MyMedR

Fulltext Sepsis

Lim VKE

Med J Malaysia, 1996 Dec;51(4):494-8; quiz 499.

PMID: 10968044

Matched MeSH terms: Infection Control/methods

Fulltext The risk of neonatal infection following prolonged rupture of the fetal membranes

Boo NY

Med J Malaysia, 1989 Mar;44(1):35-40.

PMID: 2626112

Over a seven month period in 1986, 164 (1.1%) of a total 15,131 neonates delivered in the Maternity Hospital, Kuala Lumpur were born to mothers with prolonged rupture of the fetal membranes. Septic work-ups were performed on 163 of these babies shortly after birth, 77 of them had no bacteriological, radiological or other clinical evidence of infection. The remaining 86 had additional history of illness. Nine of these 86 babies had proven infection: four with septicemia, one with meningitis and four others with congenital pneumonia. This study showed that neonates had risk of infection only when maternal history of prolonged rupture of the fetal membranes was associated with other clinical evidence of infection. However, even in this group of neonates at risk, 89.5% of them were not infected. Therefore, there is still a need to develop a simple, rapid, reliable and cheap laboratory method to help early identification of the infected from the non-infected neonates in order to prevent unnecessary antibiotic treatment and hospital stay.

Matched MeSH terms: Infection/congenital*

Fulltext Vibrio vulnificus: An Environmental and Clinical Burden

Heng SP, Letchumanan V, Deng CY, Ab Mutalib NS, Khan TM, Chuah LH, et al.

Front Microbiol, 2017;8:997.

PMID: 28620366 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00997

Vibrio vulnificus is a Gram negative, rod shaped bacterium that belongs to the family Vibrionaceae. It is a deadly, opportunistic human pathogen which is responsible for the majority of seafood-associated deaths worldwide. V. vulnificus infection can be fatal as it may cause severe wound infections potentially requiring amputation or lead to sepsis in susceptible individuals. Treatment is increasingly challenging as V. vulnificus has begun to develop resistance against certain antibiotics due to their indiscriminate use. This article aims to provide insight into the antibiotic resistance of V. vulnificus in different parts of the world as well as an overall review of its clinical manifestations, treatment, and prevention. Understanding the organism's antibiotic resistance profile is vital in order to select appropriate treatment and initiate appropriate prevention measures to treat and control V. vulnificus infections, which should eventually help lower the mortality rate associated with this pathogen worldwide.

Matched MeSH terms: Wound Infection; Infection Control

Adherence to Infection Prevention and Control Measures Among Health-Care Workers Serving in COVID-19 Treatment Centers in Punjab, Pakistan

Mustafa ZU, Majeed HK, Latif S, Salman M, Hayat K, Mallhi TH, et al.

Disaster Med Public Health Prep, 2023 Feb 14;17:e298.

PMID: 36785528 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2022.252

OBJECTIVE: Infection prevention and control (IPC) measures are easily adoptable activities to prevent the spread of infection to patients as well as among health-care workers (HCWs).

METHODS: This cross-sectional study evaluated the adherence to IPC measures among HCWs working at coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment centers in Punjab, Pakistan. HCWs were recruited by means of convenient sampling through Google Form® using the World Health Organization risk assessment tool. All data were analyzed using SPSS 20.

RESULTS: A total of 414 HCWs completed the survey (response rate = 67.8%), and majority of them were males (56.3%). Most of the HCWs were nurses (39.6%) followed by medical doctors (27.3%). Approximately 53% reported insufficiency of personal protective equipment (PPE), 58.2% did not receive IPC training and 40.8% did not have functional IPC team at their health facilities. The majority of HCWs (90%) used disposable gloves and N95 facemasks while interacting with COVID-19 patients. Nearly 45% used protective face shields and gowns before providing care to their patients. Hand hygiene practices while touching, and performing any aseptic procedure was adopted by 70.5% and 74.1% of HCWs, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the adherence to IPC measures among Pakistani HCWs working in COVID-19 treatment centers is good despite the limited availability of PPEs. Their practices can be optimized by establishing institutional IPC teams, periodic provision of IPC training, and necessary PPE.

Matched MeSH terms: Infection Control/methods

Fulltext Association between Viral Infections and Risk of Autistic Disorder: An Overview

Shuid AN, Jayusman PA, Shuid N, Ismail J, Kamal Nor N, Mohamed IN

Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2021 Mar 10;18(6).

PMID: 33802042 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18062817

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition of the central nervous system (CNS) that presents with severe communication problems, impairment of social interactions, and stereotypic behaviours. Emerging studies indicate possible associations between viral infections and neurodegenerative and neurobehavioural conditions including autism. Viral infection during critical periods of early in utero neurodevelopment may lead to increased risk of autism in the offspring. This review is aimed at highlighting the association between viral infections, including viruses similar to COVID-19, and the aetiology of autism. A literature search was conducted using Pubmed, Ovid/Medline, and Google Scholar database. Relevant search terms included "rubella and autism", "cytomegalovirus and autism", "influenza virus and autism", "Zika virus and autism", "COVID-19 and autism". Based on the search terms, a total of 141 articles were obtained and studies on infants or children with congenital or perinatal viral infection and autistic behaviour were evaluated. The possible mechanisms by which viral infections could lead to autism include direct teratogenic effects and indirect effects of inflammation or maternal immune activation on the developing brain. Brain imaging studies have shown that the ensuing immune response from these viral infections could lead to disruption of the development of brain regions and structures. Hence, long-term follow up is necessary for infants whose mothers report an inflammatory event due to viral infection at any time during pregnancy to monitor for signs of autism. Research into the role of viral infection in the development of ASD may be one avenue of improving ASD outcomes in the future. Early screening and diagnosis to detect, and maybe even prevent ASD are essential to reduce the burden of this condition.

Matched MeSH terms: Zika Virus Infection*

Monitoring Changes in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells upon Viral Infection Using Impedance-Based Real-Time Cell Analysis

Wong JE, Zainal N, AbuBakar S, Tan KK

J Vis Exp, 2023 May 05.

PMID: 37212555 DOI: 10.3791/64887

Endothelial cells line the inner surface of all blood and lymphatic vessels, creating a semi-permeable barrier regulating fluid and solute exchange between blood or lymph and their surrounding tissues. The ability of a virus to cross the endothelial barrier is an important mechanism that facilitates virus dissemination in the human body. Many viruses are reported to alter endothelial permeability and/or cause endothelial cell barrier disruption during infection, which is able to cause vascular leakage. The current study describes a real-time cell analysis (RTCA) protocol, using a commercial real-time cell analyzer to monitor endothelial integrity and permeability changes during Zika virus (ZIKV) infection of the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The impedance signals recorded before and after ZIKV infection were translated to cell index (CI) values and analyzed. The RTCA protocol allows the detection of transient effects in the form of cell morphological changes during a viral infection. This assay could also be useful for studying changes in the vascular integrity of HUVECs in other experimental setups.

Matched MeSH terms: Zika Virus Infection*

Six year trend of neonatal septicaemia in a large Malaysian maternity hospital

Boo NY, Chor CY

J Paediatr Child Health, 1994 Feb;30(1):23-7.

PMID: 8148183

A study carried out in the Maternity Hospital, Kuala Lumpur over a 6 year period from 1986 to 1991, showed that the annual rates of septicaemia ranged from 5.2 to 10.2/100 admissions. Septicaemia accounted for between 11.0 to 30.4% of all neonatal deaths. The case fatality ratios ranged from 23.0 to 52.2%, being highest in 1989 when basic facilities were compromised. Low birthweight neonates accounted for 55.5% of those with septicaemia. The most common causative organisms were Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus in 1986 and 1987, but from 1988 Klebsiella species became the most common. More than 50% of neonatal septicaemia occurred after the age of 2 days. The results of the study demonstrated the dynamism of infection control: when control measures introduced earlier were not sustained, outbreaks of nosocomial infection recurred or worsened.

Matched MeSH terms: Cross Infection/microbiology; Cross Infection/epidemiology*; Infection Control

Fulltext Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis as an epidemiologic tool in the investigation of laboratory acquired Salmonella typhi infection

Koay AS, Jegathesan M, Rohani MY, Cheong YM

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1997 Mar;28(1):82-4.

PMID: 9322288

Strains of Salmonella typhi implicated in two separate cases of laboratory acquired infection from patients and the medical laboratory technologists who processed the patients' samples were analysed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Although all four isolates were of bacteriophage type E1, PFGE was able to demonstrate that the strains responsible for the two laboratory acquired cases were not genetically related. The PFGE patterns of the isolates from the MLTs were found to be identical to those of the corresponding patients after digestion with restriction enzyme AvrII. This provided genetic as well as epidemiological evidence for the source of the laboratory acquired infections.

Matched MeSH terms: Laboratory Infection/diagnosis; Laboratory Infection/microbiology; Laboratory Infection/epidemiology*

Perforated appendicitis--the Malaysian experience

Lee CM, Teoh MK

J R Coll Surg Edinb, 1990 Apr;35(2):83-7.

PMID: 2355382

Perforated appendicitis, with its increased complication rate, today still poses a formidable problem in the Kuala Lumpur General Hospital. Out of 1694 emergency operations performed by our unit in 1987, there were 927 appendicectomies. A retrospective study of these cases showed 126 cases of perforated appendicitis, which were then subjected to detailed analysis. We have a diagnostic accuracy of 81% and perforation rate of 18%. In addition, it is interesting to note the racial differences in the relationship of diagnostic accuracy to perforation rate. Perforation is associated with an increased wound infection rate. Transperitoneal drainage in perforated appendicitis did not lead to a lower incidence of wound infection or improve postoperative performance. Distinguishing between perforated and non-perforated appendicitis may be difficult. Perforation could occur while awaiting operation. We recommend the early administration of systemic antibiotics should appendicectomy be delayed and the cautious use of drains in cases of perforated appendicitis.

Matched MeSH terms: Surgical Wound Infection/microbiology; Surgical Wound Infection/epidemiology; Surgical Wound Infection/therapy

Fulltext Phylogenetic surveillance of travel-related Zika virus infections through whole-genome sequencing methods

Kamelian K, Montoya V, Olmstead A, Dong W, Harrigan R, Morshed M, et al.

Sci Rep, 2019 Nov 11;9(1):16433.

PMID: 31712570 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52613-8

In 2018, the World Health Organization identified the Zika virus (ZIKV) as a pathogen that should be prioritized for public health research due to its epidemic potential. In this study, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of travel-acquired ZIKV infections was used to examine the limitations of phylogenetic analysis. WGS and phylogenetic analysis were performed to investigate geographic clustering of samples from five Canadians with travel-acquired ZIKV infections and to assess the limitations of phylogenetic analysis of ZIKV sequences using a phylogenetic cluster approach. Genomic variability of ZIKV samples was assessed and for context, compared with hepatitis C virus (HCV) samples. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the suspected region of ZIKV infection for one of five samples and one sample failed to cluster with sequences from its suspected country of infection. Travel-acquired ZIKV samples depicted low genomic variability relative to HCV samples. A floating patristic distance threshold classified all pre-2000 ZIKV sequences into separate clusters, while only Cambodian, Peruvian, Malaysian, and South Korean sequences were similarly classifiable. While phylogenetic analysis of ZIKV data can identify the broad geographical region of ZIKV infection, ZIKV's low genomic variability is likely to limit precise interpretations of phylogenetic analysis of the origins of travel-related cases.

Matched MeSH terms: Zika Virus Infection/epidemiology*; Zika Virus Infection/transmission*; Zika Virus Infection/virology*

Fulltext National Antimicrobial Guideline, Third Edition

Citation: National Antimicrobial Guideline, Third Edition. Petaling Jaya: Ministry of Health, Malaysia; 2019

Older version:
National Antibiotic Guideline, Second Edition. Petaling Jaya: Ministry of Health, Malaysia; 2014. https://www.pharmacy.gov.my/v2/sites/default/files/document-upload/national-antibiotic-guideline-2014-full-versionjun2015_1.pdf
National Antibiotic Guideline. Petaling Jaya: Ministry of Health, Malaysia; 2008

Matched MeSH terms: Infection

Urinary tract infection in adults

Wang F

Family Practitioner, 1983;6:23-26.

Matched MeSH terms: Infection; Urinary Tract Infections

Pertussis (whooping cough)

Jai Mohan A

Family Practitioner, 1984;7:17-19.

Matched MeSH terms: Infection; Respiratory Tract Infections

Surgical treatment of urinary tract infection in the male

Yong SL

Family Practitioner, 1974;1(3):19-20.

Matched MeSH terms: Infection; Urinary Tract Infections

Diagnosis of HIV infections and AIDS

How VJL

Family Practitioner, 1987;10:25-33.

Matched MeSH terms: Infection; HIV Infections

Clinical Practice Guidelines on Management of Dengue Infection in Adults, 3rd Edition

Citation: Clinical Practice Guidelines on Management of Dengue Infection in Adults, 3rd Edition. Putrajaya: Ministry of Health, Malaysia; 2015

Older version:
Clinical Practice Guidelines on Management of Dengue Infection in Adults, 2nd Edition. Putrajaya: Ministry of Health, Malaysia; 2010
Clinical Practice Guidelines on Management of Dengue Infection in Adults, 1st Edition. Putrajaya: Ministry of Health, Malaysia; 2003
Keywords: CPG

Matched MeSH terms: Infection

Fulltext Guidelines for the Management of Adult HIV Infection With Antiretroviral Therapy

ISBN: 978-983-3433-95-7

Citation: Guidelines for the Management of Adult HIV Infection With Antiretroviral Therapy. Third Edition. Putrajaya: Ministry of Health, Malaysia; 2011

Old version:
Second Edition (2001, revised 2004)
Keywords: CPG

Matched MeSH terms: Infection; HIV Infections

Antibiotic dosing for multidrug-resistant pathogen pneumonia

Abdul-Aziz MH, Lipman J, Roberts JA

Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis., 2017 Apr;30(2):231-239.

PMID: 28030371 DOI: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000348

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Nosocomial pneumonia caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens is increasing in the ICU, and these infections are negatively associated with patient outcomes. Optimization of antibiotic dosing has been suggested as a key intervention to improve clinical outcomes in patients with nosocomial pneumonia. This review describes the recent pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic data relevant to antibiotic dosing for nosocomial pneumonia caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens.

RECENT FINDINGS: Optimal antibiotic treatment is challenging in critically ill patients with nosocomial pneumonia; most dosing guidelines do not consider the altered physiology and illness severity associated with severe lung infections. Antibiotic dosing can be guided by plasma drug concentrations, which do not reflect the concentrations at the site of infection. The application of aggressive dosing regimens, in accordance to the antibiotic's pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic characteristics, may be required to ensure rapid and effective drug exposure in infected lung tissues.

SUMMARY: Conventional antibiotic dosing increases the likelihood of therapeutic failure in critically ill patients with nosocomial pneumonia. Alternative dosing strategies, which exploit the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties of an antibiotic, should be strongly considered to ensure optimal antibiotic exposure and better therapeutic outcomes in these patients.

Matched MeSH terms: Cross Infection/blood; Cross Infection/drug therapy*; Cross Infection/microbiology

Fulltext Zika virus in Asia

Duong V, Dussart P, Buchy P

Int J Infect Dis, 2017 Jan;54:121-128.

PMID: 27939768 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.11.420

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging mosquito-borne virus that was first isolated from a sentinel rhesus monkey in the Zika Forest in Uganda in 1947. In Asia, the virus was isolated in Malaysia from Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in 1966, and the first human infections were reported in 1977 in Central Java, Indonesia. In this review, all reported cases of ZIKV infection in Asia as of September 1, 2016 are summarized and some of the hypotheses that could currently explain the apparently low incidence of Zika cases in Asia are explored.

Matched MeSH terms: Zika Virus Infection/epidemiology*; Zika Virus Infection/transmission; Zika Virus Infection/virology*

Paris green as a larvicide on an inland hilly estate in Malaya

Wallace RB

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1933;27:131-146.

1. 1. Paris green was used as a larvicide on an inland hilly estate where A. maculatus was the carrier-and where most of the water treated was moving, more or less rapidly. 2. 2. Three different diluents were tried, viz., lime, talcum and soapstone powder. 3. 3. The strength of the mixture was one part of Paris green to ninety-nine parts of diluent by volume. 4. 4. Distribution was carried out by mechanical blowers and sprayers. 5. 5. The application was checked twenty-four hours afterwards. For one month it was checked forty-eight hours afterwards. 6. 6. There was an increase in breeding places-most of which were found in moving water. 7. 7. There was an increase in larvÃ¦, many of them being over two days old. 8. 8. In spite of treatment of epidemics with plasmochin and quinine, the malaria rate was higher than during the previous year. The rise was more or less consistent, pointing to constant infections. 9. 9. The morbidity rate, death rate and infantile mortality were apparently not adversely affected, but in view of the treatments given with plasmochin, they are of no help in deciding the value of Paris green. 10. 10. There was a distinct fall in anti-larval costs, but the total anti-malarial costs were still high on account of the treatments necessary for epidemics of malaria. 11. 11. The advantages and disadvantages of Paris green are discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Infection

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