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Microplastic ingestion by zooplankton in Terengganu coastal waters, southern South China Sea

Md Amin R, Sohaimi ES, Anuar ST, Bachok Z

Mar Pollut Bull, 2020 Jan;150:110616.
PMID: 31707243 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110616

This study investigates the presence of microplastics in surface seawater and zooplankton at five different locations off the Terengganu coast in Malaysia, southern South China Sea. A total of 983 microplastic particles, with an average abundance of 3.3 particles L-1 were found in surface seawater. An average of one plastic particle was detected in 130 individuals from 6 groups of zooplankton. These groups include fish larvae, cyclopoid, shrimps, polychaete, calanoid and chaetognath where they ingested 0.14, 0.13, 0.01, 0.007, 0.005 and 0.003 particle per individual, respectively. Microplastics in the form of fragments are the most common type of ingested microplastics that ranged between 0.02 mm (cyclopoid) - 1.68 mm (shrimp and zoea). Contrastingly, fibers, which are identified as polyamide are the main type of microplastics that dominate in seawater.
Fulltext Enhanced weight-based clustering algorithm to provide reliable delivery for VANET safety applications

Bello Tambawal A, Md Noor R, Salleh R, Chembe C, Oche M

PLoS One, 2019;14(4):e0214664.
PMID: 30946766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214664

A vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is an emerging and promising wireless technology aimed to improve traffic safety and provide comfort to road users. However, the high mobility of vehicles and frequent topology changes pose a considerable challenge to the reliable delivery of safety applications. Clustering is one of the control techniques used in VANET to make the frequent topology changes less dynamic. Nevertheless, research has shown that most of the existing clustering algorithms focus on cluster head (CH) election with very few addressing other critical issues such as cluster formation and maintenance. This has led to unstable clusters which could affect the timely delivery of safety applications. In this study, enhanced weight-based clustering algorithm (EWCA) was developed to address these challenges. We considered any vehicle moving on the same road segment with the same road ID and within the transmission range of its neighbour to be suitable for the cluster formation process. This was attributed to the fact that all safety messages are expected to be shared among the vehicles within the vicinity irrespective of their relative speedto avoid any hazardous situation. To elect a CH, we identified some metrics on the basis of the vehicle mobility information. Each vehicle was associated with a predefined weight value based on its relevance. A vehicle with the highest weight value was elected as the primary cluster head (PCH). We also introduced a secondary cluster head (SeCH) as a backup to the PCH to improve the cluster stability. SeCH took over the leadership whenever the PCH was not suitable for continuing with the leadership. The simulation results of the proposed approach showed a better performance with an increase of approximately40%- 45% in the cluster stability when compared with the existing approaches. Similarly, cluster formation messages were significantly minimized, hence reducing the communication overhead to the system and improving the reliable delivery of the safety applications.
Gold-nanorod enhances dielectric voltammetry detection of c-reactive protein: A predictive strategy for cardiac failure

Letchumanan I, Md Arshad MK, Balakrishnan SR, Gopinath SCB

Biosens Bioelectron, 2019 Apr 01;130:40-47.
PMID: 30716591 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.01.042

This paper primarily demonstrates the approach to enhance the sensing performance on antigen C-reactive protein (CRP) and anti-CRP antibody binding event. A nanogapped electrode structure with the gap of ~100 nm was modified by the anti-CRP antibody (Probe) to capture the available CRP. In order to increase the amount of antigen to be captured, a gold nanorod with 119 nm in length and 25 nm in width was integrated, to increase the surface area. A comparative study between the existence and non-existence of gold nanorod utilization was evaluated. Analysis of the sensing surface was well-supported by atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, 3D nano-profilometry, high-power microscopy and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The dielectric voltammetric analysis was carried out from 0 V to 2 V. The sensitivity was calculated based on 3σ and attained as low as 1 pM, which is tremendously low compared to real CRP concentration (119 nM) in human blood serum. The gold nanorod conjugation with antibody has enhanced the sensitivity to 100 folds (10 fM). The specificity of the CRP detection by the proposed strategy was anchored by ELISA and failure in the detection of human blood clotting factor IX by voltammetry. Despite, CRP antigen was further detected in human serum by spiking CRP to run-through the detection with the physiologically relevant samples.
Percentage of hypochromic red cells as a potential screening test to evaluate iron status in blood donors

Amir N, Md Noor S, Subbiah I, Osman M, Seman Z

Int J Lab Hematol, 2019 Jun;41(3):418-423.
PMID: 30938931 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.13009

INTRODUCTION: Haemoglobin (Hb) levels are used to assess eligibility for blood donation but are not correlated with iron status. The percentage of hypochromic red cells (%Hypo-He) has been suggested as a useful screening parameter for iron deficiency. The aim of this study was to determine the cut-off level and accuracy of %Hypo-He screening among blood donors.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 170 blood donors were recruited into the study. Blood donors were classified into three groups: normal, latent iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia based on their Hb, serum ferritin and transferrin saturation (TSAT) levels. The diagnostic performance of %Hypo-He was evaluated with a validation group comprising 160 blood donors.
RESULTS: Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that %Hypo-He is an excellent parameter for detecting iron deficiency, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.906, a confidence interval (CI) of 0.854-0.957 at a cut-off of 0.6%, and 74.51% sensitivity and 88.24% specificity. A moderate negative correlation between %Hypo-He and TSAT (ρ = -0.576 [P
Annexin A2 extracellular translocation and virus interaction: A potential target for antivirus-drug discovery

Aliyu IA, Ling KH, Md Hashim N, Chee HY

Rev Med Virol, 2019 05;29(3):e2038.
PMID: 30746844 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2038

Annexin A2 is a membrane scaffolding and binding protein, which mediated various cellular events. Its functions are generally affected by cellular localization. In the cytoplasm, they interacted with different phospholipid membranes in Ca2+ -dependent manner and play vital roles including actin binding, remodeling and dynamics, cytoskeletal rearrangement, and lipid-raft microdomain formation. However, upon cell exposure to certain stimuli, annexin A2 translocates to the external leaflets of the plasma membrane where annexin A2 was recently reported to serve as a virus receptor, play an important role in the formation of virus replication complex, or implicated in virus assembly and budding. Here, we review some of annexin A2 roles in virus infections and the potentiality of targeting annexin A2 in the design of novel and promising antivirus agent that may have a broader consequence in virus therapy.
Fulltext National healthcare establishments and workforce statistics (primary care) 2008-2009

Md Gowdh NF, Sivasampu S, Lim TO, Abdullah NH

Citation: Md Gowdh NF, Sivasampu S, Lim TO, Abdullah NH. National healthcare establishments and workforce statistics (primary care) 2008-2009. Kuala Lumpur: Clinical Research Centre, Ministry of Health, Malaysia
Ewing Sarcoma presenting as a gluteal mass in adult woman: Diagnostic approach and its challenges

Tuan Sharif SE, Alzallal O, Wan Ismail WF, Md Zin RR

Malays J Pathol, 2020 Apr;42(1):121-125.
PMID: 32342941

INTRODUCTION: Sarcomas of the Ewing family of tumours are aggressive neoplasms occurring in bone and soft tissue of mostly children and young adults. It usually affects male more than female with peak incidence 10 to 15 years of age, and rarely encountered in adults especially in more than 40 years old. It is an aggressive, rare tumour with a tendency toward recurrence after resection and early metastasis.
CASE REPORT: We reported a rare case of Ewing Sarcoma in a 62-year-old woman who had an unusual clinical presentation. She had right painless buttock swelling only for a month. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed soft tissue sarcoma originated from right gluteal muscle. The diagnosis of Ewing sarcoma (ES) was made in a limited diagnostic material in an initial tru-cut biopsy, followed by an excision supported by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Fluorescent In-Situ Hybridization (FISH).
DISCUSSION: The purpose of this study is to document ES in an adult woman and its diagnostic challenges in histopathologic perspective.
Fulltext Experimental Evaluation of Low Velocity Impact Properties and Damage Progression on Bamboo/Glass Hybrid Composites Subjected to Different Impact Energy Levels

Md Shah AU, Hameed Sultan MT, Safri SNA

Polymers (Basel), 2020 Jun 04;12(6).
PMID: 32512848 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061288

Six impact energy values, ranging from 2.5 J to 10 J, were applied to study the impact properties of neat epoxy and bamboo composites, while six impact energy values, ranging from 10 J to 35 J, were applied on bamboo/glass hybrid composites. Woven glass fibre was embedded at the outermost top and bottom layer of bamboo powder-filled epoxy composites, producing sandwich structured hybrid composites through lay-up and molding techniques. A drop weight impact test was performed to study the impact properties. A peak force analysis showed that neat epoxy has the stiffest projectile for targeting interaction, while inconsistent peak force data was collected for the non-hybrid composites. The non-hybrid composites could withstand up to 10 J, while the hybrid composites showed a total failure at 35 J. It can be concluded that increasing the filler loading lessened the severity of damages in non-hybrid composites, while introducing the woven glass fibre could slow down the penetration of the impactor, thus lowering the chances of a total failure of the composites.
Fulltext A case of anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis

Abdul Rashid AM, Mohamad Mokhtar E, Md Noh MSF

SAGE Open Med Case Rep, 2020;8:2050313X20926431.
PMID: 32547761 DOI: 10.1177/2050313X20926431

Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis is characterized by the clinical manifestation of neuropsychiatric symptoms, predominantly affecting young adults, and frequently associated with neoplasms. It is the second most common cause of autoimmune and paraneoplastic encephalitis. Early diagnosis is often missed, as patients are commonly diagnosed with psychiatric illnesses and are treated with antipsychotics - which rarely gives complete resolution of symptoms. Herein, we discuss a patient with mixed clinical, imaging, electroencephalogram, and laboratory findings, with an eventual diagnosis of anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis requiring immunotherapy and operative intervention.
Fulltext Preparation, Marriage Chemistry and Applications of Graphene Quantum Dots-Nanocellulose Composite: A Brief Review

Danial WH, Md Bahri NF, Abdul Majid Z

Molecules, 2021 Oct 12;26(20).
PMID: 34684739 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206158

Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are zero-dimensional carbon-based materials, while nanocellulose is a nanomaterial that can be derived from naturally occurring cellulose polymers or renewable biomass resources. The unique geometrical, biocompatible and biodegradable properties of both these remarkable nanomaterials have caught the attention of the scientific community in terms of fundamental research aimed at advancing technology. This study reviews the preparation, marriage chemistry and applications of GQDs-nanocellulose composites. The preparation of these composites can be achieved via rapid and simple solution mixing containing known concentration of nanomaterial with a pre-defined composition ratio in a neutral pH medium. They can also be incorporated into other matrices or drop-casted onto substrates, depending on the intended application. Additionally, combining GQDs and nanocellulose has proven to impart new hybrid nanomaterials with excellent performance as well as surface functionality and, therefore, a plethora of applications. Potential applications for GQDs-nanocellulose composites include sensing or, for analytical purposes, injectable 3D printing materials, supercapacitors and light-emitting diodes. This review unlocks windows of research opportunities for GQDs-nanocellulose composites and pave the way for the synthesis and application of more innovative hybrid nanomaterials.
Fulltext Knowledge and perception of treatment among tuberculosis patients attending primary care clinics in Malaysia

Balakrishnan N, Md Monoto EM, Mohd Tohit N, Abdul Wahab A

J Infect Dev Ctries, 2021 08 31;15(8):1205-1211.
PMID: 34516430 DOI: 10.3855/jidc.12891

INTRODUCTION: Tuberculosis is a disease of public health concern. It can be treated effectively with good knowledge about the disease and complete adherence to the recommended treatment regime. This study is intended to assess the level of knowledge and perception of treatment among tuberculosis patients attending primary care clinics.
METHODOLOGY: We conducted a cross-sectional study using a validated self-administered questionnaire among tuberculosis patients attending primary care clinics in Johor Bahru district. A total of 208 tuberculosis patients were enrolled in this study through convenience sampling. We assessed the general knowledge, transmission, causes, and prevention of tuberculosis, where higher scores indicated better knowledge. For the perception of treatment, a higher mean score indicated a more negative perception.
RESULTS: The mean score for knowledge on tuberculosis was 54.33 ± 12.78, ranging from 25 to 88.9%. The mean score for perception was 2.75±0.52, ranging from 2.15-3.39. We found that although 88.9% of respondents knew a person could be infected with TB through inhalation of tuberculosis bacilli, a majority believed that smoking (68.2%), sharing food (69.2%), and eating from the same plate (66.8%) are causes of tuberculosis. Moreover, there was still a negative perception regarding the treatment of tuberculosis with the highest mean score for the statement 'I am afraid if I am told I am tuberculosis positive'.
CONCLUSIONS: We found that there were gaps in knowledge among tuberculosis patients. Intermittent counseling during the treatment re-enforces the knowledge of tuberculosis. An updated standardized counseling sheet of tuberculosis Health Education should be included along with staff training to update their knowledge as part of their important role in health education in tuberculosis prevention.
Efficacy and safety of intralesional tuberculin purified protein derivative versus cryotherapy in the treatment of warts: An assessor-blinded, randomized controlled trial

Wan Ahmad Kammal WSL, Jamil A, Md Nor N

Dermatol Ther, 2021 09;34(5):e15080.
PMID: 34351693 DOI: 10.1111/dth.15080

Cryotherapy is a standard treatment for warts. Tuberculin immunotherapy is a novel therapeutic option. We compared the efficacy and safety of cryotherapy versus tuberculin immunotherapy in a randomized, assessor-blinded study. 15 patients were treated with intralesional tuberculin and 15 patients received cryotherapy every 2 weeks until complete wart resolution or a maximum of six sessions. Wart diameter, total number of warts and adverse effects were documented. Complete clearance of treated warts was achieved in 13(86.7%) and 11(73.3%) of patients with immunotherapy and cryotherapy respectively. Immunotherapy showed greater wart size reduction (51.88 ± 89.36 mm) than cryotherapy (32.99 ± 36.19 mm), (p = 0.46). Immunotherapy resulted in 64% reduction in total number of warts compared to 23.2% with cryotherapy, p
Fulltext Fungal Keratitis in a Tertiary Hospital in Malaysia

Tze-Suen C, Chew-Ean T, Md Din N

Cureus, 2021 Sep;13(9):e18389.
PMID: 34729270 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.18389

Background Fungal keratitis is one of the commonest causes of corneal blindness in developing countries including Malaysia. We aim to evaluate the sociodemographic background, clinical features, predisposing factors, laboratory findings, management, complications, and visual outcome of patients with fungal keratitis in a tertiary hospital in Malaysia. Methods A retrospective review of medical and microbiology records of all patients treated for corneal ulcer from 2015 to 2019 at Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah was performed. Sociodemography, predisposing risk factors, clinical characteristics, causative organisms, and final visual outcome were analyzed. Results We identified 103 patients with a diagnosis of fungal keratitis. The majority of the patients were of Malay ethnicity (85.4%) and male gender (81.6%), with an age range of 21 to 60 years (94.1%). Ocular trauma was the main predisposing factor in 82 (79.6%) patients. Poor visual improvement was observed in groups with ulcer more than 4mm (67.5%), presence of hypopyon (50.9%), and high intraocular pressure (75.0%) upon presentation. Fusarium spp. (19.4%) was the commonest fungus isolated followed by Aspergillus spp. (5.8%). All patients were prescribed either topical, oral, intracameral, or combined therapy, whereas 20 (19.4%) patients required surgical intervention, of which 16 (15.5%) underwent penetrating keratoplasty and three (2.9%) required evisceration. Conclusion The epidemiological, socioeconomic, and predisposing factors may facilitate timely diagnosis and prompt treatment to achieve a better visual outcome and minimize complications including corneal blindness.
Fulltext Online News Coverage of the Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Tax in Malaysia: Content Analysis

Mohd Hanim MF, Md Sabri BA, Yusof N

JMIR Public Health Surveill, 2021 08 18;7(8):e24523.
PMID: 34406125 DOI: 10.2196/24523

BACKGROUND: In Malaysia, the Sugar-Sweetened Beverages (SSBs) tax was announced during the parliament's 2019 Budget Speech. The tax was slated to be enforced by April 2019 but was later postponed to July 2019. The announcement has since generated significant media coverage and public feedback.
OBJECTIVE: This study presents a qualitative and quantitative cross-sectional study using netnography to examine how Malaysian online news articles responded to the SSBs tax after the announcement and postimplementation.
METHODS: Online news articles published on popular online news platforms from November 2018 to August 2019 were downloaded using NCapture and imported into NVivo for analysis using the inductive approach and thematic content analysis following the initial SSBs implementation announcement.
RESULTS: A total of 62 news articles were analyzed. Most of the articles positively portrayed the SSBs tax (46.8%) and highlighted its health impacts (76%). There were 7 key framing arguments identified in the articles. The positive arguments revolved around incentivizing manufacturers to introduce healthier products voluntarily, positive health consequences, the tax's impact on government revenue, and the use of the generated revenue toward beneficial social programs. The opposing arguments included increased operating costs to the manufacturer, the increased retail price of drinks, and how the SSBs tax is not a robust solution to obesity. The top priority sector considered in introducing the tax was the health perspective, followed by economic purposes and creating policies such as regulating the food and drinks industry.
CONCLUSIONS: The majority of online news articles positively reported the implementation of the SSBs tax in Malaysia. This suggests media played a role in garnering support for the health policy. As such, relevant bodies can use negative findings to anticipate and reframe counteracting arguments opposing the SSBs tax.
Ethnicity and H. pylori as risk factors for gastric cancer in Malaysia: A prospective case control study

Goh KL, Cheah PL, Md N, Quek KF, Parasakthi N

Am J Gastroenterol, 2007 Jan;102(1):40-5.
PMID: 17100981

To determine the risk factors for gastric cancer (GCA), with particular emphasis on ethnicity in our multiracial population.
Use of ATC to describe duplicate medications in primary care prescriptions

Lim CM, Aryani Md Yusof F, Selvarajah S, Lim TO

Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 2011 Oct;67(10):1035-44.
PMID: 21499761 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-011-1025-4

PURPOSE: We aimed to demonstrate the suitability of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification (ATC) to describe duplicate drugs and duplicate drug classes in prescription data and describe the pattern of duplicates from public and private primary care clinics of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

METHODS: We analyzed prescription data year 2005 from all 14 public clinics in Kuala Lumpur with 12,157 prescriptions, and a sample of 188 private clinics with 25,612 prescriptions. As ATC Level 5 code represents the molecule and Level 4 represents the pharmacological subgroup, we used repetitions of codes in the same prescription to describe duplicate drugs or duplicate drug classes and compared them between the public and private clinics.

RESULTS: At Level 4 ATC, prescriptions with duplicates drug classes were 1.46% of all prescriptions in private and 0.04% in public clinics. At Level 5 ATC, prescriptions with duplicate drugs were 1.81% for private and 0.95% for public clinics. In private clinics at Level 5, 73.3% of prescriptions with duplicates involved systemic combination drugs; at Level 4, 40.3% involved systemic combination drugs. In the public sector at Level 5, 95.7% of prescriptions with duplicates involved topical products.

CONCLUSIONS: Repetitions of the same ATC codes were mostly useful to describe duplicate medications; however, we recommend avoid using ATC codes for tropical products for this purpose due to ambiguity. Combination products were often involved in duplicate prescribing; redesign of these products might improve prescribing quality. Duplicates occurred more often in private clinics than public clinics in Malaysia.
Fulltext The association between health literacy and quality of life and its associated factors among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in public primary care clinic

Shibraumalisi NA, Mat Nasir N, Md Yasin M, Isa MR

Journal of Clinical and Health Sciences, 2020;5(1):60-74.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Low health literacy (HL) is one of the contributing factors that leads to negative diabetic outcome. Quality of life (QOL) is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing. There is limited evidence on association of HL and QOL among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), therefore the objectives of this study were to identify the HL and QOL status, to determine the association between HL and QOL and factors associated with QOL among T2DM patients.
Methods: This was a cross sectional study involving patients with T2DM from two public primary care clinics. HL and QOL were measured using translated and validated HLS – Asia Q16 and DQoL-BCI questionnaires respectively among T2DM patients.
Results: The mean HL score was 12.39 (3.34), 17.7 % had “inadequate HL”, 25.7% had “problematic HL” and 56.6% had “sufficient HL”. The mean DQoL-BCI score was 32.09 (6.51). Lower QOL level was negatively associated with age (b -0.140; CI: -0.190, - 0.090; p<0.001), not obese (b -1.476; CI: -2.605, - 0.347; p<0.011), and HL level (b -0.425; CI: -0.59, - 0.259; p<0.001). Lower QOL level was positively associated with uncontrolled glycaemic status (HbA1c >6.5%) (b 1.308; CI: -0.042, 2.659; p<0.058), treatment with insulin (b 4.163; CI:1.538, 6.788; p<0.002) and combination treatment of insulin and oral hypoglycaemic agents (OHA) (b 2.450; CI:1.145, 3.756; p<0.001).
Conclusions: This study demonstrated that age, body mass index, HL, glycaemic control, treatment with OHA and insulin were significantly associated with QOL. This suggest the importance of identifying high risk patients with poor QOL for targeted intervention.
KEYWORDS: Health Literacy, Quality of Life, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Primary Care, Malaysia
Study site: Two public primary care clinics (klinik kesihatan), Gombak district, Selangor, Malaysia
Prediction of work productivity outcomes by identifying critical risk factors among garment industry workers

Javed I, Md Dawal SZ, Nukman Y, Ahmad A

Int J Occup Saf Ergon, 2022 Dec;28(4):2238-2249.
PMID: 34556003 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2021.1984673

Work productivity is one of the most important economic measures in the manufacturing industry. However, the physical, psychosocial and individual risk factors of an industrial work environment affect workers' physical or mental health, resulting in work productivity loss, absenteeism and presenteeism. Therefore, this study aims to identify the most critical risk factors and develop statistical models for predicting work productivity loss, absenteeism and presenteeism of garment industry workers. A sample of 224 sewing machine operators was taken for data collection through observation and self-reported studies. The results indicated that the average work productivity loss, absenteeism and presenteeism was 38.21, 2.35 and 37.23%, respectively. Finally, the statistical models of work productivity loss, absenteeism and presenteeism was developed using multiple linear regression with precision of 69.9, 53.7 and 84.0%, respectively. Hence, this study will help garment industries to improve their work productivity by taking initiatives based on the developed models.
Population dynamics and ranging behaviours of provisioned silvered langur (Trachypithecus cristatus) in Peninsular Malaysia

Mohd-Daut N, Matsuda I, Abidin KZ, Md-Zain BM

Primates, 2021 Nov;62(6):1019-1029.
PMID: 34486090 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-021-00934-6

Tourists are attracted to the Bukit Melawati Kuala Selangor (BMKS) of Peninsular Malaysia, a small hill park, for both its status as a historical site and the free-ranging silvered langurs (Trachypithecus cristatus) that come for provisioning. We assessed the population trends and group sizes of T. cristatus over 10 years in the BMKS and examined their ranging patterns. Comparisons of observed populations between 2005 (190 individuals) and 2017 (193 individuals) revealed the stable demography and group sizes of the six T. cristatus groups in the BMKS. Based on a total of 185 location points of the six groups in 2017, their mean ranging area was 3.6 ha with a range of 0.86-6.93 ha with extensive spatial overlap. We also found a significant positive relationship between the six groups' ranges and group sizes in 2017. Additionally, qualitative ecological comparisons with a previous study on T. cristatus in 1965 (before provisioning) suggest that the artificial food supply in the study area could modify the population dynamics and socioecology of T. cristatus. The modifications might alter their range size and territoriality in the BMKS. Overall, we found that provisioning had negative effects on the ecology of T. cristatus in the BMKS. Therefore, modifying management policies, such as banning feeding and implementing educational programs, may contribute to their proper conservation.
Fulltext Retinal vasculitis in systemic lupus erythematosus: an indication of active disease

Md Noh UK, Zahidin AZ, Yong TK

Clin Pract, 2012 Mar 30;2(2):e54.
PMID: 24765453 DOI: 10.4081/cp.2012.e54

A 26-year-old woman with a recent flare-up of systemic lupus erythematosus presented with peripheral retinal hemorrhages at a routine check-up. She is on a tapering dose of immunosuppressive agents. Her visual acuity was good. Fluorescein angiogram revealed vasculitic changes with capillary non-perfusion areas. A few weeks later, she developed cerebral lupus with advanced lupus nephritis. Immunosuppressive therapy was restarted and panretinal photocoagulation was delivered. Her visual acuity remained stable, despite development of a cataract from prednisolone therapy.

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