Displaying publications 61 - 80 of 127 in total

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  1. Fulltext Protective effects of defatted dabai peel extracts in hypercholesterolemic rabbits based on histopathological methods
    Hock, Eng Khoo, Azrina Azlan, Amin Ismail, Al-Sheraji, Sadek Hassan
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2015;11(2):59-68.
    MyJurnal
    Defatted dabai peel contains a high amount of anthocyanin. Anthocyanins are known to prevent several
    types of disease, including cardiovascular-related complications. This study aimed to describe the
    effects of different doses of defatted dabai peel extract by histopathological analyses on lesions in the
    liver, kidney, heart and aorta. Histopathology methods were applied to determine the protective effects
    of defatted dabai peel extracts against hypercholesterolemia-induced oxidative damages to animal
    organs. Haematoxylin and eosin staining was applied for histopathology examination for liver, kidney,
    heart and aorta. Data showed that a high dose of defatted dabai extract (3000 mg per day) applied to
    hypercholesterolemic rabbits for eight weeks had mild protective effect, especially reducing the severity
    of hepatic fibrosis and steatosis of the renal medulla. The high dose of extract supplementation also
    reduced inflammation of aorta and formation of atherosclerosis plaque in the cell wall of right ventricle
    of the heart. The high dose of defatted dabai peel extract could be a protective agent against oxidative
    stress.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypercholesterolemia
  2. Fulltext Lactobacillus plantarum DR7 Reduces Cholesterol via Phosphorylation of AMPK That Down-regulated the mRNA Expression of HMG-CoA Reductase
    Lew LC, Choi SB, Khoo BY, Sreenivasan S, Ong KL, Liong MT
    Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour, 2018 Apr;38(2):350-361.
    PMID: 29805284 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2018.38.2.350
    Hypercholesterolemia is one of the primary risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. The use of lactobacilli probiotics to reduce blood cholesterol levels have been extensively reported. However, more information is needed to evaluate the possible mechanisms involved and to identify possible targets for further therapeutic development. In this study, strains of lactobacilli were screened based on the ability to assimilate cholesterol, and prevention of cholesterol accumulation in hepatic (HepG2) and intestinal (HT-29) cells. Cell free supernatant (CFS) from Lactobacillus plantarum DR7 showed a higher ability to assimilate cholesterol, reduction in cholesterol accumulation in both HepG2 and HT-29 cells, accompanied by reduced mRNA expression of HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) in HepG2 (p<0.05), compared to other lactobacilli. The reduction of HMGCR expression was also diminished in the presence of an AMPK inhibitor (Compound C), suggesting that L. plantarum DR7 exerted its effect via the AMPK pathway, typically via the phosphorylation of AMPK instead of the AMPK mRNA expression in HepG2 (p<0.05). Altogether, our present study illustrated that lactobacilli could exert cholesterol lowering properties along the AMPK pathway, specifically via phosphorylation of AMPK that led to reduced expression of HMGCR.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypercholesterolemia
  3. A case-control study on the association of abdominal obesity and hypercholesterolemia with the risk of colorectal cancer
    Ulaganathan V, Kandiah M, Shariff ZM
    J Carcinog, 2018;17:4.
    PMID: 30294246 DOI: 10.4103/jcar.JCar_2_18
    BACKGROUND: Obesity has frequently been associated with the dyslipidemic state and with the risk of various chronic diseases.

    OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between obesity and blood lipids with a risk of colorectal cancer (CRC).

    METHODOLOGY: Histologically confirmed CRC patients from five local hospitals were matched with cancer-free controls for age, gender, and ethnicity (n = 140: 280). The study participants underwent physical assessment for the presence of obesity and 10 mL of fasting blood was drawn for blood lipid analysis.

    RESULTS: In this study, abdominal obesity significantly doubled the risk of CRC (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] =1.69, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1-2.83). Hypercholesterolemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) increased the risk of CRC more than twofolds (AOR = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.7-3.9 and AOR = 3.8, 95% CI = 2.3-6.3, respectively). Abdominal obesity and hypercholesterolemia synergically doubled the risk of CRC (AOR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1-4). Low-HDL has shown no synergic association with other dyslipidemic states with an increased CRC risk.

    CONCLUSION: Improving abdominal obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and low HDL may be a clinically relevant strategy to reduce the risk of CRC among Malaysians.

    Matched MeSH terms: Hypercholesterolemia
  4. Fulltext Morbidity patterns and healthcare utilisation among older people in Malaysia: 1996-2015
    NoorAni A, Rajini S, Balkish MN, Noraida MK, SMaria A, Fadhli MY, et al.
    Public Health, 2018 Aug 16;163:105-112.
    PMID: 30121437 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2018.06.018
    OBJECTIVE: This article examines the trends in morbidities and healthcare utilisation in Malaysian older people aged 60 years and above.
    STUDY DESIGN: This is a repeated cross-sectional study.
    METHODS: Data from three nation-wide community-based surveys, which were conducted in 1996, 2006, and 2015 were analysed. Multivariate analysis was performed for 2015 data to identify factors associated with healthcare utilisation.
    RESULTS: Analysis noted increasing trends in the prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia and obesity from 1996 to 2015. Decreasing trends were noted in the prevalence of current smokers and drinkers over this 20-year period, whereas health service utilisation increased with age in all surveys. In 2015, both inpatient and outpatient care are significantly associated with increasing age and diabetes.
    CONCLUSIONS: Increasing trends of health problems and healthcare utilisation were observed among older people in Malaysia. Policymakers should plan for appropriate resources to meet the challenges of an ageing population in Malaysia.
    Study name: National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS-1996, NHMS-2006, NHMS-2015)
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypercholesterolemia
  5. Lipid-lowering treatment in hypercholesterolaemic patients: the CEPHEUS Pan-Asian survey
    Park JE, Chiang CE, Munawar M, Pham GK, Sukonthasarn A, Aquino AR, et al.
    Eur J Prev Cardiol, 2012 Aug;19(4):781-94.
    PMID: 21450606 DOI: 10.1177/1741826710397100
    BACKGROUND: Treatment of hypercholesterolaemia in Asia is rarely evaluated on a large scale, and data on treatment outcome are scarce. The Pan-Asian CEPHEUS study aimed to assess low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) goal attainment among patients on lipid-lowering therapy.
    METHODS: This survey was conducted in eight Asian countries. Hypercholesterolaemic patients aged ≥18 years who had been on lipid-lowering treatment for ≥3 months (stable medication for ≥6 weeks) were recruited, and lipid concentrations were measured. Demographic and other clinically relevant information were collected, and the cardiovascular risk of each patient was determined. Definitions and criteria set by the updated 2004 National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines were applied.
    RESULTS: In this survey, 501 physicians enrolled 8064 patients, of whom 7281 were included in the final analysis. The mean age was 61.0 years, 44.4% were female, and 85.1% were on statin monotherapy. LDL-C goal attainment was reported in 49.1% of patients overall, including 51.2% of primary and 48.7% of secondary prevention patients, and 36.6% of patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia. The LDL-C goal was attained in 75.4% of moderate risk, 55.4% of high risk, and only 34.9% of very high-risk patients. Goal attainment was directly related to age and inversely related to cardiovascular risk and baseline LDL-C.
    CONCLUSION: A large proportion of Asian hypercholesterolaemic patients on lipid-lowering drugs are not at recommended LDL-C levels and remain at risk for cardiovascular disease. Given the proven efficacy of lipid-lowering drugs in the reduction of LDL-C, there is room for further optimization of treatments to maximize benefits and improve outcomes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypercholesterolemia/blood; Hypercholesterolemia/drug therapy*; Hypercholesterolemia/ethnology
  6. Fulltext Ethnic characteristics of coronary heart disease risk factors and mortality in peninsular Malaysia
    Khor GL
    Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 1994 Jun;3(2):93-8.
    PMID: 24351241
    The types and prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors vary somewhat among the three main ethnic groups in peninsular Malaysia. Indians consistently show the highest prevalence for hypercholesterolemia and diabetes mellitus. Among the Malays, a relatively high prevalence of hypertension and hypertriglyceridemia have been reported. Overweight is also a risk factor among the Indians and Malays. In general, Chinese tend to have a lower prevalence for these CHD risk factors than the Indians and Malays. Parallel to the rapid socio-economic development and urbanization in recent decades is a rise in the percentage of deaths due to cardiovascular disease in peninsular Malaysia, that is from 1.8% of total deaths from all causes in 1950 to about 30% in 1991. Coronary heart disease accounts for 40% of all cardiovascular diseases. The mortality rate for CHD has more than doubled between 1965 and 1991, from 24.6 per 100 000 to 57.2. While Indians have been showing the highest CHD mortality rate so far, that of the Malays has been increasing most rapidly since 1970, concomitant with the latter's increase in their proportion of the urban population in peninsular Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypercholesterolemia
  7. Fulltext Trends and dietary implications of some chronic non-communicable diseases in peninsular Malaysia
    Khor GL, Gan CY
    Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 1992 Sep;1(3):159-68.
    PMID: 24323170
    Non-communicable diseases with dietary implications, ischaemic heart disease, diabetes mellitus and cancers of the breast and colon are discussed in relation to their prevalence and mortality rates in peninsular Malaysia during the past few decades. The mortality rate due to diseases of the circulatory system has more than doubled since 1970, deaths due to ischaemic heart disease being the major cause. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus has risen from 0.65% in 1960 to about 4% currently. The mortality risk for both ischaemic heart disease and diabetes is highest in the Indian compared to Malay and Chinese populations. The Chinese show the highest mortality rate for cancers of the breast and colon. This could reflect, partly, because more people especially in the urban areas are seeking treatment and improved diagnosis. Empirical dietary data indicate an increase in the prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia among urban adults and overweight among urban and rural adults. Aggregate data from food balance sheets indicate increased availability of energy intake from fats and oils, sugar, and animal products, with concomitant decline in available energy from plant products. Continued public health education on the important linkage between diet and disease is called for.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypercholesterolemia
  8. Fulltext Utilization of complementary and alternative medicine in multiethnic population: The Malaysian Cohort Study
    Abdullah N, Borhanuddin B, Patah AEA, Abdullah MS, Dauni A, Kamaruddin MA, et al.
    J Evid Based Integr Med, 2018 4 14;23:2515690X18765945.
    PMID: 29651870 DOI: 10.1177/2515690X18765945
    BACKGROUND: This study aimed to identify the factors of CAM usage for general health and to determine the factors associated with the usage of different types of CAM after the diagnosis of chronic diseases among The Malaysian Cohort participants.
    METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study derived from The Malaysian Cohort (TMC) project, a prospective population-based cohort aged between 35 to 65 years old that recruited from April 2006 to September 2012. Association between the CAM usage and contributing factors were determined via logistic regression.
    RESULTS: The sample were mostly female (58.1%), Malays (43.1%), came from urban (71.9%), aged 44 years and below (26.8%) and had secondary education (45.9%). The prevalence of CAM usage varied across diseases; 62.8% in cancer patients, 53.3% in hypercholesterolemia, 49.4% in hypertensives and 48.6% in diabetics. General CAM usage was greater among female (OR: 1.54, 95% CI: 1.49, 1.59), Chinese (OR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.12, 1.19), those with higher education (OR: 3.12, 95% CI: 3.00, 3.25), urban residents (OR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.50, 1.61) and older people (OR ranging from 1.15 to 1.75) while for post-diagnosis of chronic diseases usage, the odds were higher among those with lower education and living in rural areas.
    CONCLUSION: Health status, educational level, age, living location and types of chronic diseases were significant factors that influence CAM usage for the intent of either health maintenance or disease treatment. Further exploration on CAM safety and benefit are crucial to minimize the adverse effect and to ensure the efficacy of CAM product.
    Study name: The Malaysian Cohort (TMC) project
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypercholesterolemia
  9. Dietary supplementation of defatted kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) seed meal and its phenolics-saponins rich extract effectively attenuates diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in rats
    Chan KW, Ismail M, Mohd Esa N, Imam MU, Ooi J, Khong NMH
    Food Funct, 2018 Feb 21;9(2):925-936.
    PMID: 29313544 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo01109a
    Kenaf is one of the important commercial fiber crops worldwide and defatted kenaf seed meal (DKSM) is a secondary by-product from the kenaf industry. Thus, efforts to turn this low-cost agricultural waste into value-added functional food ingredients will definitely bring advantageous impacts to the community health, environment and economy. The present study was aimed to investigate the cardioprotective properties of DKSM and its phenolics-saponins rich extract (PSRE) in diet-induced hypercholesterolemic rat model. Hypercholesterolemia was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats via atherogenic diet feeding and dietary interventions were conducted by incorporating DKSM (15% and 30%) and equivalent levels of PSRE (2.3% and 4.6%, respectively, equivalent to the total content of phenolics and saponins in DKSM groups) into the atherogenic diets. After 10 weeks of DKSM and PSRE supplementation, the hepatosomatic index, hepatosteatosis, serum lipid profile, Castelli risk indexes as well as hepatic and renal functions of hypercholesterolemic rats were significantly improved (p < 0.05). Besides, the levels of hepatic Hmgcr and serum Pcsk9 were lowered, along with transcriptional upregulations of hepatic Cyp7a1, Abca1, Lcat, ApoA2 and ApoE (p < 0.05). The gene expression of hepatic Ldlr was marginally enhanced by DKSM supplementation (p > 0.05), but superiorly upregulated by PSRE (p < 0.05). The combined results showed that hypercholesterolemia and the atherogenic risk in rats were effectively attenuated by DKSM and PSRE supplementation, possibly via modulations of multiple vital processes in hepatic cholesterol metabolism. Furthermore, phenolics and saponins may be the bioactives conferring DKSM and PSRE with their anti-hypercholesterolemic properties. In conclusion, DKSM and PSRE are prospective cardioprotective functional food ingredients for hypercholesterolemic individuals.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypercholesterolemia/drug therapy*; Hypercholesterolemia/genetics*; Hypercholesterolemia/metabolism
  10. Fulltext Brain proteomics links oxidative stress with metabolic and cellular stress response proteins in behavioural alteration of Alzheimer's disease model rats
    Rahman MA, Hossain S, Abdullah N, Aminudin N
    AIMS Neurosci, 2019;6(4):299-315.
    PMID: 32341985 DOI: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2019.4.299
    Alzheimer's disease (AD) impairs memory and learning related behavioural performances of the affected person. Compared with the controls, memory and learning related behavioural performances of the AD model rats followed by hippocampal proteomics had been observed in the present study. In the eight armed radial maze, altered performance of the AD rats had been observed. Using liquid chromatography coupled tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), 822 proteins had been identified with protein threshold at 95.0%, minimum peptide of 2 and peptide threshold at 0.1% FDR. Among them, 329 proteins were differentially expressed with statistical significance (P < 0.05). Among the significantly regulated (P < 0.05) 329 proteins, 289 met the criteria of fold change (LogFC of 1.5) cut off value. Number of proteins linked with AD, oxidative stress (OS) and hypercholesterolemia was 59, 20 and 12, respectively. Number of commonly expressed proteins was 361. The highest amount of proteins differentially expressed in the AD rats were those involved in metabolic processes followed by those linked with OS. Most notable was the perturbed state of the cholesterol metabolizing proteins in the AD group. Current findings suggest that proteins associated with oxidative stress, glucose and cholesterol metabolism and cellular stress response are among the mostly affected proteins in AD subjects. Thus, novel therapeutic approaches targeting these proteins could be strategized to withstand the ever increasing global AD burden.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypercholesterolemia
  11. Fulltext In Vivo Hypocholesterolemic Effect of MARDI Fermented Red Yeast Rice Water Extract in High Cholesterol Diet Fed Mice
    Yeap SK, Beh BK, Kong J, Ho WY, Mohd Yusof H, Mohamad NE, et al.
    Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2014;2014:707829.
    PMID: 25031606 DOI: 10.1155/2014/707829
    Fermented red yeast rice has been traditionally consumed as medication in Asian cuisine. This study aimed to determine the in vivo hypocholesterolemic and antioxidant effects of fermented red yeast rice water extract produced using Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI) Monascus purpureus strains in mice fed with high cholesterol diet. Absence of monacolin-k, lower level of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), higher content of total amino acids, and antioxidant activities were detected in MARDI fermented red yeast rice water extract (MFRYR). In vivo MFRYR treatment on hypercholesterolemic mice recorded similar lipid lowering effect as commercial red yeast rice extract (CRYR) as it helps to reduce the elevated serum liver enzyme and increased the antioxidant levels in liver. This effect was also associated with the upregulation of apolipoproteins-E and inhibition of Von Willebrand factor expression. In summary, MFRYR enriched in antioxidant and amino acid without monacolin-k showed similar hypocholesterolemic effect as CRYR that was rich in monacolin-k and GABA.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypercholesterolemia
  12. Fulltext Can Yellow Stripe Scad Compete with Salmon on Its Role in Platelet Phospholipid Membrane and Its Cardiovascular Benefits?
    Yakubu A, Azlan A, Loh SP, Md Noor S
    J Obes, 2019;2019:4929131.
    PMID: 31354987 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4929131
    This review article stresses the effective role of dietary fish fillet docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on overweight as a risk factor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) via platelet phospholipid modification. Several reports have demonstrated that saturated fat in overweight evokes systemic inflammation and more importantly predisposes it to cardiovascular disorder. Prospective studies have shown that saturated fat is directly proportional to the level of arachidonic acids (AA), precursor of thromboxane in the platelet phospholipid membrane as omega-6 fatty acid in overweight and obese people. Some literature has demonstrated that omega-3 fatty acid from fish fillet ameliorates inflammation, reduces proinflammatory cytokine, inhibits signaling pathway, and regulates the physical composition of inflammatory leukocytes and free radicals (ROS). Yellow stripe scad (YSS) is a local Malaysian fish that has been shown to contain a comparable level of EPA/DHA content as observed in salmon. This review article will focus on the dietary role of fish fillet that will balance the omega-6 fatty acid/omega-3 fatty acid ratio in platelet phospholipid from YSS to manage and prevent healthy overweight/obesity-related risk factor of CVD and to avoid the risk orthodox drug treatment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypercholesterolemia/diet therapy*; Hypercholesterolemia/epidemiology; Hypercholesterolemia/prevention & control
  13. Fulltext Absence of Apo B R3500Q Mutation among Kelantanese Malays with Hyperlipidaemia
    Kyi WM, Isa MN, Rashid FA, Osman JM, Mansur MA
    Malays J Med Sci, 2000 Jan;7(1):16-21.
    PMID: 22844210
    Familial defective apolipoprotein B-100 (FDB) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder associated with hypercholesterolaemia and premature coronary heart disease. FDB is caused by mutations in and around the codon 3500 of the apolipoprotein B (apo B) gene. Apo B R3500Q mutation is the first apo B mutation known to be associated with FDB and it is the most frequently reported apo B mutation in several different populations. The objective of the present study was to determine the association of apo B R3500Q mutation with elevated plasma cholesterol concentration in Kelantanese population in which both hypercholesterolaemia and coronary heart disease are common. Sixty-two Malay subjects with hyperlipidaemia, attending the lipid clinic at Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, were selected for this study. The DNA samples were analysed for the presence of apo B R3500Q mutation by polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment analysis method using mutagenic primers. This mutation was not detected in the subjects selected for this study. Apo B R3500Q mutation does not appear to be a common cause of hypercholesterolaemia in Kelantanese Malays.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypercholesterolemia
  14. Fulltext The impact of physical activity on cumulative cardiovascular disease risk factors among Malaysian adults
    Rasiah R, Thangiah G, Yusoff K, Manikam R, Chandrasekaran SK, Mustafa R, et al.
    BMC Public Health, 2015;15:1242.
    PMID: 26673166 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-2577-5
    Numerous studies have shown the importance of physical activity in reducing the morbidity and mortality rates caused by cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, most of these studies emphasise little on the cumulative effect of CVD risk factors. Hence, this study investigates the association between physical exercise and cumulative CVD risk factors among adults in three different age groups.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypercholesterolemia/complications
  15. Fulltext Cardio-metabolic health risks in indigenous populations of Southeast Asia and the influence of urbanization
    Phipps ME, Chan KK, Naidu R, Mohamad NW, Hoh BP, Quek KF, et al.
    BMC Public Health, 2015 Jan 31;15:47.
    PMID: 25636170 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1384-3
    BACKGROUND: South East Asia (SEA) is home to over 30 tribes of indigenous population groups who are currently facing rapid socio-economic change. Epidemiological transition and increased prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCD) has occured. In Peninsular Malaysia, the Orang Asli (OA) indigenous people comprise 0 · 6% (150,000) of the population and live in various settlements. OA comprise three distinct large tribes with smaller sub-tribes. The three large tribes include Proto-Malay (sub-tribes: Orang Seletar and Jakun), Senoi (sub-tribes: Mahmeri and Semai), and Negrito (sub-tribes: Jehai, Mendriq and Batek).

    METHODS: We studied the health of 636 OA from seven sub-tribes in the Peninsular. Parameters that were assessed included height, weight, BMI and waist circumference whilst blood pressure, cholesterols, fasting blood glucose and HbA1c levels were recorded. We then analysed cardio-metabolic risk factor prevalences and performed multiple pair-wise comparisons among different sub-tribes and socio-economic clusters.

    RESULTS: Cardio-metabolic risk factors were recorded in the seven sub-tribes.. Prevalence for general and abdominal obesity were highest in the urbanized Orang Seletar (31 · 6 ± 5 · 7%; 66 · 1 ± 5 · 9%). Notably, hunter gatherer Jehai and Batek tribes displayed the highest prevalence for hypertension (43 · 8 ± 9 · 29% and 51 · 2 ± 15 · 3%) despite being the leanest and most remote, while the Mendriq sub-tribe, living in the same jungle area with access to similar resources as the Batek were less hypertensive (16.3 ± 11.0%), but displayed higher prevalence of abdominal obesity (27.30 ± 13.16%).

    CONCLUSIONS: We describe the cardio-metabolic risk factors of seven indigenous communities in Malaysia. We report variable prevalence of obesity, cholesterol, hypertension and diabetes in the OA in contrast to the larger ethnic majorities such as Malays, Chinese and Indians in Malaysia These differences are likely to be due to socio-economic effects and lifestyle changes. In some sub-tribes, other factors including genetic predisposition may also play a role. It is expected that the cardio-metabolic risk factors may worsen with further urbanization, increase the health burden of these communities and strain the government's resources.

    Matched MeSH terms: Hypercholesterolemia/epidemiology*
  16. Fulltext HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory activity and phytocomponent investigation of Basella alba leaf extract as a treatment for hypercholesterolemia
    Baskaran G, Salvamani S, Ahmad SA, Shaharuddin NA, Pattiram PD, Shukor MY
    Drug Des Devel Ther, 2015;9:509-17.
    PMID: 25609924 DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S75056
    The enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase is the key enzyme of the mevalonate pathway that produces cholesterol. Inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase reduces cholesterol biosynthesis in the liver. Synthetic drugs, statins, are commonly used for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Due to the side effects of statins, natural HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors of plant origin are needed. In this study, 25 medicinal plant methanol extracts were screened for anti-HMG-CoA reductase activity. Basella alba leaf extract showed the highest inhibitory effect at about 74%. Thus, B. alba was examined in order to investigate its phytochemical components. Gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry and reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed the presence of phenol 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl), 1-heptatriacotanol, oleic acid, eicosyl ester, naringin, apigenin, luteolin, ascorbic acid, and α-tocopherol, which have been reported to possess antihypercholesterolemic effects. Further investigation of in vivo models should be performed in order to confirm its potential as an alternative treatment for hypercholesterolemia and related cardiovascular diseases.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypercholesterolemia/drug therapy*
  17. A novel pathogenic variant of the LDLR gene in the Asian population and its clinical correlation with familial hypercholesterolemia
    Chahil JK, Lye SH, Bagali PG, Alex L
    Mol Biol Rep, 2012 Jul;39(7):7831-8.
    PMID: 22544571 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1626-8
    Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a disease implicated with defects in either, Low density lipoprotein receptor gene (LDLR), Apolipoprotein B-100 gene (APOB), the Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 gene (PCSK9) or other related genes of the lipid metabolism pathway. The general characterization of heterozygous FH is by elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and early-onset cardiovascular diseases, while the more severe type, the homozygous FH results in extreme elevated levels of LDL cholesterol and usually death of an affected individual by early twenties. We present here a novel non-synonymous, missense mutation in exon 14 of the LDLR gene in two siblings of the Malay ethnicity discovered during an in-house genetic test. We postulate that their elevated cholesterol is due to this novel mutation and they are positive for homozygous FH. This is the first report of a C711Y mutation in patients with elevated cholesterol in Asia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypercholesterolemia/genetics*
  18. A synbiotic containing Lactobacillus gasseri [corrected] CHO-220 and inulin improves irregularity of red blood cells
    Ooi LG, Bhat R, Rosma A, Yuen KH, Liong MT
    J Dairy Sci, 2010 Oct;93(10):4535-44.
    PMID: 20854987 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3330
    This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, and parallel-design study was conducted to investigate the effect of a synbiotic product containing Lactobacillus gasseri [corrected] CHO-220 and inulin on the irregularity in shape of red blood cells (RBC) in hypercholesterolemic subjects. The subjects (n=32) were randomly allocated to 2 groups, a treatment group (synbiotic product) and a control group (placebo), and received 4 capsules of either synbiotic or placebo daily for 12 wk. Morphological representation via scanning electron microscopy showed that the occurrence of spur RBC was improved upon supplementation of the synbiotic. In addition, the supplementation of synbiotic reduced the cholesterol:phospholipids ratio of the RBC membrane by 47.02% over 12 wk, whereas the control showed insignificant changes. Our present study also showed that supplementation of the synbiotic reduced the concentration of saturated fatty acids (SFA), increased unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), and increased the ratio of UFA:SFA over 12 wk, whereas the control showed inconspicuous changes. The alteration of RBC membrane was assessed using fluorescence anisotropy (FAn) and fluorescence probes with different affinities for varying sections of the membrane phospholipid bilayer. A noticeable decrease in FAn of three fluorescent probes was observed in the synbiotic group compared with the control over 12 wk, indicative of increased membrane fluidity and reduced cholesterol enrichment in the RBC membrane.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypercholesterolemia/drug therapy*
  19. Removal of cholesterol by lactobacilli via incorporation and conversion to coprostanol
    Lye HS, Rusul G, Liong MT
    J Dairy Sci, 2010 Apr;93(4):1383-92.
    PMID: 20338415 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2574
    Fifteen strains of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium were screened based on their ability to adhere to hydrocarbons via the determination of cellular hydrophobicity. Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 314, L. acidophilus FTCC 0291, Lactobacillus bulgaricus FTCC 0411, L. bulgaricus FTDC 1311, and L. casei ATCC 393 showed greater hydrophobicity and, thus, were selected for examination of cholesterol-removal properties. All selected strains showed changes in cellular fatty acid compositions, especially total fatty acids and saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in the presence of cholesterol compared with those grown in the absence of cholesterol. In addition, we found that cells grown in media containing cholesterol were more resistant to sonication and enzymatic lysis compared with those grown without cholesterol. We further evaluated the location of the incorporated cholesterol via the insertion of fluorescence probes into the cellular membrane. In general, enrichment of cholesterol was found in the regions of the phospholipid tails, upper phospholipids, and polar heads of the cellular membrane phospholipid bilayer. Our results also showed that lactobacilli were able to reduce cholesterol via conversion of cholesterol to coprostanol, aided by the ability of strains to produce cholesterol reductase. Our results provided experimental evidence to strengthen the hypothesis that probiotics could remove cholesterol via the incorporation of cholesterol into the cellular membrane and conversion of cholesterol to coprostanol. The strains studied may be potential health adjunct cultures in fermented dairy products with possible in vivo hypocholesterolemic effects.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypercholesterolemia/therapy
  20. Prevalence and risk factors of retinal arteriolar emboli: the Singapore Malay Eye Study
    Cheung N, Lim L, Wang JJ, Islam FM, Mitchell P, Saw SM, et al.
    Am J Ophthalmol, 2008 Oct;146(4):620-4.
    PMID: 18639861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2008.05.033
    To examine the prevalence and risk factors of retinal arteriolar emboli, a risk predictor of stroke, in an Asian population.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hypercholesterolemia/ethnology
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