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Fulltext Optimization and validation of a cell-based tyrosinase assay for screening of tyrosinase inhibitors

Chan, Y.Y., Kim, K.H., Cheah, S.H.

JUMMEC, 2011;14(2):1-4.
MyJurnal

Tyrosinase is a key enzyme that catalyzes melanogenesis in human skin. It oxidizes tyrosine to L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) and subsequently to dopachrome, which further polymerizes to melanin pigments. Therefore finding an effective tyrosinase inhibitor, either from synthetic or natural sources, is not only useful as skin whitening agents in cosmetic application, but also beneficial in treating melanin-related disorders. The present study reports of the optimized and validated results of a cell-based tyrosinase assay using B16F10 murine melanoma cell line, which produces melanin pigments and has been used extensively in antimelanogenesis studies. The optimization studies involved 3 parameters (1) optimal seeding cell number per well for total protein extraction; (2) optimal dopachrome formation from enzymatic reaction between total protein (tyrosinase source) and L-DOPA (substrate); and (3) optimal incubation period after the addition of substrate. The present study demonstrates that using seeding cell number of 2 × 105 cells/well, total protein of 40 μg, L-Dopa of 5 mM,and at an incubation period of 1 hour at 37°C provided the optimal response on cultured melanoma cells. Kojic acid, a standard tyrosinase inhibitor, was used as a positive control in the optimized cell-based tyrosinase assay to validate the usefulness of the assay. CONCLUSION: The use of the mentioned protocol is sensitive to determine changes in melanoma cells as the result of tyrosine inhibitors.

Matched MeSH terms: Melanoma
Fulltext Choroidal melanoma – a silent killer

Pei, Fang Neoh, Tai, Evelyn L.M., Liza-Sharmini A.T.

Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, 2017;2(2):29-31.
MyJurnal

A 65-year-old lady complained of occasional flashes of light over her left eye for 2 months. She was referred for ocular assessment after she underwent refractive assessment at the optometrist. On examination, best corrected visual acuity in both eyes was 6/9. Both eyes anterior segments were normal, with normal intraocular pressure. The pupils were equal with no relative afferent pupillary defect. Left eye fundus examination was normal. On the contrary, the "normal" right eye fundus examination revealed a huge, well-circumscribed hypo-pigmented elevated choroidal mass. B scan ultrasonography of the right eye showed a mushroom-shaped intraocular mass. Magnetic resonance imaging showed an intraocular lesion. Comprehensive systemic examination and investigations to rule out distant primary malignancy were unremarkable. A provisional diagnosis of right eye primary choroidal melanoma was made. Despite good vision in the affected eye, she underwent right eye enucleation in view of the large intraocular mass. The diagnosis was confirmed by histopathological examination.

Matched MeSH terms: Melanoma
Fulltext Pyogenic granuloma-like lesion in children: Should we wait?

Chooi LK, Saad AZM, Durairajanayagam S

Indian J Plast Surg, 2017 6 16;50(1):104-106.
PMID: 28615821 DOI: 10.4103/ijps.IJPS_25_17

Malignant melanoma is a potentially lethal cutaneous malignancy. Melanoma in paediatrics is rare as compared to adult melanoma. The clinicopathological characteristics of paediatric melanoma are different from adult melanoma, and the presence of melanoma mimics which occurs frequently in children (Spitz naevi) resulted in diagnosis uncertainty. We reported a 9-year-old girl who presented with a slow-growing, pyogenic granuloma-like lesion which was diagnosed with melanoma. It is important to have a high index of suspicion in paediatric skin lesion that would usually be deemed benign. Early tissue biopsy in a suspicious lesion prevents delayed diagnosis and treatment.

Matched MeSH terms: Melanoma
The anti-idiotype vaccines for immunotherapy

Bhattacharya-Chatterjee M, Chatterjee SK, Foon KA

Curr. Opin. Mol. Ther., 2001 Feb;3(1):63-9.
PMID: 11249733

Certain anti-idiotypic antibodies that bind to the antigen-combining sites of antibodies can effectively mimic the three-dimensional structures and functions of the external antigens and can be used as surrogate antigens for active specific immunotherapy. Extensive studies in animal models have demonstrated the efficacy of these vaccines for triggering the immune system to induce specific and protective immunity against bacterial, viral and parasitic infections as well as tumors. Several monoclonal anti-idiotype antibodies that mimic distinct human tumor-associated antigens have been developed and characterized. Encouraging results have been obtained in recent clinical trials using these anti-idiotype antibodies as vaccines. In this article, we will review the current literature and discuss the potential of this novel therapeutic approach for various human cancers.

Matched MeSH terms: Melanoma/therapy
p53 codon 72 polymorphisms and random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of non-melanoma skin cancer through archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue

Yoke-Kqueen C, Ab Mutalib NS, Sidik SM, Learn-Han L, Geok-Chin T

Oncol Rep, 2012 Mar;27(3):753-63.
PMID: 22159872 DOI: 10.3892/or.2011.1581

Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is classified among the ten most frequent cancers in Malaysia. A common polymorphism at codon 72 of the p53 tumor suppressor gene and its influence on cancer risk has been studied for different types of cancer with mixed and inconsistent results with limited published data on the Malaysian population so far. In the present study, the frequency of p53 codon 72 polymorphism in 60 patients with NMSC was investigated from archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue obtained from Hospital Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (HUKM). Additionally, random amplified polymorhic DNA -polymorphic chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) was employed for preliminary biomarker development. NMSC FFPE samples (70%) possess Arg/Arg, 20% with Pro/Pro and 10% with Arg/Pro. In total, there was no significant difference in the p53 codon 72 genotypes between histological types of NMSC, gender, race, tumor location and age group. However, there was an apparent age-associated increase in the Arg/Arg genotype but did not reach statistical significance (P=0.235). NMSC types and demographic characteristics did not influence genotype distribution. On the other hand, BCC and SCC distributions are influenced by age group, race and tumor location.

Matched MeSH terms: Melanoma/genetics
Emphysematous gastritis after metastatic malignant melanoma: a radiological surprise

Ng CY, Hayati F, Nadarajan C

BMJ Case Rep, 2020 Sep 09;13(9).
PMID: 32912885 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-235174

Malignant melanoma is cancer of the skin which commonly metastasises to the stomach. There have been no reported cases of emphysematous gastritis secondary to metastasis of malignant melanomas, to date. However, a 61-year-old woman with metastatic malignant melanoma of the left great toe presented to us with symptoms of severe left hypochondrium pain associated with high-grade fever, gross abdominal distension and recurrent vomiting. Two months earlier, metastasis was observed to have spread to the stomach and inguinal lymph nodes. At this stage, the patient opted for traditional medication instead of definitive surgery and chemotherapy. Radiological imaging revealed an emphysematous change to the stomach which was radiologically consistent with gastric malignant melanoma. Unfortunately, the patient succumbed to this rare condition.

Matched MeSH terms: Melanoma/pathology*
Mutated Shiitake extracts inhibit melanin-producing neural crest-derived cells in zebrafish embryo

Mahmood I, Azfaralariff A, Mohamad A, Airianah OB, Law D, Dyari HRE, et al.

Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol, 2021 Jul;245:109033.
PMID: 33737223 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109033

The ability of natural extracts to inhibit melanocyte activity is of great interest to researchers. This study evaluates and explores the ability of mutated Shiitake (A37) and wildtype Shiitake (WE) extract to inhibit this activity. Several properties such as total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant activity, effect on cell and component profiling were conducted. While having no significant differences in total phenolic content, mutation resulted in A37 having a TFC content (1.04 ± 0.7 mg/100 ml) compared to WE (0.86 ± 0.9 mg/100 ml). Despite that, A37 extract has lower antioxidant activity (EC50, A37 = 549.6 ± 2.70 μg/ml) than WE (EC50 = 52.8 ± 1.19 μg/ml). Toxicity tests on zebrafish embryos show that both extracts, stop the embryogenesis process when the concentration used exceeds 900 μg/ml. Although both extracts showed pigmentation reduction in zebrafish embryos, A37 extract showed no effect on embryo heartbeat. Cell cycle studies revealed that WE significantly affect the cell cycle while A37 not. Further tests found that these extracts inhibit the phosphorylation of Glycogen synthase kinase 3 β (pGSK3β) in HS27 cell line, which may explain the activation of apoptosis in melanin-producing cells. It was found that from 19 known compounds, 14 compounds were present in both WE and A37 extracts. Interestingly, the presence of decitabine in A37 extract makes it very potential for use in the medical application such as treatment of melanoma, skin therapy and even cancer.

Matched MeSH terms: Melanoma/drug therapy
Anti-melanin deposition activity of ceramicines from Chisocheton ceramicus

Iijima C, Wong CP, Nugroho AE, Sotozono Y, Someya S, Hirasawa Y, et al.

J Nat Med, 2016 Oct;70(4):702-7.
PMID: 27357963 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-016-1016-y

The ceramicines, a series of limonoids from Chisocheton ceramicus (Meliaceae), were evaluated for anti-melanin deposition activity on α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX)-treated B16-F10 melanoma cell, and several ceramicines were found to be active. The structure-activity relationship of ceramicines as anti-melanin deposition inhibitors was deduced. Furthermore, the mechanism of anti-melanin deposition activity of ceramicine B, a major constituent of C. ceramicus that showed potent anti-melanin deposition activity, was investigated. Tyrosinase enzymatic activity and tyrosinase mRNA expression were not affected by ceramicine B. The anti-melanin deposition activity of ceramicine B was shown to be related to the downregulation of tyrosinase protein expression. These results suggest that ceramicines have potential to be used as depigmentation agents.

Matched MeSH terms: Melanoma, Experimental/metabolism*
Inhibitory effects of Sargassum polycystum on tyrosinase activity and melanin formation in B16F10 murine melanoma cells

Chan YY, Kim KH, Cheah SH

J Ethnopharmacol, 2011 Oct 11;137(3):1183-8.
PMID: 21810462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.07.050

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Sargassum polycystum, a type of brown seaweed, has been used for the treatment of skin-related disorders in traditional medicine.
AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of the present study is to investigate the antimelanogenesis effect of Sargassum polycystum extracts by cell-free mushroom tyrosinase assay followed by cell viability assay, cellular tyrosinase assay and melanin content assay using B16F10 murine melanoma cells.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sargassum polycystum was extracted with 95% ethanol and further fractionated with hexane, ethyl acetate and water. The ethanolic crude extract and its fractionated extracts were tested for their potential to act as antimelanogenesis or skin-whitening agents by their abilities to inhibit tyrosinase activity in the cell-free mushroom tyrosinase assay and cellular tyrosinase derived from melanin-forming B16F10 murine melanoma cells. The tyrosinase inhibitory activity was correlated to the inhibition of melanin production in α-MSH-stimulated and unstimulated B16F10 cells.
RESULTS: Sargassum polycystum ethanolic extract and its fractions had little or no inhibitory effect on mushroom tyrosinase activity. However, when tested on cellular tyrosinase, the ethanolic extract and its non-polar fraction, hexane fraction (SPHF), showed significant inhibition of cellular tyrosinase activity. In parallel to its cellular tyrosinase inhibitory activity, SPHF was also able to inhibit basal and α-MSH-stimulated melanin production in B16F10 cells.
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings showed that (i) cellular tyrosinase assay is more reliable than mushroom tyrosinase assay in the initial testing of potential antimelanogenesis agents and, (ii) SPHF inhibited melanogenesis by inhibiting cellular tyrosinase activity. SPHF may be useful for treating hyperpigmentation and as a skin-whitening agent in cosmetics industry.

Matched MeSH terms: Melanoma, Experimental/enzymology*; Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
In vivo biocompatibility, pharmacokinetics, antitumor efficacy, and hypersensitivity evaluation of ionic liquid-mediated paclitaxel formulations

Chowdhury MR, Moshikur RM, Wakabayashi R, Tahara Y, Kamiya N, Moniruzzaman M, et al.

Int J Pharm, 2019 Jun 30;565:219-226.
PMID: 31077761 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.05.020

In order to prevent common hypersensitivity reactions to paclitaxel injections (Taxol), we previously reported an ionic liquid-mediated paclitaxel (IL-PTX) formulation with small particle size and narrow size distribution. The preliminary work showed high PTX solubility in the IL, and the formulation demonstrated similar antitumor activity to Taxol, while inducing a smaller hypersensitivity effect in in vitro cell experiments. In this study, the stability of the IL-PTX formulation was monitored by quantitative HPLC analysis, which showed that IL-PTX was more stable at 4 °C than at room temperature. The in vivo study showed that the IL-PTX formulation could be used in a therapeutic application as a biocompatible component of a drug delivery system. To assess the in-vivo biocompatibility, IL or IL-mediated formulations were administered intravenously by maintaining physiological buffered conditions (neutral pH and isotonic salt concentration). From in vivo pharmacokinetics data, the IL-PTX formulation was found to have a similar systemic circulation time and slower elimination rate compared to cremophor EL mediated paclitaxel (CrEL-PTX). Furthermore, in vivo antitumor and hypersensitivity experiments in C57BL/6 mice revealed that IL-PTX had similar antitumor activity to CrEL-PTX, but a significantly smaller hypersensitivity effect compared with CrEL-PTX. Therefore, the IL-mediated formulation has potential to be an effective and safe drug delivery system for PTX.

Matched MeSH terms: Melanoma/drug therapy
Chitosan-Carboxymethyl-5-Fluorouracil-Folate Conjugate Particles: Microwave Modulated Uptake by Skin and Melanoma Cells

Nawaz A, Wong TW

J Invest Dermatol, 2018 11;138(11):2412-2422.
PMID: 29857069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.04.037

5-Fluorouracil delivery profiles in the form of chitosan-folate submicron particles through skin and melanoma cells in vitro were examined using microwaves as the penetration enhancer. The in vivo pharmacokinetic profile of 5-fluorouracil was also determined. Chitosan-carboxymethyl-5-fluorouracil-folate conjugate was synthesized and processed into submicron particles by spray-drying technique. The size, zeta potential, morphology, drug content, and drug release, as well as skin permeation and retention, pharmacokinetics, in vitro SKMEL-28 melanoma cell line cytotoxicity, and intracellular trafficking profiles of drug/particles, were examined as a function of skin/melanoma cell treatment by microwaves at 2,450 MHz for 5 + 5 minutes. The level of skin drug/particle retention in vitro and in vivo increased in skin treated by microwaves. This was facilitated by the drug conjugating to chitosan and microwaves fluidizing both the protein and lipid domains of epidermis and dermis. The uptake of chitosan-folate particles by melanoma cells was mediated via lipid raft route. It was promoted by microwaves, which fluidized the lipid and protein regimes of the cell membrane, and this increased drug cytotoxicity. In vivo pharmacokinetic study indicated skin treatment by microwave-enhanced drug retention but not permeation. The combination of microwaves and submicron particles synergized skin drug retention and intracellular drug delivery.

Matched MeSH terms: Melanoma/drug therapy*
Fulltext Surgical Treatment and Proposed Modified Classification for Harrington Class III Periacetabular Metastases

Wei R, Lim CY, Yang Y, Tang XD, Yan TQ, Yang RL, et al.

Orthop Surg, 2021 Apr;13(2):553-562.
PMID: 33665985 DOI: 10.1111/os.12918

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to: (i) evaluate the outcome of patients with Harrington class III lesions who were treated according to Harrington classification; (ii) propose a modified surgical classification for Harrington class III lesions; and (iii) assess the efficiency of the proposed modified classification.
METHODS: This study composes two phases. During phase 1 (2006 to 2011), the clinical data of 16 patients with Harrington class III lesions who were treated by intralesional excision followed by reconstruction of antegrade/retrograde Steinmann pins/screws with cemented total hip arthroplasty (Harrington/modified Harrington procedure) were retrospectively reviewed and further analyzed synthetically to design a modified surgical classification system. In phase 2 (2013 to 2019), 62 patients with Harrington class III lesions were classified and surgically treated according to our modified classification. Functional outcome was assessed using the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) 93 scoring system. The outcome of local control was described using 2-year recurrence-free survival (RFS). Owing to the limited sample size, we considered P

Matched MeSH terms: Melanoma
Fulltext Monitoring T Cells Responses Mounted by Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines

Lim KP, Zainal NS

Front Mol Biosci, 2021;8:623475.
PMID: 33937323 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.623475

With the regulatory approval of Provenge and Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer and advanced melanoma respectively, and other promising clinical trials outcomes, cancer vaccine is gaining prominence as a cancer therapeutic agent. Cancer vaccine works to induce T cell priming, expansion, and infiltration resulting in antigen-specific cytotoxicity. Such an approach that can drive cytotoxicity within the tumor could complement the success of checkpoint inhibitors as tumors shown to have high immune cell infiltration are those that would respond well to these antibodies. With the advancements in cancer vaccine, methods to monitor and understand how cancer vaccines modify the immune milieu is under rapid development. This includes using ELISpot and intracellular staining to detect cytokine secretion by activated T cells; tetramer and CyTOF to quantitate the level of antigen specific T cells; proliferation and cell killing assay to detect the expansion of T cell and specific killing activity. More recently, T cell profiling has provided unprecedented detail on immune cell subsets and providing clues to the mechanism involved in immune activation. Here, we reviewed cancer vaccines currently in clinical trials and highlight available techniques in monitoring the clinical response in patients.

Matched MeSH terms: Melanoma
Anticancer Evaluation of Novel Quinazolinone Acetamides: Synthesis and Characterization

Hakima F, Salfi R, Bhikshapathi D, Khan A

Anticancer Agents Med Chem, 2021 May 24.
PMID: 34030622 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210524164351

BACKGROUND: According to the global cancer report of 2019, the burden of cancer will exceed more than 18 million becoming one of the major causes of global mortality rate. There is a pressing need to establish novel drug candidates for cancer treatment, though many anticancer agents are available in the market owing to their adverse effects. In recent years, quinazoline and its derivatives have been considered as a novel class of cancer chemotherapeutic agents that show promising activity against different tumors.
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to evaluate the anti-cancer potential of the novel class of quinazoline tethered acetamide derivatives against six different cancer cell lines.
METHOD: A novel series of various substituted quinazolinone acetamides were synthesized through a feasible scheme. The synthetic scheme involves the conversion of benzoxazinone (from anthranilic acid and benzoyl chloride) intermediate to 3-amino quinazoline-4-one which is further converted to the final amide by tethering with the propionyl chloride employing Schotten-Baumann Reaction conditions. All the synthesized derivatives characterized by IR, 1HNMR and MASS spectral methods and anti-cancer activity evaluated by employing MTT assay for six cancer cell lines and one normal human cell line.
RESULTS: All the synthesized compounds were screened for anti-cancer activity against six cancer cell lines, including A 549 (lung), DU 145 (prostate), HT 29 (colon), MCF-7 (breast), SiHA (cervical), B16F10 (mouse skin melanoma) and one normal human fibroblast cell lines. All the compounds displayed a decent cytotoxicity profile when compared with the standard drug, doxorubicin. Among the synthesized compounds (5a to 5n) tested, two compounds, 5f and 5g have demonstrated excellent cytotoxicity against SiHA and MCF-7 cancer cell lines.
CONCLUSION: Comparatively, most of the compounds displayed decent cytotoxicity potential relative to the standard drug, doxorubicin. Further investigations are needed to establish the detailed mechanism of action of the developed novel quinazolinone acetamides.

Matched MeSH terms: Melanoma
Clear cell "sugar" tumour of the lung: a case report

Shiran MS, Tan GC, Arunachalam N, Sabariah AR, Pathmanathan R

Malays J Pathol, 2006 Dec;28(2):113-6.
PMID: 18376801

We report a case of clear cell "sugar" tumour of the lung (CCTL) occurring in a 26-year-old lady. The patient was asymptomatic and the lesion was picked up in the course of a pre-employment medical examination. A well-defined 5 cm nodule in the right lower lobe was detected on routine chest X-Ray. Microscopical examination of the coin lesion showed clear cells containing abundant diastase-sensitive intracytoplasmic glycogen, as demohstrated with periodic acid-Schiff stains. Tumour immunoreactivity for HMB-45 and non-reactivity for cytokeratin support the histological diagnosis. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of CCTL in Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Melanoma-Specific Antigens
Fulltext Clinical manifestation and genetic analysis of familial rare disease genodermatosis xeroderma pigmentosum

Yuniati R, Sihombing NRB, Nauphar D, Tiawarman B, Kartikasari DS, Dewi M, et al.

Intractable Rare Dis Res, 2021 May;10(2):114-121.
PMID: 33996357 DOI: 10.5582/irdr.2020.03143

Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by hypersensitivity of the skin to ultraviolet radiation and other carcinogenic agents. This ailment is characterized by increased photosensitivity, skin xerosis, early skin aging, actinic keratosis, erythematous lesions, and hyperpigmentation macules. In this serial case report, we presented four cases with XP from two families in Indonesia. Both families were referred from rural referral health centers, and each family has two affected siblings. They had freckle-like pigmentation on the face, trunk, and extremities, which progressed since childhood. One patient of family 2 died because of an infectious disease. Histopathological examination using cytokeratine (CK), CD10, and Ber-EP4 staining from available tissue biopsy of one affected case of family 1 identified basal cell carcinoma (BCC) on the cheek and melanoma on the right eye. Mutation analysis found ERCC2, c2047C>T and XPC, c1941T>A in the first and second families, respectively. We suppose that this is the first case report of XP in Indonesia that incorporates clinical examination, genetic analysis, and extensive histopathological examination, including immunohistochemistry staining, and a novel pathogenic variant of XPC was found in the second family.

Matched MeSH terms: Melanoma
Ficus deltoidea (Mas cotek) extract exerted anti-melanogenic activity by preventing tyrosinase activity in vitro and by suppressing tyrosinase gene expression in B16F1 melanoma cells

Oh MJ, Hamid MA, Ngadiran S, Seo YK, Sarmidi MR, Park CS

Arch. Dermatol. Res., 2011 Apr;303(3):161-70.
PMID: 20981431 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-010-1089-5

Ficus deltoidea (Mas cotek) water extract has been widely used for woman health in Malaysia. Our investigation focused to identify anti-melanogenic efficacy of F. deltoidea since it has been known to have strong anti-oxidant activities. Anti-melanogenic effect of F. deltoidea extract was analyzed using cultured B16F1 melanoma cells. Cytotoxicity of the extract was measured using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and determined the highest concentration of the extract that did not affect cell viability as 0.1% (w/v). α-MSH-induced melanin synthesis was significantly inhibited with dose-dependent manner by treatment of F. deltoidea leave extract, which was comparable to that of kojic acid. The extract directly inhibited mushroom tyrosinase activity and intracellular tyrosinase activity of B16F1 as well. The inhibition of intracellular tyrosinase activity was found to be exerted at the protein expression level when analyzed by immunoblot and tyrosinase zymography. The expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) was also reduced by the F. deltoidea extract. In conclusion, F. deltoidea extract has strong anti-melanogenic activity that is exerted by direct inhibition of tyrosinase enzyme activity and by down-regulation of the expression of genes involved in the melanogenesis pathways. Collectively, data shown in this study strongly suggest that F. deltoidea extract has potential to be used as a novel depigmenting agent for cosmetics.

Matched MeSH terms: Melanoma, Experimental
Counterpoint. Cancer vaccines: single-epitope anti-idiotype vaccine versus multiple-epitope antigen vaccine

Bhattachary-Chatterjee M, Nath Baral R, Chatterjee SK, Das R, Zeytin H, Chakraborty M, et al.

Cancer Immunol Immunother, 2000 Jun;49(3):133-41.
PMID: 10881692

Anti-idiotype (Id) vaccine therapy has been tested and shown to be effective, in several animal models, for triggering the immune system to induce specific and protective immunity against bacterial, viral and parasitic infections. The administration of anti-Id antibodies as surrogate tumor-associated antigens (TAA) also represents another potential application of the concept of the Id network. Limited experience in human trials using anti-Id to stimulate immunity against tumors has shown promising results. In this "counter-point" article, we discuss our own findings showing the potential of anti-Id antibody vaccines to be novel therapeutic approaches to various human cancers and also discuss where anti-Id vaccines may perform better than traditional multiple-epitope antigen vaccines.

Matched MeSH terms: Melanoma/therapy
Antimelanogenesis and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Selected Culinary-Medicinal Mushrooms

Saad HM, Sim KS, Tan YS

Int J Med Mushrooms, 2018;20(2):141-153.
PMID: 29773006 DOI: 10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2018025463

Five culinary-medicinal mushrooms are commonly available in the Malaysian market: Agaricus bisporus (white and brown), Ganoderma lucidum, Hypsizygus marmoreus, Pleurotus floridanus, and P. pulmonarius. These species were selected for use in the current study, the aim of which was to investigate the antimelanogenesis and anti-inflammatory activity of these mushrooms in an attempt to evaluate their potential use in cosmeceuticals. Mushroom fruiting bodies were extracted with hot water, and the extracts were freeze-dried before testing. The antimelanogenesis activity of the extracts was determined by cell viability assay, measurement of intracellular melanin content, and cellular tyrosinase assay with B16F10 melanoma cells. The anti-inflammatory activity of the mushroom extracts was tested by measuring the levels of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin-10 excreted by RAW264.7 macrophages. Brown A. bisporus reduced intracellular melanin content to the largest extent-up to 57.05 ± 3.90%-without a cytotoxic effect on B16F10 melanoma cells. This extract also reduced cellular tyrosinase activity to 17.93 ± 2.65%, performing better than kojic acid, the positive control. In parallel, the extract from brown A. bisporus, at the highest concentration tested, has appreciable anti-inflammatory activity through reductions of NO and TNF-α levels. The other 5 extracts showed moderate antimelanogenesis and anti-inflammatory activities. In summary, our findings show that A. bisporus (brown) extract has the potential to be used as an ingredient in whitening skincare products and to sooth the inflammatory response on the skin.

Matched MeSH terms: Melanoma

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