Displaying publications 61 - 80 of 139 in total

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  1. Validation of a reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of amino acids in gelatins by application of 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate reagent
    Azilawati MI, Hashim DM, Jamilah B, Amin I
    J Chromatogr A, 2014 Aug 1;1353:49-56.
    PMID: 24797394 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.04.050
    In-house method validation was conducted to determine amino acid composition in gelatin by a pre-column derivatization procedure with the 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate reagent. The analytical parameters revealed that the validated method was capable of selectively performing a good chromatographic separation for 18 amino acids in less than 40 min; the overall detection and quantitation limit for amino acids fell into ranges of 5.68-12.48 and 36.0-39.0 pmol/μl, respectively; the matrix effect was not observed, and the linearity range was 37.5-1000 pmol/μl. The accuracy (precision and recovery) analyses of the method were conducted under repeatable conditions on different days in random order. Method precision revealed by HorRat values was significantly less than 2, except for histidine with a precision of 2.19, and the method recoveries had a range of 80-115% except for alanine which was recovered at 79.4%. The findings were reproducible and accurately defined, and the method was found to be suited to routine analysis of amino acid composition in gelatin-based ingredients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin/chemistry*
  2. Fulltext Synthesis of silver nanoparticles in chitosan, gelatin and chitosan/gelatin bionanocomposites by a chemical reducing agent and their characterization
    Bin Ahmad M, Lim JJ, Shameli K, Ibrahim NA, Tay MY
    Molecules, 2011 Aug 25;16(9):7237-48.
    PMID: 21869751 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16097237
    In this research, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized in chitosan (Cts), Cts/gelatin and gelatin suspensions using a chemical reducing agent. Cts and gelatin were used as natural stabilizers and solid support, whereas AgNO(3) was used as the silver precursor. Sodium borohydride (NaBH(4)) was used as the reducing agent. The properties of AgNPs in Cts, Cts/gelatin and gelatin bionanocomposites (BNCs) were studied in terms of their surface plasmon resonance, crystalline structure, average diameter size, particle distributions, surface topography and functional groups. All the samples were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin/chemistry*
  3. Fulltext Green synthesis and characterization of gelatin-based and sugar-reduced silver nanoparticles
    Darroudi M, Ahmad MB, Abdullah AH, Ibrahim NA
    Int J Nanomedicine, 2011;6:569-74.
    PMID: 21674013 DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S16867
    Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) have been successfully prepared with simple and "green" synthesis method by reducing Ag(+) ions in aqueous gelatin media with and in the absence of glucose as a reducing agent. In this study, gelatin was used for the first time as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The effect of temperature on particle size of Ag-NPs was also studied. It was found that with increasing temperature the size of nanoparticles is decreased. It was found that the particle size of Ag-NPs obtained in gelatin solutions is smaller than in gelatin-glucose solutions, which can be related to the rate of reduction reaction. X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet-visible spectra, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy revealed the formation of monodispersed Ag-NPs with a narrow particle size distribution.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin/chemistry*
  4. Subcutaneous reactions and degradation characteristics of collagenous and noncollagenous membranes in a macaque model
    Siar CH, Toh CG, Romanos G, Ng KH
    Clin Oral Implants Res, 2011 Jan;22(1):113-20.
    PMID: 20678135 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2010.01970.x
    collagenous and noncollagenous membranes have been investigated in many animal systems but their effects in the macaque model are unknown.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin/metabolism
  5. Effects of κ-carrageenan on rheological properties of dually modified sago starch: Towards finding gelatin alternative for hard capsules
    Fakharian MH, Tamimi N, Abbaspour H, Mohammadi Nafchi A, Karim AA
    Carbohydr Polym, 2015 Nov 5;132:156-63.
    PMID: 26256336 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.06.033
    Composite sago starch-based system was developed and characterized with the aim to find an alternative to gelatin in the processing of pharmaceutical capsules. Dually modified (Hydrolyzed-Hydroxypropylated) sago starches were combined with κ-carrageenan (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1%). The rheological properties of the proposed composite system were measured and compared with gelatin as reference material. Results show that combination of HHSS12 (Hydrolysed-hydroxypropylated sago starch at 12h) with 0.5% κ-carrageenan was comparable to gelatin rheological behavior in pharmaceutical capsule processing. The solution viscosity at 50 °C and sol-gel transition of the proposed composite system were comparable to those of gelatin. The viscoelastic moduli (G' and G") for the proposed system were lower than those of gelatin. These results illustrate that by manipulation of the constituents of sago starch-based composite system, a suitable alternative to gelatin can be produced with comparable properties and this could find potential application in pharmaceutical capsule industry.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin/chemistry*
  6. Bioengineering of microbial transglutaminase for biomedical applications
    Chan SK, Lim TS
    Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2019 Apr;103(7):2973-2984.
    PMID: 30805670 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09669-3
    Microbial transglutaminase (mTGase) is commonly known in the food industry as meat glue due to its incredible ability to "glue" meat proteins together. Aside from being widely exploited in the meat processing industries, mTGase is also widely applied in other food and textile industries by catalysing the formation of isopeptide bonds between peptides or protein substrates. The advancement of technology has opened up new avenues for mTGase in the field of biomedical engineering. Efforts have been made to study the structural properties of mTGase in order to gain an in-depth understanding of the structure-function relationship. This review highlights the developments in mTGase engineering together with its role in biomedical applications including biomaterial fabrication for tissue engineering and biotherapeutics.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin/metabolism
  7. Salmon skin gelatin-corn zein composite films produced via crosslinking with glutaraldehyde: Optimization using response surface methodology and characterization
    Fan HY, Duquette D, Dumont MJ, Simpson BK
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2018 Dec;120(Pt A):263-273.
    PMID: 30130612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.084
    Composite films comprised of salmon (Salmo salar) skin gelatin and zein were prepared via crosslinking with glutaraldehyde. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize film composition to maximize tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (EAB), and to minimize water solubility (WS) of the films. The significant (P gelatin-zein composite film was successfully crosslinked after the addition of glutaraldehyde, with the formation of crosslinked networks between proteins and a denser packed organization of proteins. Consequently, the resultant crosslinked composite film exhibited improvement on light transparency, water resistance and mechanical strength as a function of increasing humidity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin/chemistry*
  8. Fulltext 3D Culture of MSCs on a Gelatin Microsphere in a Dynamic Culture System Enhances Chondrogenesis
    Sulaiman S, Chowdhury SR, Fauzi MB, Rani RA, Yahaya NHM, Tabata Y, et al.
    Int J Mol Sci, 2020 Apr 13;21(8).
    PMID: 32294921 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082688
    Recent advancement in cartilage tissue engineering has explored the potential of 3D culture to mimic the in vivo environment of human cartilaginous tissue. Three-dimensional culture using microspheres was described to play a role in driving the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to chondrocyte lineage. However, factors such as mechanical agitation on cell chondrogenesis during culture on the microspheres has yet to be elucidated. In this study, we compared the 2D and 3D culture of bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on gelatin microspheres (GMs) in terms of MSC stemness properties, immune-phenotype, multilineage differentiation properties, and proliferation rate. Then, to study the effect of mechanical agitation on chondrogenic differentiation in 3D culture, we cultured BMSCs on GM (BMSCs-GM) in either static or dynamic bioreactor system with two different mediums, i.e., F12: DMEM (1:1) + 10% FBS (FD) and chondrogenic induction medium (CIM). Our results show that BMSCs attached to the GM surface and remained viable in 3D culture. BMSCs-GM proliferated faster and displayed higher stemness properties than BMSCs on a tissue culture plate (BMSCs-TCP). GMs also enhanced the efficiency of in-vitro chondrogenesis of BMSCs, especially in a dynamic culture with higher cell proliferation, RNA expression, and protein expression compared to that in a static culture. To conclude, our results indicate that the 3D culture of BMSCs on gelatin microsphere was superior to 2D culture on a standard tissue culture plate. Furthermore, culturing BMSCs on GM in dynamic culture conditions enhanced their chondrogenic differentiation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin*
  9. Effect of duration of sonication during gelatinization on properties of tapioca starch water hyacinth fiber biocomposite
    Asrofi M, Abral H, Putra YK, Sapuan SM, Kim HJ
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2018 Mar;108:167-176.
    PMID: 29191420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.165
    This paper characterizes properties of biocomposite sonicated during gelatinization. The biocomposite consisted of tapioca starch based plastic reinforced by 10% volume fraction of water hyacinth fiber (WHF). During gelatinization, the biocomposite was poured into a rectangular glass mold then vibrated in an ultrasonic bath using 40kHz, 250W for varying durations (0, 15, 30, and 60min). The resulting biocomposite was then dried in a drying oven at 50°C for 20h. The results of this study indicate that a biocomposite with optimal properties can be produced using tapioca starch and WHF if the gelatinizing mixture is exposed to ultrasound vibration for 30min. After this vibration duration, tensile strength (TS) and tensile modulus (TM) increased 83% and 108%. A further 60min vibration only increased the TS at 13% and TM at 23%. Moisture resistance of the biocomposite after vibration increased by around 25% reaching a maximal level after 30min. Thermal resistance of the vibrated biocomposites was also increased.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin*
  10. Molecular beacon-based real-time PCR method for detection of porcine DNA in gelatin and gelatin capsules
    Mohamad NA, Mustafa S, Khairil Mokhtar NF, El Sheikha AF
    J Sci Food Agric, 2018 Sep;98(12):4570-4577.
    PMID: 29505123 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8985
    BACKGROUND: The pharmaceutical industry has boosted gelatin consumption worldwide. This is supported by the availability of cost-effective gelatin production from porcine by-products. However, cross-contamination of gelatin materials, where porcine gelatin was unintentionally included in the other animal sources of gelatin, has caused significant concerns about halal authenticity. The real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has enabled a highly specific and sensitive animal species detection method in various food products. Hence, such a technique was employed in the present study to detect and quantify porcine DNA in gelatin using a molecular beacon probe, with differences in performance between mitochondrial (cytochrome b gene) and chromosomal DNA-(MPRE42 repetitive element) based porcine-specific PCR assays being compared.

    RESULTS: A higher sensitivity was observed in chromosomal DNA (MPRE-PCR assay), where this assay allows the detection of gelatin DNA at amounts as as low as 1 pg, whereas mitochondrial DNA (CBH-PCR assay) can only detect at levels down to 10 pg of gelatin DNA. When an analysis with commercial gelatin and gelatin capsule samples was conducted, the same result was observed, with a significantly more sensitive detection being provided by the repetitive element of chromosomal DNA.

    CONCLUSION: The present study has established highly sensitive DNA-based porcine detection systems derived from chromosomal DNA that are feasible for highly processed products such as gelatin and gelatin capsules containing a minute amount of DNA. This sensitive detection method can also be implemented to assist the halal authentication process of various food products available on the market. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin/genetics*
  11. Estimation of uncertainty from method validation data: Application to a reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of amino acids in gelatin using 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate reagent
    Azilawati MI, Dzulkifly MH, Jamilah B, Shuhaimi M, Amin I
    J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2016 Sep 10;129:389-397.
    PMID: 27454091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.07.012
    A detailed procedure for estimating uncertainty according to the Laboratory of Government Chemists/Valid Analytical Measurement (LGC/VAM) protocol for determination of 18 amino acids in gelatin is proposed. The expanded uncertainty was estimated using mainly the method validation data (precision and trueness). Other sources of uncertainties were contributed by components in standard preparation measurements. The method scope covered a single matrix (gelatin) under a wide range of analyte concentrations. The uncertainty of method precision, μ(P) was 0.0237-0.1128pmolμl(-1) in which hydroxyproline and histidine represented the lowest and highest values of uncertainties, respectively. Proline and phenylalanine represented the lowest and highest uncertainties value for method recovery, μ(R) that was estimated within 0.0064-0.0995pmolμl(-1). The uncertainties from other sources, μ(Std) were 0.0325, 0.0428 and 0.0413pmolμl(-1) that were contributed by hydroxyproline, other amino acids and cystine, respectively. Hydroxyproline and phenylalanine represented the lowest and highest values of expanded uncertainty, U(y) that were determined at 0.0949 and 0.2473pmolμl(-1), respectively. The data were accurately defined and fulfill the technical requirements of ISO 17025:2005.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin/chemistry*
  12. Pluronic-F127 composite film loaded with erythromycin for wound application: formulation, physicomechanical and in vitro evaluations
    Alavi T, Rezvanian M, Ahmad N, Mohamad N, Ng SF
    Drug Deliv Transl Res, 2019 04;9(2):508-519.
    PMID: 29181832 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-017-0450-z
    Composite film dressings composed of pluronic F127 (PL)-pectin (PC) and pluronic (PL) F127-gelatin (GL) were investigated as potential drug delivery system for wound healing. Composite films were solvent cast by blending PL with PC or GL in different ratios using glycerol (2.5%) as plasticizer. Erythromycin (ER) (0.1%) was incorporated in films as model hydrophobic antibiotic. The optimized composite films were characterized for physical appearance, morphology, mechanical profile, and thermal behavior. In addition, drug release, antibacterial activity, and cytocompatibility of the films were investigated to assess their potential as drug delivery system. The composite films exhibited excellent wound dressing characters in terms of appearance, stability, and mechanical profile. Moreover, ER-loaded composite films released ER in controlled manner, exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, and were non-toxic to human skin fibroblast. These findings demonstrate that these composite films hold the potential to be formulated as antibacterial wound dressing.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin/administration & dosage; Gelatin/chemistry
  13. Fulltext Effect of different pretreatments on functional properties of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) skin gelatin
    See SF, Ghassem M, Mamot S, Babji AS
    J Food Sci Technol, 2015 Feb;52(2):753-62.
    PMID: 25694683 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-013-1043-6
    Pretreatments with different types of alkali and acid were compared to determine their effects on gelatin extraction from African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) skin. The study was divided into three parts. In the first part, the skins were only treated with alkaline (Ca(OH)2 or NaOH) solution or pretreated with acetic acid solution. For second part, combination of alkali and acid pretreatment was carried out. For the third part, the skins were first treated with NaOH solution, followed by the treatment with acetic acid, citric acid or sulfuric acid solution. Functional properties including the yield of protein recovery, gel strength, viscosity, pH and viscoelastic properties were determined on gelatins obtained with different pretreatment conditions. Pretreatment with alkali removed noncollagenous proteins effectively, whilst acid pretreatment induced some loss of collagenous proteins. Combination of alkali and acid pretreatment not only removed the noncollagenous proteins and caused a significant amount of swelling, but also provided the proper pH condition for extraction, during which some cross-linkages could be further destroyed but with less breakage of intramolecular peptide chains. Pretreatment of catfish skins with 0.2 N NaOH followed by 0.05 M acetic acid improved yield of protein recovery, gel strength, viscosity, melting temperature and gelling temperature of gelatin extract.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin
  14. Fulltext Towards producing novel fish gelatin films by combination treatments of ultraviolet radiation and sugars (ribose and lactose) as cross-linking agents
    Bhat R, Karim AA
    J Food Sci Technol, 2014 Jul;51(7):1326-33.
    PMID: 24966426 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-012-0652-9
    Developing novel fish gelatin films with better mechanical properties than mammalian gelatin is a challenging but promising endeavor. Studies were undertaken to produce fish gelatin films by combining treatments with different sugars (ribose and lactose) followed 'by' 'and' ultraviolet (UV) radiation, as possible cross-linking agents. Increase in tensile strength and percent elongation at break was recorded, which was more significant in films without sugars that were exposed to UV radiation. Films with added ribose showed decreased solubility after UV treatment and exhibited higher swelling percentage than films with added lactose, which readily dissolved in water. FTIR spectra of all the films showed identical patterns, which indicated no major changes to have occurred in the functional groups as a result of interaction between gelatin, sugars and UV irradiation. The results of this study could be explored for commercial use, depending on industrial needs for either production of edible films or for food packaging purposes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin
  15. Sago starch and its utilisation
    Abd-Aziz S
    J Biosci Bioeng, 2002;94(6):526-9.
    PMID: 16233345
    The importance and development of industrial biotechnology processing has led to the utilisation of microbial enzymes in various applications. One of the important enzymes is amylase, which hydrolyses starch to glucose. In Malaysia, the use of sago starch has been increasing, and it is presently being used for the production of glucose. Sago starch represents an alternative cheap carbon source for fermentation processes that is attractive out of both economic and geographical considerations. Production of fermentable sugars from the hydrolysis of starches is normally carried out by an enzymatic processes that involves two reaction steps, liquefaction and saccharification, each of which has different temperature and pH optima with respect to the maximum reaction rate. This method of starch hydrolysis requires the use of an expensive temperature control system and a complex mixing device. Our laboratory has investigated the possibility of using amylolytic enzyme-producing microorganisms in the continuous single-step biological hydrolysis of sago flour for the production of a generic fermentation medium. The ability of a novel DNA-recombinated yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain YKU 107 (expressing alpha-amylase production) to hydrolyse gelatinised sago starch production has been studied with the aim of further utilizing sago starch to obtain value-added products.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin
  16. Fulltext Optimization and physical properties of gelatin extracted from pangasius catfish (Pangasius sutchi) bone
    Mahmoodani F, Ardekani VS, See SF, Yusop SM, Babji AS
    J Food Sci Technol, 2014 Nov;51(11):3104-13.
    PMID: 26396302 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-012-0816-7
    In the present study, to establish the optimum gelatin extraction conditions from pangasius catfish (Pangasius sutchi) bone, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with a 4-factor, 5-level Central Composite Design (CCD) was conducted. The model equation was proposed with regard to the effects of HCl concentration (%, X1), treatment time (h, X2), extraction temperature (°C, X3) and extraction time (h, X4) as independent variables on the hydroxyproline recovery (%, Y) as dependent variable. X 1 = 2.74 %, X 2 = 21.15 h, X 3 = 74.73 °C and X 4 = 5.26 h were found to be the optimum conditions to obtain the highest hydroxyproline recovery (68.75 %). The properties of optimized catfish bone gelatin were characterized by amino acid analysis, SDS-PAGE, gel strength, TPA and viscosity in comparison to bovine skin gelatin. The result of SDS-PAGE revealed that pangasius catfish bone gelatin consisted of at least 2 different polypeptides (α1 and α2 chains) and their cross-linked chains. Moreover, the pangasius catfish bone gelatin was found to contain 17.37 (g/100 g) imino acids (proline and hydroxyproline). Pangasius catfish bone gelatin also indicated physical properties comparable with that of bovine and higher than those from cold water fish gelatin. Based on the results of the present study, there is a potential for exploitation of pangasius catfish bone for gelatin production. Furthermore, RSM provided the best method for optimizing the gelatin extraction parameters.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin
  17. Fulltext Synthesis, characterization and application of gelatin-carboxymethyl cellulose blend films for preservation of cherry tomatoes and grapes
    Samsi MS, Kamari A, Din SM, Lazar G
    J Food Sci Technol, 2019 Jun;56(6):3099-3108.
    PMID: 31205364 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-019-03809-3
    In the present study, gelatin-carboxymethyl cellulose blend film was synthesized, characterized and applied for the first time to preserve cherry tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) and grapes (Vitis vinifera). Gelatin (Gel) film forming solution was incorporated with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) at three volume per volume (Gel:CMC) ratios, namely 75:25, 50:50 and 25:75. CMC treatment has improved the transparency, tensile strength (TS), elongation at break (EAB), water vapor permeability and oxygen permeability of gelatin films. A pronounced effect was obtained for 25Gel:75CMC film. The TS and EAB values were increased from 25.98 MPa and 2.34% (100Gel:0CMC) to 37.54 MPa and 4.41% (25Gel:75CMC), respectively. A significant improvement in antimicrobial property of gelatin films against two food pathogens, namely Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was obtained in the presence of CMC. The effectiveness of gelatin-CMC blend films to extend the shelf life of agricultural products was evaluated in a 14-day preservation study. The gelatin-CMC films were successfully controlled the weight loss and browning index of the fruits up to 50.41% and 31.34%, respectively. Overall, gelatin-CMC film is an environmental friendly film for food preservation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin
  18. Accelerated wound closure - Systematic evaluation of cellulose acetate effects on biologically active molecules release from amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSCs)
    Nuge T, Liu X, Tshai KY, Lim SS, Nordin N, Hoque ME, et al.
    Biotechnol Appl Biochem, 2021 Apr 07.
    PMID: 33826152 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2162
    Despite a lot of intensive research on cells-scaffolds interaction, focused are mainly on the capacity of construct scaffolds to regulate cell mobility, migration and cytotoxicity. The effect of the scaffold's topographical and material properties on the expression of biologically active compounds from stem cells is not well understood. In this study, the influence of cellulose acetate (CA) on the electrospinnability of gelatin and the roles of gelatin-cellulose acetate (Ge-CA) on modulating the release of biologically active compounds from amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSCs) is emphasized. It was found that the presence of a small amount of CA could provide a better microenvironment that mimics AFSCs' niche. However, a large amount of CA exhibited no significant effect on AFSCs migration and infiltration. Further study on the effect of surface topography and mechanical properties on AFSCs showed that the tailored microenvironment provided by the Ge-CA scaffolds had transduced physical cues to biomolecules released into the culture media. It was found that the AFSCs seeded on electrospun scaffolds with less CA proportions has profound effects on the secretion of metabolic compounds compared to those with higher CA contained and gelatin coating. The enhanced secretion of biologically active molecules by the AFSCs on the electrospun scaffolds was proven by the accelerated wound closure on the injured human dermal fibroblast (HDF) model. The rapid HDF cell migration could be anticipated due to a higher level of paracrine factors in AFSCs media. Our study demonstrates that the fibrous topography and mechanical properties of the scaffold is a key material property that modulates the high expression of biologically active compounds from the AFSCs. The discovery elucidates a new aspect of material functions and scaffolds material-AFSCs interaction for regulating biomolecules release to promote tissue regeneration/repair. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the scaffolds material-AFSCs interaction and the efficacy of scratch assays on quantifying the cell migration in response to the AFSCs metabolic products. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin
  19. Fulltext Fabrication of Bio-Based Gelatin Sponge for Potential Use as A Functional Acellular Skin Substitute
    Arif MMA, Fauzi MB, Nordin A, Hiraoka Y, Tabata Y, Yunus MHM
    Polymers (Basel), 2020 Nov 13;12(11).
    PMID: 33202700 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112678
    Gelatin possesses biological properties that resemble native skin and can potentially be fabricated as a skin substitute for full-thickness wound treatment. The native property of gelatin, whereby it is easily melted and degraded at body temperature, could prevent its biofunctionality for various applications. This study aimed to fabricate and characterise buffalo gelatin (Infanca halal certified) crosslinked with chemical type crosslinker (genipin and genipin fortified with EDC) and physicaly crosslink using the dihydrothermal (DHT) method. A porous gelatin sponge (GS) was fabricated by a freeze-drying process followed by a complete crosslinking via chemical-natural and synthetic-or physical intervention using genipin (GNP), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) (EDC) and dihydrothermal (DHT) methods, respectively. The physicochemical, biomechanical, cellular biocompatibility and cell-biomaterial interaction of GS towards human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK) and dermal fibroblasts (HDF) were evaluated. Results showed that GS had a uniform porous structure with pore size ranging between 60 and 200 µm with high porosity (>78.6 ± 4.1%), high wettability (<72.2 ± 7.0°), high tensile strain (>13.65 ± 1.10%) and 14 h of degradation rate. An increase in the concentration and double-crosslinking approach demonstrated an increment in the crosslinking degree, enzymatic hydrolysis resistance, thermal stability, porosity, wettability and mechanical strength. The GS can be tuned differently from the control by approaching the GS via a different crosslinking strategy. However, a decreasing trend was observed in the pore size, water retention and water absorption ability. Crosslinking with DHT resulted in large pore sizes (85-300 µm) and low water retention (236.9 ± 18.7 g/m2·day) and a comparable swelling ratio with the control (89.6 ± 7.1%). Moreover no changes in the chemical content and amorphous phase identification were observed. The HEK and HDF revealed slight toxicity with double crosslinking. HEK and HDF attachment and proliferation remain similar to each crosslinking approach. Immunogenicity was observed to be higher in the double-crosslinking compared to the single-crosslinking intervention. The fabricated GS demonstrated a dynamic potential to be tailored according to wound types by manipulating the crosslinking intervention.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin
  20. Fulltext Gelatin Microsphere for Cartilage Tissue Engineering: Current and Future Strategies
    Sulaiman SB, Idrus RBH, Hwei NM
    Polymers (Basel), 2020 Oct 19;12(10).
    PMID: 33086577 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102404
    The gelatin microsphere (GM) provides an attractive option for tissue engineering due to its versatility, as reported by various studies. This review presents the history, characteristics of, and the multiple approaches to, the production of GM, and in particular, the water in oil emulsification technique. Thereafter, the application of GM as a drug delivery system for cartilage diseases is introduced. The review then focusses on the emerging application of GM as a carrier for cells and biologics, and biologics delivery within a cartilage construct. The influence of GM on chondrocytes in terms of promoting chondrocyte proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation is highlighted. Furthermore, GM seeded with cells has been shown to have a high tendency to form aggregates; hence the concept of using GM seeded with cells as the building block for the formation of a complex tissue construct. Despite the advancement in GM research, some issues must still be addressed, particularly the improvement of GM's ability to home to defect sites. As such, the strategy of intraarticular injection of GM seeded with antibody-coated cells is proposed. By addressing this in future studies, a better-targeted delivery system, that would result in more effective intervention, can be achieved.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin
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