the effort taken in the aim to reduce the sexual-related social problems among Malaysian teenagers nowadays. This study was proposed in the aim to determine the rate of acceptance among adolescents on the implementation of sexual education in schools.
METHODS: This study was conducted using questionnaires distributed to 152 pre-degree students in Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Kampus Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. Obtained data were statistically analyzed.
RESULTS: Almost half (49.3%) of the respondents agreed that sexual education might help to overcome the social illness among school teenagers. Besides, a large number (77.6%) of respondents also agreed that this module should be incorporated with other core subjects compare to the feedback received on the implementation of this module on its own (28.9%).
CONCLUSION: These results have provided some insight towards the perception of sexual education among the teenagers. Since most of the respondents agreed with this idea, so it might be a sign that the implementation of sexual education is almost accepted by the adolescents.
Fulltext Use of simple scoring systems for a public health approach in the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients

Zain SM, Tan HL, Mohamed Z, Chan WK, Mahadeva S, Basu RC, et al.

JGH Open, 2020 Dec;4(6):1155-1161.
PMID: 33319051 DOI: 10.1002/jgh3.12414

Background and Aim: Advanced fibrosis is the most important predictor of liver-related mortality in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic performance of noninvasive scoring systems in identifying advanced fibrosis in a Malaysian NAFLD cohort and propose a simplified strategy for the management of NAFLD in a primary care setting.
Methods: We enrolled and reviewed 122 biopsy-proven NAFLD patients. Advanced fibrosis was defined as fibrosis stages 3-4. Noninvasive assessments included aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase (AST/ALT) ratio, AST-to-platelet ratio index (APRI), AST/ALT ratio, diabetes (BARD) score, fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) score, and NAFLD fibrosis score.
Results: FIB-4 score had the highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) and negative predictive value (NPV) of 0.86 and 94.3%, respectively, for the diagnosis of advanced fibrosis. FIB-4 score
Fulltext Risk factors of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in lean body mass population: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Alam S, Eslam M, Skm Hasan N, Anam K, Chowdhury MAB, Khan MAS, et al.

JGH Open, 2021 Nov;5(11):1236-1249.
PMID: 34816009 DOI: 10.1002/jgh3.12658

The pathophysiology and risk factors of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) among lean patients is poorly understood and therefore investigated. We performed a meta-analysis of observational studies. Of 1175 articles found through searching from Medline/PubMed, Banglajol, and Google Scholar by two independent investigators, 22 were selected. Data from lean (n = 6768) and obese (n = 9253) patients with NAFLD were analyzed; lean (n = 43 398) and obese (n = 9619) subjects without NAFLD served as controls. Age, body mass index, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) had significantly higher estimates in lean NAFLD patients than in lean non-NAFLD controls. Fasting blood sugar [MD(mean difference) 5.17 mg/dl, 95% CI(confidence interval) 4.14-6.16], HbA1c [MD 0.29%, 95% CI 0.11-0.48], and insulin resistance [HOMA-IR] [MD 0.49 U, 95% CI 0.29-0.68]) were higher in lean NAFLD patients than in lean non-NAFLD controls. All components of the lipid profile were raised significantly in the former group except high-density lipoprotein. An increased uric acid (UA) level was found to be associated with the presence of NAFLD among lean. Cardio-metabolic profiles of nonlean NAFLD patients significantly differs from the counter group. However, the magnitude of the difference of lipid and glycemic profile barely reached statistical significance when subjects were grouped according to lean and nonlean NAFLD. But DBP (slope: 0.19, P
Phage display of recombinant antibodies toward Burkholderia pseudomallei exotoxin

Nathan S, Li H, Mohamed R, Embi N

J. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Biophys., 2002 Feb;6(1):45-53.
PMID: 12186782

We have used the phagemid pComb3H to construct recombinant phages displaying the single chain variable fragment (ScFv) towards exotoxin of Burkholderia pseudomallei. Variable heavy and light chain fragments were amplified from the hybridoma 6E6A8F3B line, with a wide spectrum of primers specific to mouse antibody genes. Through overlapping extension polymerase chain reaction, the heavy and light chain fragments were linked to form the ScFv which was subsequently cloned into the phage display vector and transformed into ER2537 cells to yield a complexity of 10(8) clones. The transformants were screened by four rounds of biopanning against the exotoxin and resulted in selective enrichment of exotoxin-binding antibodies by 301 fold. The phage pool from the final round of selection displayed antibodies of high-affinity to the exotoxin as demonstrated by ELISA. Several clones were selected randomly from this pool and analysed by restriction enzyme digestion, fingerprinting and sequencing. Restriction analysis confirmed that all clones carried a 700-800 bp insert whose sequences, in general, corresponded to that of mouse IgG. Fingerprinting profiles delineated the antibodies into two families with different CDR sequences.

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