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Antibiotics for mastitis in breastfeeding women

Jahanfar S, Ng CJ, Teng CL

Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2009 Jan 21.
PMID: 19160255 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005458.pub2

BACKGROUND: Mastitis can be caused by ineffective positioning of the baby at the breast or restricted feeding. Infective mastitis is commonly caused by Staphylococcus Aureus. Incidence of mastitis in breastfeeding women may reach 33%. Effective milk removal, pain medication and antibiotic therapy have been the mainstays of treatment.

OBJECTIVES: This review aims to examine the effectiveness of antibiotic therapies in relieving symptoms for breastfeeding women with mastitis with or without laboratory investigation.

SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (December 2007), the Cochrane Central Register of Clinical Trials (The Cochrane Library 2007, Issue 4), MEDLINE (1996 to 2007) and EMBASE (January 1985 to 2007). We contacted investigators and other content experts known to us for unpublished trials and scanned the reference lists of retrieved articles

SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized and quasi-randomized clinical trials comparing the effectiveness of various types of antibiotic therapies or antibiotic therapy versus alternative therapies for the treatment of mastitis were selected.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. When in dispute, we consulted a third author.

MAIN RESULTS: Two trials met the inclusion criteria. One small trial (n = 25) compared amoxicillin with cephradine and found no significant difference between the two antibiotics in terms of symptom relief and abscess formation. Another, older study compared breast emptying alone as "supportive therapy" versus antibiotic therapy plus supportive therapy, and no therapy. The findings of the latter study suggested faster clearance of symptoms for women using antibiotics, although the study design was problematic.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is insufficient evidence to confirm or refute the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy for the treatment of lactational mastitis. There is an urgent need to conduct high-quality, double-blinded randomized clinical trials to determine whether antibiotics should be used in this common postpartum condition.

Matched MeSH terms: Breast Feeding/adverse effects*
Protecting breastfeeding in West and Central Africa: over 25 years of implementation of the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes

Sokol E, Clark D, Aguayo VM

Food Nutr Bull, 2008 Sep;29(3):159-62.
PMID: 18947028

In 1981 the World Health Assembly (WHA) adopted the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes out of concern that inappropriate marketing of breastmilk substitutes was contributing to the alarming decline in breastfeeding worldwide and the increase in child malnutrition and mortality, particularly in developing countries.

Matched MeSH terms: Breast Feeding*
Fulltext Autoantibodies to survivin in the sera of patients with infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast

Al-Joudi FS, Iskandar ZA

Med J Malaysia, 2006 Aug;61(3):302-6.
PMID: 17240580 MyJurnal

Autoantibodies to survivin have been reported in lung cancers and in gastrointestinal cancers. A few reports have also described a low prevalence of autoantibodies to survivin and at low titres in the sera of breast cancer patients with no implications for their clinical usefulness. This study was designed to re-examine the prevalence and the clinical correlations of autoantibodies to the tumour protein survivin, in the sera of patients with infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast using an ELISA assay. In spite of the low prevalence of autoantibodies to survivin (7%, n = 57), their presence was associated with grade III tumours, with tumour sizes exceeding 10cm, with axillary lymph nodal involvement and with metastases. Moreover, all the autoantibody-positive cases were estrogen and progesterone receptors negative. Furthermore, all the autoantibody-positive cases expressed survivin with high scores.

Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/immunology*
Fulltext Preemptive ropivacaine local anaesthetic infiltration versus postoperative ropivacaine wound infiltration in mastectomy: postoperative pain and drain outputs

Rica MA, Norlia A, Rohaizak M, Naqiyah I

Asian J Surg, 2007 Jan;30(1):34-9.
PMID: 17337369

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate if preemptive local infiltration (PLA) with ropivacaine could improve postoperative pain and determine its effect on drain output postmastectomy with axillary dissection.
METHODS: This was a prospective, randomized trial comprising 30 women allocated to two groups: one to receive postoperative wound infiltration (POW) of 20 mL of 0.2% (40 mg) ropivacaine (Naropin) versus PLA with 20 mL of 0.2% ropivacaine (Naropin) diluted with 80 mL of 0.9% saline, total volume 100 mL. A visual analogue scale (0-100 mm) and angle of shoulder abduction were used for evaluation of pain. Postoperatively, all patients received oral ibuprofen 400 mg tds.
RESULTS: There was no significant difference in postoperative pain for the first 3 days between the two groups. There were wider shoulder abduction angles in the 1st and 3rd postoperative days in the PLA group, but this was not significant. Operative time was significantly shorter in the PLA group than in the POW group (69.34+/-59.37 minutes vs. 109.67+/-26.96 minutes; p=0.02). The axillary drain was removed earlier in the preemptive group, 5.4+/-1.55 days versus 6.8+/-2.04 days in the postoperative group (p=0.04).
CONCLUSION: We found no difference in postoperative pain between preemptive tumescent ropivacaine infiltration and postoperative ropivacaine wound infiltration.

Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/surgery*
Short duration of skin-to-skin contact: effects on growth and breastfeeding

Boo NY, Jamli FM

J Paediatr Child Health, 2007 Dec;43(12):831-6.
PMID: 17803670

To compare weight gain and head growth in very-low-birthweight (VLBW, <1501 g) infants with or without exposure to short duration of skin-to-skin contact (STSC) during their stay in a neonatal intensive care unit.

Matched MeSH terms: Breast Feeding*
Fulltext Quality assurance in mammography: College of Radiology Survey in Malaysia

Ho EL, Ng KH, Wong JH, Wang HB

Med J Malaysia, 2006 Jun;61(2):204-8.
PMID: 16898312

Malaysia's mammography QA practice was surveyed based on the Malaysian Ministry of Health and the American College of Radiology (ACR) requirements. Data on mammography unit, processor, image receptor, exposure factors, mean glandular dose (MGD), sensitometry, image quality and viewbox luminance were obtained. Mean developer temperature and cycle time were 34.1 +/- 1.8degreesC and 107.7 +/- 33.2 seconds. Mean base+fog level, speed index and contrast index were 0.20+/-0.01, 1.20+/-0.01 and 1.33+/-0.26 respectively. Eighty-six percent of the fifty centres passed the image quality test while 12.5% complied with ACR recommended viewbox luminance. Average MGD was 1.0+/-0.4 mGy. Malaysia is on the right track for QA but with room for total quality improvement.

Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/radiography*
Computer-aided detection/diagnosis of breast cancer in mammography and ultrasound: a review

Jalalian A, Mashohor SB, Mahmud HR, Saripan MI, Ramli AR, Karasfi B

Clin Imaging, 2013 May-Jun;37(3):420-6.
PMID: 23153689 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2012.09.024

Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer among women worldwide. Early detection of breast cancer can increase treatment options and patients' survivability. Mammography is the gold standard for breast imaging and cancer detection. However, due to some limitations of this modality such as low sensitivity especially in dense breasts, other modalities like ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging are often suggested to achieve additional information. Recently, computer-aided detection or diagnosis (CAD) systems have been developed to help radiologists in order to increase diagnosis accuracy. Generally, a CAD system consists of four stages: (a) preprocessing, (b) segmentation of regions of interest, (c) feature extraction and selection, and finally (d) classification. This paper presents the approaches which are applied to develop CAD systems on mammography and ultrasound images. The performance evaluation metrics of CAD systems are also reviewed.

Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/ultrasonography*
Bacteria in expressed breastmilk from mothers of premature infants and maternal hygienic status

Dahaban NM, Romli MF, Roslan NR, Kong SS, Cheah FC

Breastfeed Med, 2013 Aug;8(4):422-3.
PMID: 23398139 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2012.0109
Matched MeSH terms: Breast Feeding/adverse effects*
A system of microcalcifications detection and evaluation of the radiologist: comparative study of the three main races in Malaysia

Al-Qdah M, Ramli AR, Mahmud R

Comput Biol Med, 2005 Dec;35(10):905-14.
PMID: 16310014

This paper uses wavelets in the detection comparison of breast cancer among the three main races in Malaysia: Chinese, Malays, and Indians followed by a system that evaluates the radiologist's findings over a period of time to gauge the radiologist's skills in confirming breast cancer cases. The db4 wavelet has been utilized to detect microcalcifications in mammogram-digitized images obtained from Malaysian women sample. The wavelet filter's detection evaluation was done by visual inspection by an expert radiologist to confirm the detection results of those pixels that corresponded to microcalcifications. Detection was counted if the wavelet-detected pixels corresponded to the radiologist's identified microcalcification pixels. After the radiologist's detection confirmation a new client-server radiologist recording and evaluation system is designed to evaluate the findings of the radiologist over some period of cancer detection working time. It is a system that records the findings of the Malaysian radiologist for the presence of breast cancer in Malaysian patients and provides a way of registering the progress of detecting breast cancer of the radiologist by tracking certain metric values such as the sensitivity, specificity, and receiver operator curve (ROC). The initial findings suggest that no single race mammograms are easier for wavelets' detections of microcalcifications and for the radiologist confirmation even though for this study the Chinese race samples detection average were a few percentages less than the other two races, namely the Malay and Indian races.

Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/radiography*
Fulltext Ultrasound in the assessment of the palpable breast mass

Hasni H, Meah FA, Norlia A, Sharifah NA, Zulfiqar A

Med J Malaysia, 2004 Oct;59(4):486-94.
PMID: 15779581

The aim of the study was: to obtain the profile of patients (with regards to age and family history of breast cancer) with a palpable breast mass. To determine the validity of ultrasound in the assessment of the palpable breast mass by determining the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of ultrasound in distinguishing a malignant mass. To determine the most discriminating ultrasound characteristics for differentiating benign and malignant masses. Seventy patients who had fine needle aspiration cytology of a palpable breast mass were subjected to an ultrasound assessment of the mass. The ultrasound findings were classified as benign, indeterminate or malignant. These findings were then compared with either the cytology or histology results in cases that eventually had surgical excision. The age of the patients ranged from 15 to 66 years old The majority was in the third and fourth decades with an average age of 25 years. The 8 patients with a proven malignant breast mass were aged between 39 and 66 years old. They did not have any family history of breast cancer. Only 4 patients had a family history of breast carcinoma and all proved to have a benign breast lesion. Ultrasound had a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 85.7%, positive predictive value of 50%, negative predictive value of 100% and accuracy of 87.5% for distinguishing a malignant mass. For benign masses: 93.7% had well-defined margins, 81.3% had homogenous internal echoes, 91.7% had depth-width ratio of less than 1.0 and 89% were compressible. For malignant masses: 87.5% had either ill-defined or irregular margins, 87.5% had inhomogenous internal echoes and mixed posterior echoes, and 100% were incompressible. The majority of patients with a palpable breast mass were aged below 40 years old. Most of the patients with a malignant breast mass were aged 40 years and older. Neither a positive nor a negative family history of breast cancer had any significance on outcome. Ultrasound had high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy in distinguishing a malignant mass. The most discriminating benign ultrasound characteristic was compressibility. The most discriminating malignant ultrasound characteristic was ill-defined and irregular margins.

Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/ultrasonography*
Fulltext Non Secretory Multiple Myeloma With Extensive Extramedullary Plasmacytoma: A Diagnostic Dilemma

Low SF, Mohd Tap NH, Kew TY, Ngiu CS, Sridharan R

Iran J Radiol, 2015 Jul;12(3):e11760.
PMID: 26528383 DOI: 10.5812/iranjradiol.11760v2

Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by progressive proliferation of malignant plasma cells, usually initiating in the bone marrow. MM can affect any organ; a total of 7 - 18% of patients with MM demonstrate extramedullary involvement at diagnosis. Non-secretory multiple myeloma (NSMM) is a rare variant that accounts for 1 - 5% of all cases of multiple myeloma. The disease is characterized by the absence of monoclonal gammopathy in serum and urine electrophoresis. Our case report highlights the diagnostic challenge of a case of NSMM with extensive extramedullary involvement in a young female patient who initially presented with right shoulder pain and bilateral breasts lumps. Skeletal survey showed multiple lytic bony lesions. The initial diagnosis was primary breast carcinoma with osseous metastases. No monoclonal gammopathy was found in the serum or urine electrophoresis. Bone marrow and breast biopsies revealed marked plasmacytosis. The diagnosis was delayed for a month in view of the lack of clinical suspicion of multiple myeloma in a young patient and scant biochemical expression of non-secretory type of multiple myeloma.

Matched MeSH terms: Breast; Breast Neoplasms
Fulltext Association of type and location of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations with risk of breast and ovarian cancer

Rebbeck TR, Mitra N, Wan F, Sinilnikova OM, Healey S, McGuffog L, et al.

JAMA, 2015 Apr 07;313(13):1347-61.
PMID: 25849179 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2014.5985

IMPORTANCE: Limited information about the relationship between specific mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) and cancer risk exists.
OBJECTIVE: To identify mutation-specific cancer risks for carriers of BRCA1/2.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Observational study of women who were ascertained between 1937 and 2011 (median, 1999) and found to carry disease-associated BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. The international sample comprised 19,581 carriers of BRCA1 mutations and 11,900 carriers of BRCA2 mutations from 55 centers in 33 countries on 6 continents. We estimated hazard ratios for breast and ovarian cancer based on mutation type, function, and nucleotide position. We also estimated RHR, the ratio of breast vs ovarian cancer hazard ratios. A value of RHR greater than 1 indicated elevated breast cancer risk; a value of RHR less than 1 indicated elevated ovarian cancer risk.
EXPOSURES: Mutations of BRCA1 or BRCA2.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Breast and ovarian cancer risks.
RESULTS: Among BRCA1 mutation carriers, 9052 women (46%) were diagnosed with breast cancer, 2317 (12%) with ovarian cancer, 1041 (5%) with breast and ovarian cancer, and 7171 (37%) without cancer. Among BRCA2 mutation carriers, 6180 women (52%) were diagnosed with breast cancer, 682 (6%) with ovarian cancer, 272 (2%) with breast and ovarian cancer, and 4766 (40%) without cancer. In BRCA1, we identified 3 breast cancer cluster regions (BCCRs) located at c.179 to c.505 (BCCR1; RHR = 1.46; 95% CI, 1.22-1.74; P = 2 × 10(-6)), c.4328 to c.4945 (BCCR2; RHR = 1.34; 95% CI, 1.01-1.78; P = .04), and c. 5261 to c.5563 (BCCR2', RHR = 1.38; 95% CI, 1.22-1.55; P = 6 × 10(-9)). We also identified an ovarian cancer cluster region (OCCR) from c.1380 to c.4062 (approximately exon 11) with RHR = 0.62 (95% CI, 0.56-0.70; P = 9 × 10(-17)). In BRCA2, we observed multiple BCCRs spanning c.1 to c.596 (BCCR1; RHR = 1.71; 95% CI, 1.06-2.78; P = .03), c.772 to c.1806 (BCCR1'; RHR = 1.63; 95% CI, 1.10-2.40; P = .01), and c.7394 to c.8904 (BCCR2; RHR = 2.31; 95% CI, 1.69-3.16; P = .00002). We also identified 3 OCCRs: the first (OCCR1) spanned c.3249 to c.5681 that was adjacent to c.5946delT (6174delT; RHR = 0.51; 95% CI, 0.44-0.60; P = 6 × 10(-17)). The second OCCR spanned c.6645 to c.7471 (OCCR2; RHR = 0.57; 95% CI, 0.41-0.80; P = .001). Mutations conferring nonsense-mediated decay were associated with differential breast or ovarian cancer risks and an earlier age of breast cancer diagnosis for both BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Breast and ovarian cancer risks varied by type and location of BRCA1/2 mutations. With appropriate validation, these data may have implications for risk assessment and cancer prevention decision making for carriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations.

Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/genetics*
Predictors of breastfeeding in very low birthweight infants at the time of discharge from hospital

Boo NY, Goh ES

J Trop Pediatr, 1999 Aug;45(4):195-201.
PMID: 10467829

In a case-control study carried out in the Kuala Lumpur Maternity Hospital between 1st July 1995 and 31st January 1996 the objectives were (1) to determine the rate of breastfeeding in surviving very low birthweight (VLBW, < or = 1500 g) Malaysian infants following the introduction of the Baby Friendly Hospital Concept, and (2) to identify significant predictors associated with successful breastfeeding in these infants. During the study period, 201 (1.24 per cent) of live-born infants were VLBW infants, 192 (95.5 per cent) were Malaysians, and 141 (73.4 per cent) of them survived to go home. The breastfeeding rate among all surviving VLBW Malaysian infants at the time of discharge was 40.2 per cent (57/141). The mothers of 126 (89.4 per cent) VLBW Malaysian infants were interviewed before discharge. Logistic regression analysis showed that, after controlling for various confounders, the significant predictors associated with successful breastfeeding were: (a) Malay mothers (odds ratio: 6.0; 95 per cent CI: 1.9, 19.4), (b) mothers with educational levels of between 7 and 9 years (odds ratio: 3.6; 95 per cent CI: 1.0, 12.2), and (c) earlier age of commencement of enteral feeds in the VLBW infants (for each additional day delay in commencement of feeding, odds ratio of breastfeeding was 0.5; 95 per cent CI: 0.4, 0.8).

Matched MeSH terms: Breast Feeding/statistics & numerical data*
Fulltext Pilot study of formestane in postmenopausal women with breast cancer

Joseph JK, Lim AKH

Med J Malaysia, 1998 Mar;53(1):37-41.
PMID: 10968135

A pilot study of Formestane or 4-Hydroxyandrostenedione (Lentaron), a new endocrine agent, was conducted on 18 postmenopausal patients with locally advanced and metastatic breast cancer. 16 patients were evaluable for response and objective responses were seen in 4 patients (25%). Stabilisation of disease was seen in 5 patients (32%). Out of 17 patients evaluable for toxicity, 3 (18%) reported adverse effects including hot flushes, lethargy and myalgia. Adverse effects were mild, transient and no patient required discontinuation of drug. Our study confirms that Formestane is a well tolerated endocrine agent with low toxicity and reasonable efficacy in postmenopausal patients with locally advanced and metastatic breast cancer.

Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy*
A simplified approach for exit dose in vivo measurements in radiotherapy and its clinical application

Banjade DP, Shrestha SL, Shukri A, Tajuddin AA, Bhat M

Australas Phys Eng Sci Med, 2002 Sep;25(3):110-8.
PMID: 12416587

This is a study using LiF:Mg;Ti thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) rods in phantoms to investigate the effect of lack of backscatter on exit dose. Comparing the measured dose with anticipated dose calculated using tissue maximum ratio (TMR) or percentage depth dose (PDD) gives rise to a correction factor. This correction factor may be applied to in-vivo dosimetry results to derive true dose to a point within the patient. Measurements in a specially designed humanoid breast phantom as well as patients undergoing radiotherapy treatment were also been done. TLDs with reproducibility of within +/- 3% (1 SD) are irradiated in a series of measurements for 6 and 10 MV photon beams from a medical linear accelerator. The measured exit doses for the different phantom thickness for 6 MV beams are found to be lowered by 10.9 to 14.0% compared to the dose derived from theoretical estimation (normalized dose at dmax). The same measurements for 10 MV beams are lowered by 9.0 to 13.5%. The variations of measured exit dose for different field sizes are found to be within 2.5%. The exit doses with added backscatter material from 2 mm up to 15 cm, shows gradual increase and the saturated values agreed within 1.5% with the expected results for both beams. The measured exit doses in humanoid breast phantom as well as in the clinical trial on patients undergoing radiotherapy also agreed with the predicted results based on phantom measurements. The authors' viewpoint is that this technique provides sufficient information to design exit surface bolus to restore build down effect in cases where part of the exit surface is being considered as a target volume. It indicates that the technique could be translated for in vivo dose measurements, which may be a conspicuous step of quality assurance in clinical practice.

Matched MeSH terms: Breast/radiation effects*
Fulltext Breastmilk feeding status and weight gain of low birth weight infants in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Lim NL, Cheah IGS, Soosai AP

Med J Malaysia, 2001 Mar;56(1):65-70.
PMID: 11503299

A prospective observational study of feeding in low birth weight (LBW) infants with birth weight (BW) of at least 1.8 kg admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) showed that nearly 80% of mothers provided expressed breastmilk (EBM) and a further 14% breastfed their infants before discharge. Weight gain was overall poor at a mean of 9.48 +/- 7.82 grams per kg per day with those on predominant EBM feeding (EBM > 70%) doing worse than those on predominant preterm formula (PTF) feeding (EBM < 31%), weight gain being 5.40 +/- 6.88 and 11.10 +/- 8.15 grams per kg per day respectively (p < 0.01). Weight gain was also poorer (7.72 +/- 5.55 grams per kg per day) in patients with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) compared to those who did not have RDS (12.02 +/- 9.58 grams per kg per day). p < 0.05. Incidence of infants < 10th centile body weight at birth was 16.8% and at discharge was 69.1%.

Matched MeSH terms: Breast Feeding*
Fulltext Practice of breast self-examination amongst women attending a Malaysian Well Person's Clinic

Chan SC

Med J Malaysia, 1999 Dec;54(4):433-7.
PMID: 11072459

The practice of breast self-examination (BSE) amongst 1,303 women registered with the Well Person's Clinic, Outpatient Department, Hospital Ipoh between April 1995 and March 1997 were assessed through a questionnaire. Majority (98.2%) were never taught and did not practise BSE, 17(1.3%) practised BSE while 6 (0.5%) were taught BSE but failed to put it into practice. Only 5.8% of 52 women with past/family history of breast cancer/lump and 2.9% of 207 women with past/family history of other cancers were practising BSE regularly. Three out of 64 women with breast lumps found on clinical breast examination discovered the lumps themselves. Five of the 64 women were subsequently confirmed to have breast carcinoma.
Study site: Outpatient clinic, Hospital Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia

Matched MeSH terms: Breast Self-Examination*
Fulltext Endometrial carcinoma can develop in patients on tamoxifen therapy

Omar SZ, Sivanesaratnam V

Med J Malaysia, 1999 Jun;54(2):280-2.
PMID: 10972045
Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy*
Training course on code implementation

Allain A, De Arango R

Mothers Child, 1992;11(3):6-7.
PMID: 12288850
Matched MeSH terms: Breast Feeding*
Effect of tocotrienols on the growth of a human breast cancer cell line in culture

Nesaretnam K, Guthrie N, Chambers AF, Carroll KK

Lipids, 1995 Dec;30(12):1139-43.
PMID: 8614304

The tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) of palm oil consists of tocotrienols and some alpha-tocopherol (alpha-T). Tocotrienols are a form of vitamin E having an unsaturated side-chain, rather than the saturated side-chain of the more common tocopherols. Because palm oil has been shown not to promote chemically-induced mammary carcinogenesis, we tested effects of TRF and alpha-T on the proliferation, growth, and plating efficiency (PE) of the MDA-MB-435 estrogen-receptor-negative human breast cancer cells. TRF inhibited the proliferation of these cells with a concentration required to inhibit cell proliferation by 50% of 180 microgram/mL whereas alpha-T had no effect at concentrations up to 1000 microgram/mL as measured by incorporation of [3H]thymidine. The effects of TRF and alpha-T also were tested in longer-term growth experiments, using concentrations of 180 and 500 microgram/mL. We found that TRF inhibited the growth of these cells by 50%, whereas alpha-T did not. Their effect on the ability of these cells to form colonies also was studied, and it was found that TRF inhibited PE, whereas alpha T had no effect. These results suggest that the inhibition is due to the presence of tocotrienols in TRF rather than alpha T.

Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/pathology*

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