Displaying publications 61 - 80 of 103 in total

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  1. Fulltext Gangguan penglihatan dan kualiti hidup warga emas di pusat jagaan
    Rokiah Omar, Knight, Victor Feizal, Nur Zakiah Mohd Saat, Sazlina Kamaralzaman, Sharifah N. Syed Alwi
    Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 2011;9(1):23-27.
    MyJurnal
    Fungsi penglihatan dipengaruhi oleh proses penuaan dan tanpa intervensi yang bersesuaian boleh mengakibatkan kemerosotan tahap penglihatan. Keadaan ini jika berterusan akan mengakibatkan kesukaran melakukan aktiviti kehidupan seharian dan memberi kesan kepada kualiti hidup kepada warga emas. Kajian ini mengkaji kesan gangguan penglihatan terhadap aktiviti harian dan kualiti hidup warga emas. Ukuran yang dilakukan ialah tahap penglihatan jauh menggunakan carta LogMAR untuk menilai gangguan penglihatan. Ujian kualiti hidup dilaksanakan menggunakan soalan kualiti hidup penglihatan terhad (LVQOL) dan ujian keupayaan melakukan aktiviti harian menggunakan indeks Barthel (BI). Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa gangguan fungsi penglihatan bertambah teruk dengan peningkatan umur, begitu juga didapati bahawa BI berkurangan apabila fungsi penglihatan merosot. Skor kualiti hidup LVQOL pula berkurangan bersama-sama kemerosotan tahap penglihatan. Tiga puluh lima peratus warga emas dalam kajian ini memerlukan intervensi optometri dan penglihatan terhad, Kesimpulannya, kemerosotan tahap fungsi penglihatan di kalangan warga emas boleh menyebabkan penurunan keupayaan dalam melakukan aktiviti harian. Di samping itu, akuiti visual yang tidak dibetulkan akan menyebabkan penurunan kualiti hidup warga emas.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bivalvia
  2. Fulltext Hubungan antara determinasi kendiri, personaliti big five dengan motivasi pencapaian dan pencapaian akademik
    Fatimahwati H
    Jurnal Psikologi Malaysia, 2016;30:114-126.
    This study aims to examine the interrelationship of self-determination, the big five, achievement motivation and academic achievement among students. This questionnaire survey study involving 150 students from the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, The National University of Malaysia. The data obtained in this study were analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Instrument that has been used was Learning Self-Regulation Questionnaire (SRQ-L), Big Five Inventory (BFI), and achievement motivation scale (CLAMS). The results showed that the autonomous regulation (r =.40) and controlled regulation (r =.43) were significantly related to achievement motivation. Results also showed that the autonomous regulation (r =.45) and controlled regulation (r =.29) were significantly related to academic achievement. Correlation results also show that the big five personalities, that openness (r =.62), conscientiousness (r =.56), extraversion (r =.61), agreeableness (r =.43) and neuroticism (r =1.58) were significantly related to achievement motivation. The results showed openness (r =.31), conscientiousness (r =.44), extraversion (r =.30), agreeableness (r =.22) and neuroticism (r = -.23) were significantly related to academic achievement. In general, this study explains that self-determination and big five personalities can be used to predict the relationship with achievement motivation and academic achievement.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bivalvia
  3. Analysis of the Job Descriptive Index (JDI) using convergent and discriminant validity
    Wan Shahrazad WS, Ariffin Hj Z, Mohd AS
    Jurnal Psikologi Malaysia, 2010;olume 24:137-149.
    Isu kepuasan kerja telah menjadi fokus banyak kajian dalam psikologi industri dan organisasi kerana ia merupakan satu petunjuk kepada pencapaian tinggi. Banyak instrumen psikologi telah dibina untuk mengukur kepuasan kerja dan satu daripadanya ialah Job Descriptive Index (JDI). Kajian ini bertujuan menilai aspek psikometrik Job Descriptive Index (JDI) khususnya kesahan konvergen dan diskriminan. Sejumlah 366 responden dipilih dalam kalangan pegawai polis yang berkhidmat sebagai pegawai keselamatn di satu organisasi. Mereka diminta menjawab JDI. Analisis statistik yang digunakan ilah kolerasi Pearson, alfa Cronbach dan analisis multitret-multimetod menggunakan pekali W. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa JDI mempunyai kesahan konvergen yang memuaskan dengan lima subskala Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ). Dapatan ini jelas menunjukkan bukti kesahan gagasan telah diperoleh dalam analisis matriks multitret-multimetod. Disamping itu, JDI juga menunjukkan kesahan kriteria dengan kolerasi signifikan di antara kepuasan kerja dan komitmen organisasi. Bukti-bukti kesahan gagasan dan kriteria ini disokong oleh keputusan alfa cronbach yang tinggi menunjukkan bahawa ia adalah satu instrumen yang mempunyai kesahan dan kebolehpercayaan untuk mengukur kepuasan kerja.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bivalvia
  4. The protective effect of nano calcium produced from freshwater clam shells on the histopathological overview of the liver and kidneys of mice exposed to mercury toxins
    Srie Rahayu SY, Aminingsih T, Fudholi A
    J Trace Elem Med Biol, 2022 May;71:126963.
    PMID: 35231878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.126963
    BACKGROUND AND AIM: Freshwater clam shells nanoparticles powder is one of the uses of freshwater clams that can manufacture instant granular mineral supplements. This product can be used as a supplement to detoxify heavy metal toxins, such as Mercury. Mercury is an element that is detectable in all environmental media. Adults and children receive the most Mercury from food, air, and water intake. The majority of Mercury in the environment comes from the waste from mining activities and the metal industry. Mercury was found widely in the biosphere and is known as a dangerous hepatotoxicant. This study aimed to describe the hepatoprotective role of nano minerals (Ca, Mg, and Zn) produced from freshwater clam shells against mercury acetate poisoning in mice.

    MATERIAL AND METHODS: The mice were divided randomly into a control group (aqua bidest and mercury acetate) and an experimental group for this purpose. The experimental mice group was given orally nano Ca supplementation in three dose groups (9 mg, 18 mg, and 27 mg/200 g animal body weight) once a day for 21 consecutive days. The mice are then given mercury acetate (1300 µg/200 g animal body weight intraperitoneally) on the 21st day. One hour after giving the nano Ca supplement, the mice's blood was taken. Liver and kidney were autopsied two days later to check quantitative and qualitative changes caused by mercury concentrations in liver and kidney histopathologies.

    RESULTS: The results demonstrated the importance of nano Ca supplementation before mercury acetate induction, which has been shown to reduce necrotic depletion and hepatocyte degeneration.

    CONCLUSION: Nano Ca supplementation has decreased the concentration of Hg in the blood of mice so that it can be used as a potential health supplement to detoxify mercury toxins.

    Matched MeSH terms: Bivalvia*
  5. Reduction of COD and ammoniacal nitrogen from stabilized landfill leachate by using green mussel and zeolite as composite adsorbent
    Detho A, Daud Z, Rosli MA, Awang H
    J Air Waste Manag Assoc, 2022 01;72(1):69-75.
    PMID: 33689591 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2021.1894267
    Landfill leachate is a liquid generated due to rainwater percolation through the waste in a landfill or dumping site that may contain high levels of organic matter, both biodegradable and non-biodegradable, which are the major sources of water pollution. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH3-N) contents have been relevant indicators of severity and pollution potential of landfill leachate. The reductions of COD and NH3-N were investigated in this study using different combinations of media ratios of green mussel (GM) and zeolite (ZEO). Generally, ZEO is considered as a renowned adsorbent but with a relatively high in cost. In Malaysia, mussel shell is abundantly available as a by-product from the seafood industry, is regarded as waste, and is mostly left at the dumpsite to naturally deteriorate. Its quality and availability make GMs a cost-effective material. In this research study, leachate samples were characterized and found to contain high concentrations of COD and NH3-N. The adsorption process was conducted to find out the best combination media ratio between GM and ZEO. The removing efficiency was determined at different amounts of composite media ratios. The optimal adsorbent mixture ratios between (GM: ZEO) of 1.0:3.0 and 1.5:2.5 were considered as a more efficient technique in removing COD and NH3-N compared to exploiting these adsorbents individually. The optimal extenuation removal reduction was found at an approximately 65% of COD and 78% of NH3-N. The adsorption Isotherm Langmuir model exhibited a better fit with high regression coefficient for COD (R2 = 0.9998) and NH3-N (R2 = 0.9875), respectively. This means that the combination of GM: ZEO adsorption of landfill leachate in this analysis is homogeneous with the monolayer. The mixture of GMs and ZEO was observed to provide an alternative medium for the reduction of COD and NH3-N with comparatively lower cost.Implications: The concentration of organic constituents (COD) and ammoniacal nitrogen in stabilized landfill leachate have significantly strong influences of human health and the environment. The combination of mixing media green mussel and zeolite adsorbent enhancing organic constituents (COD) and ammoniacal nitrogen reduction efficiency from leachate. This would be greatly applicable in future research as well as conventionally minimizing high cost materials like zeolite, thereby lowering the operating cost of leachate treatment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bivalvia*
  6. The distribution of uranium and thorium in samples taken from different polluted marine environment
    Akyil S, Yusof AM
    J Hazard Mater, 2007 Jun 1;144(1-2):564-9.
    PMID: 17141412
    Concentrations of uranium and thorium in seawater, sediment and some marine species taken from along the coastal areas of Malaysia were determined spectrophotometrically. The uranium and thorium concentrations in seawater were found to vary ranging from 1.80 to 4.1 and 0.14 to 0.88 microg/L, respectively. The concentration of uranium in sediment samples was reported to range from 3.00 to 6.60 microg/g while those of thorium were slightly lower ranging from 0.01 to 0.68 microg/g. The uptake of uranium and thorium in marine species was found to be rather low. Similar variations in total alpha activities in samples were also observed with the total alpha activities relatively lower than the beta activities in most samples.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bivalvia/metabolism*
  7. Distribution of mercury in sediments, plant and animal tissues in Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve, Malaysia
    Wolswijk G, Satyanarayana B, Dung LQ, Siau YF, Ali ANB, Saliu IS, et al.
    J Hazard Mater, 2020 04 05;387:121665.
    PMID: 31784131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121665
    Charcoal production activities at the Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve (MMFR) in Peninsular Malaysia have a potential to emit volatile compounds such as Hg back into the ambient environment, raising concerns on the public health and safety. The present study was aimed at analyzing Hg concentration from different plant/animal tissues and sediment samples (in total 786 samples) to understand clearly the Hg distribution at the MMFR. Leaves of Rhizophora spp. showed higher Hg concentration with an increasing trend from young, to mature, to senescent and decomposing stages, which was possibly due to accumulation of Hg over time. The low Hg concentration in Rhizophora roots and bark suggests a limited absorption from the sediments and a meagre accumulation/partitioning by the plant tissue, respectively. In the case of mangrove cockles the concentration of Hg was lower than the permissible limits for seafood consumption. Although the mangrove gastropod - Cassidula aurisfelis Bruguière had rather elevated Hg in the muscle tissue, it is still less than the environmental safely limit. Beside the chances of atmospheric deposition for Hg, the sediment samples were found to be unpolluted in nature, indicating that in general the MMFR is still safe in terms of Hg pollution.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bivalvia/chemistry
  8. Inner shell as variation key of local hard clam Meretrix spp
    Hamli H, Idris MH, Abu Hena MK, Rajaee AH, Arshad A
    J Environ Biol, 2016 07;37(4 Spec No):641-6.
    PMID: 28779722
    The morphology and 12 shell morphometric features proportionate to shell length were analysed between local hard clam; Meretrix lyrata, M. meretrix and M. lusoria from Sarawak, Malaysia. Meretrix spp. was observed to comprise a unique feature of a pallial sinus scar for each species. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among Meretrix spp. using proportion ratios of SL for SW; LL; AL; LCT; AW; PW and PS (p<0.05). Cluster analysis among morphometric features of M. lyrata, M. meretrix and M. lusoria were discriminated at 98.5% similarities and supported by the principal component analysis. The present study suggests that pallial sinus scar shape, together with interior and exterior morphometric features, were suitable as identification keys for Meretrix spp. Hence, the present study emphasizes on the application of interior, rather than exterior morphology and morphometric features in hard clam identification before further investigation can be performed through genetic identification means.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bivalvia/anatomy & histology; Bivalvia/classification*
  9. Transient isotachophoresis-capillary zone electrophoresis with contactless conductivity and ultraviolet detection for the analysis of paralytic shellfish toxins in mussel samples
    Abdul Keyon AS, Guijt RM, Bolch CJ, Breadmore MC
    J Chromatogr A, 2014 Oct 17;1364:295-302.
    PMID: 25223612 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.08.074
    The accumulation of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) in contaminated shellfish is a serious health risk making early detection important to improve shellfish safety and biotoxin management. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has been proven as a high resolution separation technique compatible with miniaturization, making it an attractive choice in the development of portable instrumentation for early, on-site detection of PSTs. In this work, capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detector (C(4)D) and UV detection were examined with counter-flow transient isotachophoresis (tITP) to improve the sensitivity and deal with the high conductivity sample matrix. The high sodium concentration in the sample was used as the leading ion while l-alanine was used as the terminating electrolyte (TE) and background electrolyte (BGE) in which the toxins were separated. Careful optimization of the injected sample volume and duration of the counter-flow resulted in limit of detections (LODs) ranging from 74.2 to 1020 ng/mL for tITP-CZE-C(4)D and 141 to 461 ng/mL for tITP-CZE-UV, an 8-97 fold reduction compared to conventional CZE. The LODs were adequate for the analysis of PSTs in shellfish samples close to the regulatory limit. Intra-day and inter-day repeatability values (percentage relative standard deviation, n=3) of tITP-CZE-C(4)D and tITP-CZE-UV methods for both migration time and peak height were in the range of 0.82-11% and 0.76-10%, respectively. The developed method was applied to the analysis of a contaminated mussel sample and validated against an Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC)-approved method for PSTs analysis by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection (FLD) after pre-column oxidation of the sample. The method presented has potential for incorporation in to field-deployable devices for the early detection of PSTs on-site.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bivalvia/chemistry*
  10. Simulation of improper food hygiene practices: A quantitative assessment of Vibrio parahaemolyticus distribution
    Malcolm TTH, Chang WS, Loo YY, Cheah YK, Radzi CWJWM, Kantilal HK, et al.
    Int J Food Microbiol, 2018 Nov 02;284:112-119.
    PMID: 30142576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.08.012
    Kitchen mishandling practices contribute to a large number of foodborne illnesses. In this study, the transfer and cross-contamination potential of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from bloody clams to ready-to-eat food (lettuce) was assessed. Three scenarios were investigated: 1) direct cross-contamination, the transfer of V. parahaemolyticus from bloody clams to non-food contact surfaces (hands and kitchen utensils) to lettuce (via slicing), was evaluated; 2) perfunctory decontamination, the efficacy of two superficial cleaning treatments: a) rinsing in a pail of water, and b) wiping with a kitchen towel, were determined; and 3) secondary cross-contamination, the microbial transfer from cleaning residuals (wash water or stained kitchen towel) to lettuce was assessed. The mean of percent transfer rates through direct contact was 3.6%, and an average of 3.5% of total V. parahaemolyticus was recovered from sliced lettuce. The attempted treatments reduced the transferred population by 99.0% (rinsing) and 94.5% (wiping), and the relative amount of V. parahaemolyticus on sliced lettuce was reduced to 0.008%. V. parahaemolyticus exposure via secondary cross-contamination was marginal. The relative amount of V. parahaemolyticus recovered from washed lettuce was 0.07%, and the transfers from stained kitchen towel to lettuce were insubstantial. Our study highlights that V. parahaemolyticus was readily spread in the kitchen, potentially through sharing of non-food contact surfaces. Results from this study can be used to better understand and potentially raising the awareness of proper handling practices to avert the spread of foodborne pathogens.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bivalvia/microbiology
  11. Fulltext A Commentary on the Use of Bivalve Mollusks in Monitoring Metal Pollution Levels
    Yap CK, Sharifinia M, Cheng WH, Al-Shami SA, Wong KW, Al-Mutairi KA
    Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2021 Mar 25;18(7).
    PMID: 33805997 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073386
    The objective of this commentary is to promote the use of bivalves as biomonitors, which is a part of the continual efforts of the International Mussel Watch. This commentary is an additional discussion on "Bivalve mollusks in metal pollution studies: From bioaccumulation to biomonitoring" by Zuykov et al., published in Chemosphere 93, 201-208. The present discussion can serve as a platform for further insights to provide new thoughts and novel ideas on how to make better use of bivalves in biomonitoring studies. The certainty of better and more extensive applications of mollusks in environmental monitoring in the future is almost confirmed but more studies are urgently needed. With all the reported studies using bivalves as biomonitors of heavy metal pollution, the effectiveness of using Mussel Watch is beyond any reasonable doubts. The challenge is the development of more accurate methodologies for of heavy metal data interpretation, and the precision of the biomonitoring studies using bivalves as biomonitors, whether in coastal or freshwater ecosystems. Lastly, inclusion of human health risk assessment of heavy metals in commercial bivalves would make the research papers of high public interest.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bivalvia*
  12. Fulltext Molecular characterisation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus carrying tdh and trh genes using ERIC-, RAPD- and BOX-PCR on local Malaysia bloody clam and Lala
    Yoke-Kqueen, C., Teck-Ee, K., Son, R, Yoshitsugu, N., Mitsuaki, N.
    International Food Research Journal, 2013;20(6):3299-3305.
    MyJurnal
    Molecular typing methods have been widely applied for many purposes. In this study, such methods were adopted as DNA fingerprinting tools to determine the origin and divergence of virulent Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains found in local seafood. Although not all strain carry virulent tdh and trh gene, increasing prevalence demands an effective fingerprinting scheme which can constantly monitor and trace the sources of such emerging food pathogens. By using ERIC-, RAPD-, and BOX-PCR methods, 33 Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from local Malaysia bloody clam (Anadara granosa) and Lala (Orbicularia orbiculata) with confirmed presence of tdh and trh gene were characterised, followed by determination of clonal relatedness among virulent strains using cluster analysis and discriminatory index. This study also involved application of Immunomagnetic Separation (IMS) Method which significantly improved the specificity of strain isolation. Cluster analysis using Unweighted Pair Group Mathematical Averaging (UPGMA) and Dice Coefficient shown clustering according to isolation food source, IMS level and haemolysin gene possessed. Nevertheless, different DNA fingerprinting methods generated different clustering at different similarity cut-off percentage, regardless as individual or as composite dendrograms. ERIC- and RAPD-PCR composite fingerprinting relatively shown the highest discriminatory index at following similarity cutoff percentage: 0.68 at 50%; 0.83 at 65%; and 0.93 at 75%. Discriminatory power increased with similarity cut-off percentage. However, result also suggested that BOX-PCR might be an effective fingerprinting tool, as it generated three clusters with no single-colony isolate at 70% similarity cut-off. This study not only achieved its objective to determine clonal relatedness among virulent strains from local seafood via characterisation, but also speculated the best possible combination of molecular typing methods to effectively do so.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bivalvia
  13. Fulltext Optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis of cockle (Anadara Granosa) meat wash water precipitate for the development of seafood flavor
    Haslaniza, H., Maskat, M. Y, Wan Aida, W. M., Mamot, S., Saadiah, I.
    International Food Research Journal, 2013;20(6):3053-3059.
    MyJurnal
    Cockle (Anadara granosa) meat wash water precipitate was hydrolyzed using bromelain. Experiments were carried out to determine optimum conditions for temperature, enzyme concentration and hydrolysis time using response surface methodology (RSM) based on a central composite rotatable design (CCRD) to obtain the highest value of nitrogen content (NC) and degree of hydrolysis (DH). Results revealed that the optimum conditions for temperature, enzyme concentration and hydrolysis time were 33.7°C, 1.45% (E/S) and 28.42 hrs, respectively. At the optimum condition, hydrolysis of cockle meat wash water precipitate using bromelain resulted in a NC of 0.6% and DH of 48%. The NC and DH were significantly influenced by temperature, enzyme concentration and hydrolysis time. When the bromelain concentration, hydrolysis time and temperature were increased, the values of NC and DH also increased. The hydrolysate produced contained flavor compounds found in clam and oyster which were 3-methylbutanol and 1-pentanol. The compound 3-MCPD was not found in the hydrolysate.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bivalvia
  14. Fulltext Incidence and antibiogram of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in processed and frozen bivalve mollusks in Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
    Tang, J.Y.H., Wan-Rosli, W.F., Abdul-Razak, N.H., Yeo, C.C., Abu Bakar, C.A., Son, R.
    International Food Research Journal, 2014;21(4):1349-1353.
    MyJurnal
    This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and antibiogram of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in processed bivalve molluscs in Kuala Terengganu. A total of 80 seafood samples, namely mussels (n=20), carpet clams (n=20), cockles (n=20) and scallops (n=20), were subjected to PCR and conventional plating method for the detection of V. parahaemolyticus. V. parahaemolyticus was found in green mussels (55%), carpet clam (80%), cockles (40%) and scallops (55%). Fifty-five V. parahaemolyticus isolates were subjected to 9 types antibiotic sensitivity test using discs diffusion method. All isolates were susceptible to Tetracycline and Gentamycin. Isolates showed high resistance towards Vancomycin (52.73%), Penicillin (45.45%) and Amplicillin (32.73%). Resistance towards Amikacin, Ciprofloxacin and Norfloxacin were found to be 1.82%. It can be concluded that local bivalve molluscs were contaminated with V. parahaemolyticus and isolates showed resistance towards certain antibiotics. Therefore, consumption of raw or semi-cooked bivalve molluscs is not advisable.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bivalvia
  15. Fulltext Rapid isolation of genomic DNA from Asian green-lipped mussel (Perna viridis) for random amplified microsatellite polymorphism
    Chai, L.C., Fatimah, C.A., Norhisyam, M.S., Rozila, A., Nadzirah, A.S., Natasha, L.H.Y.
    International Food Research Journal, 2009;16(1):113-118.
    MyJurnal
    The objective of the present study was to develop a rapid, reliable and yet inexpensive protocol for genomic DNA extraction from frozen and ethanol-preserved Asian green-lipped mussels for random amplified microsatelite (RAM) analysis. The procedure comprised of three major steps: (1) Tissue degradation by boiling in 6% Chelex 100 resin in TE buffer; (2) Protein digestion by Proteinase K; and (3) DNA precipitation by adding 2 volumes of cold absolute ethanol. The entire procedure can be completed within two hours. The resulting RAM profiles were clear and reproducible. Our results demonstrate that the combined protocol of Chelex 100-Proteinase K-ethanol precipitation is a powerful yet economical DNA isolation method for population genetic studies involving a large sample size.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bivalvia
  16. Fulltext Review article : hepatitis A virus – a general overview
    Yong HT, Son R
    International Food Research Journal, 2009;16(4):455-467.
    MyJurnal
    Hepatitis A virus infection occurs globally and is causing a public health concern, primarily in developing countries due to its persistent circulation in the environment. The improved sanitary condition and increase in awareness of personal hygiene have led to the marked reduction of HAV prevalence in industrialized countries during childhood and to a shift of the infection towards adulthood. HAV is an environmentally stable, positive single stranded RNA virus that is primarily transmitted by the fecal-oral route, person to person contact or ingestion of contaminated food and drink. One of the main causes leading to HAV infection is epidemiologically linked to the consumption of raw or undercooked shellfish particularly oysters and clams. Due to their filter-feeding style, these shellfishes readily concentrate viruses from the surrounding water containing municipal sewage, and as a consequence pose a health threat to consumers. Therefore, development of detection techniques possessing the requisite sensitivity and specificity for the practical routine monitoring purposes is of great importance necessary for the protection of shellfish-consuming public. Nucleic acid based method such as reverse transcription PCR has emerged as the popular method of choice in view of its rapidity, accuracy and
    sensitivity in contrary of the time-consuming conventional cell culture and hybridization techniques. However, detection of hepatitis A virus is firstly hampered by the non-cytophatic effect of wild type HAV strain, secondly, the low concentration of viral genome present in the environmental sample which requires effective isolation and concentration of virions and lastly the labor-extensive purification and thorough removal of the abundance of the PCR inhibitors which will unfavorably reduce the efficiency of PCR detection.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bivalvia
  17. Fulltext Evaluation of β-Cyclodextrin masking effect on the bitterness of Angelwing Clam (Pholas Orientalis) Hydrolysate
    Normah, I., Nurul Fasihah, R.
    International Food Research Journal, 2017;24(4):1500-1506.
    MyJurnal
    Angelwing clam (Pholas orientalis) hydrolysate was prepared by hydrolysis using bromelain. The hydrolysate named as bromelain hydrolysate (BH) was then treated with β-cyclodextrin in the ratio of 1:0.8 (v/w) by physical mixing and kneading methods producing the physical mixed hydrolysate (PMH) and kneaded method hydrolysate (KMH), respectively. The masking effect of β-cyclodextrin on bitterness was evaluated based on sensory analysis, amino acid analysis and determination of flavor compound by gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). Sensory analysis showed that KMH has least bitter taste compared to BH. Amino acids analysis showed that hydrophobic amino acids content that contributed to the bitter taste were lower in KMH and PMH compared to BH. GC-MS analysis also showed that benzothiazole compounds were present in KMH. The absence of benzene, 1-phenyl-4-2-(2-cyano-2-phenylethyl) in KMH and PMH indicated that phenylalanine in BH had been masked by β-cyclodextrin. FESEM showed that the new solid phase formed by kneading method has a crystal structure which was completely different from the original morphology of BH and β-cyclodextrin. Therefore, the bitterness in BH had successfully been masked by β-cyclodextrin, thus indicates its potential to be used as food ingredient..
    Matched MeSH terms: Bivalvia
  18. Fulltext Physicochemical properties of mud clam (Polymesoda erosa) hydrolysates obtained using different microbial enzymes
    Normah, I., Noorasma, M.
    International Food Research Journal, 2015;22(3):1103-1111.
    MyJurnal
    Physicochemical properties of mud clam (Polymesoda erosa) hydrolysate produced using two microbial enzymes; alcalase and flavourzyme were determined. Hydrolysis using alcalase at 20.28% degree of hydrolysis (DH) resulted in 25.06 % yield and 45.37% protein while flavourzyme hydrolysis showed 22.93 % DH, 46.67 % protein and 30.68 % yield. Both hydrolysates were yellowish. Better emulsifying properties, foaming properties and water and oil holding capacity were exhibited by flavourzyme hydrolysate compared to the alcalase hydrolysate. However, in terms of amino acid composition, alcalase hydrolysate contained higher amino acid composition (75.06%) than flavourzyme hydrolysate (62.37%). The study suggested that mud clam hydrolysate had the potential to be used in food formulations for human consumption.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bivalvia
  19. De novo assembly and characterization of foot transcriptome and microsatellite marker development for Paphia textile
    Chen X, Li J, Xiao S, Liu X
    Gene, 2016 Jan 15;576(1 Pt 3):537-43.
    PMID: 26546834 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.11.001
    Paphia textile is an important, aquaculture bivalve clam species distributed mainly in China, Philippines, and Malaysia. Recent studies of P. textile have focused mainly on artificial breeding and nutrition analysis, and the transcriptome and genome of P. textile have rarely been reported. In this work, the transcriptome of P. textile foot tissue was sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq™ 2000 platform. A total of 20,219,795 reads were generated, resulting in 4.08 Gb of raw data. The raw reads were cleaned and assembled into 54,852 unigenes with an N50 length of 829 bp. Of these unigenes, 38.92% were successfully annotated based on their matches to sequences in seven public databases. Among the annotated unigenes, 14,571 were assigned Gene Ontology terms, 5448 were classified to Clusters of Orthologous Groups categories, and 6738 were mapped to 228 pathways in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database. For functional marker development, 5605 candidate simple sequence repeats were identified in the transcriptome and 80 primer pairs were selected randomly and amplified in a wild population of P. textile. A total of 36 loci that exhibited obvious repeat length polymorphisms were detected. The transcriptomic data and microsatellite markers will provide valuable resources for future functional gene analyses, genetic map construction, and quantitative trait loci mapping in P. textile.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bivalvia/genetics*
  20. Prevalence of diatom frustules in non-vegetarian foodstuffs and its implications in interpreting identification of diatom frustules in drowning cases
    Yen LY, Jayaprakash PT
    Forensic Sci Int, 2007 Jul 20;170(1):1-7.
    PMID: 17023133
    Detection of diatom frustules in bone marrow (diatom test) is used for diagnosing ante-mortem drowning where the usual signs of drowning are not present in dead bodies recovered from water. However, controversies over the reliability of diatom test results are continuing. There have been indications on the possibilities of diatoms entering into systemic circulation from atmospheric air, food and drink. While diatoms have been demonstrated in the gut content of edible marine forms such as shrimps and clams, the present study, for the first time, provides empirical evidence on the prevalence as well as abundance of diatom frustules in the samples of cooked non-vegetarian foodstuffs that impend human consumption in Kelantan, Malaysia. It is found that 50 g each of cleaned and cooked prawns and of clams impending human consumption contain about 8360 and 29,054 diatom frustules, respectively. A person accustomed to prawn and clam food would be ingesting an estimated 2 million diatoms in a single year. Considering the suggestion that detection of five diatom frustules in 10 g of bone marrow would suffice for concluding drowning as mode of death, and the fact that there is yet no proof that diatom frustules do not enter into the human systemic circulation through the digestive tract, the estimated number of diatom frustules routinely ingested acquires significance since entry of a few of such ingested frustules into the systemic circulation can lead to false positive test results. The findings of this research raise two important issues: first, population based routine food related diatom ingestion requires to be estimated, and, second, studies have to be initiated to categorically prove or disprove the possibility of entry of diatom frustules into the systemic circulation via the digestive tract.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bivalvia/microbiology
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