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Post-COVID-19 Condition Characterization: Insights From a Cross-Sectional Study in a Malaysian Rehabilitation Center

Zamli AH, Misnan NA, Lim SY, Zohdi WNWM, Baharum N, Andiappan K

Asia Pac J Public Health, 2023 Nov;35(8):516-523.
PMID: 37798930 DOI: 10.1177/10105395231203118

Although post-COVID-19 condition (PCC) is a major public health concern, studies on PCC in Southeast Asia are lacking. This study aimed to describe PCC symptoms and its functional impact among COVID-19 survivors undergoing outpatient rehabilitation in Malaysia. We evaluated 3037 patients with confirmed COVID-19, referred between November 2020 and September 2022, 3 to 6 months after infection. PCC was diagnosed in 71.1%. Fatigue and dyspnea were the most common symptoms. The PCC patients had reduced respiratory, ambulatory, and musculoskeletal function, and higher fatigue and pain scores, and were less likely to return to work (odds ratio [OR] = 0.55) compared with non-PCC patients. Recognition of PCC symptoms and its functional impact can guide early, tailored, rehabilitation interventions.

Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
Fulltext The cardiovascular risk factor profiles among end-stage renal failure patients treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and intermittent hemodialysis

Zamiah SAKS, Draman CR, Seman MR, Safhan AF, Rozalina R, Nik Ruzni NI

Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl, 2018 2 20;29(1):114-119.
PMID: 29456216 DOI: 10.4103/1319-2442.225185

Cardiovascular (CV) event is the most common cause of death in dialysis patients. Both traditional and nontraditional CV risk factors related to malnutrition, inflammation, and anemia are commonly found in this population. This study was conducted to evaluate the burden factors of CV risk factors and its management in our regularly dialyzed patients. It was a single-center, cross-sectional analysis of prevalent intermittent hemodialysis (IHD) and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients followed up in our hospital. Both the traditional and non-traditional CV risk factors were recorded and compared between the two groups. Eighty-eight patients were recruited. Forty-five were treated with CAPD and 43 patients were treated with IHD. The mean age was 49.5 ± 15.17 years old and 54.5% were females. Eighty percent were Malay followed by Chinese (14.7%) and Indian (5.7%). Thirty-eight percent were hypertensive and 17% were diabetic. The mean age of CAPD patients was 48.9 ± 16.9 compared to 50 ± 13.5 years old for IHD patients (P > 0.05). The body mass index (BMI) of CAPD patients was 23.9 kg/m2 versus 21.7 kg/m2 of the IHD (P = 0.04). The systolic and diastolic blood pressure of CAPD patients were 158 and 89 mm Hg in comparison to 141 and 72 mm Hg in IHD patients (P <0.001) and their total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level were 5.93 mmol/L and 3.84 mmol/L versus 4.79 mmol/L and 2.52 mmol/L, respectively (P≤0.001). The CAPD patients were hyperglycemic more than IHD patients, although it was not statistically significant. All the nontraditional CV risk factors except serum albumin were comparable between the two groups. Serum albumin in CAPD patients was 35.5 g/L compared to 40.8 g/L in the IHD patients (P <0.001). In our prevalent dialysis-dependent patients, both traditional and non-traditional CV risk factors are common. Due to the prolonged and continuous glucose exposure from the peritoneal dialysis fluid, the CAPD patients had highly atherogenic serum, higher BMI, and intensified inflammation which pre-disposed them to higher CV events.

Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
Fulltext Drug-related problems in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia: a cross sectional retrospective study

Zaman Huri H, Hui Xin C, Sulaiman CZ

PLoS One, 2014;9(1):e86215.
PMID: 24475089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086215

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) patients are at risk of acquiring drug-related problems (DRPs), as it is present in the majority of aging men. To date, DRPs among BPH patients have not been well studied. We conducted this retrospective study in a tertiary hospital in Malaysia from January 2009 to June 2012 with the aim of identifying the factors associated with DRPs among BPH patients. The Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe Classification Version (PCNE) 5.01 was used as a tool to classify DRPs. We enrolled 203 patients from 259 hospital admissions. A total of 390 DRPs were found and there was an average of 1.5±1.3 problems per hospitalization. 76.1% of hospital admissions included at least one DRP. The most common DRP categories encountered were drug choice problems (45.9%), drug interactions (24.9%), and dosing problems (13.3%). Factors such as advanced age (p = 0.005), a hospital stay of more than 6 days (p = 0.001), polydrug treatments (p<0.001), multiple comorbidities (p<0.001), and comorbid cardiovascular disease (p = 0.011), diabetes mellitus(p = 0.001), hypertension (p<0.001) and renal impairment (p = 0.011) were significantly associated with the occurrence of DRPs. These data indicated that the prevalence of DRPs is high among BPH patients. The identification of different subtypes of DRPs and the factors associated with DRPs may facilitate risk reduction for BPH patients.

Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
Fulltext Oral drug treatments in patients with erectile dysfunction and multiple comorbidities: a retrospective observational study

Zaman Huri H, Lian Choo T, Sulaiman CZ, Mark R, Abdul Razack AH

BMJ Open, 2014 Jul 07;4(7):e005381.
PMID: 25001396 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005381

OBJECTIVE: To investigate factors associated with demographic/clinical characteristics and drug selection in patients with erectile dysfunction (ED). The prevalence of ED is increasing worldwide. Studies have shown that ED is associated with age, lifestyle and comorbidities. However, the factors associated with patient characteristics as well as drug selection are incompletely understood.
SETTING: A tertiary medical centre in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
PARTICIPANTS: A total of 219 patients (range 23-80 years) who had received phosphodiesterase type-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors as ED treatment were evaluated.
INCLUSION CRITERIA: Adult patients aged ≥18 years, diagnosed with ED, and prescribed with sildenafil, tadalafil or vardenafil.
EXCLUSION CRITERIA: Patients diagnosed with ED but who did not receive any PDE-5 inhibitor, or those with missing data.
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Factors associated with demographic and clinical characteristics as well as drug selection were assessed.
RESULTS: Ischaemic heart disease (p=0.025), benign prostatic hyperplasia (p<0.001), obesity (p=0.005), lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) (p=0.006) and α-blockers (p<0.001) were significantly associated with elderly patients with ED. Additionally, LUTS (p=0.038) and α-blockers (p=0.008) were significantly associated with the selection of PDE-5 inhibitor.
CONCLUSIONS: These data showed that elderly patients with ED were significantly associated with comorbidities and α-blockers, whereas LUTS and α blockers were associated with drug selection.

Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
Fulltext The association between medical students' motivation with learning environment, perceived academic rank, and burnout

Zalts R, Green N, Tackett S, Lubin R

Int J Med Educ, 2021 Jan 28;12:25-30.
PMID: 33513127 DOI: 10.5116/ijme.5ff9.bf5c

OBJECTIVES: To assess the correlations between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation, personal growth and quality of life with learning environment perceptions, perceived academic rank and burnout among medical students.
METHODS: Cross-sectional questionnaires were administered to medical students at three medical schools in Israel, Malaysia, and China, at the end of one academic year. Surveys included demographic data, students' perceived academic rank, two learning environment perceptions scales, and scales for personal growth, goal orientation, burnout and quality of life. Comparative analyses were made to determine the significance of relationships between the outcome measures and control variables, using a series of t-tests. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to test the hypothesis.
RESULTS: Sixty-four percent (400/622) of the students responded. Significant correlations were found between: intrinsic motivation (r(398) =.37, p

Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
Fulltext Prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) among young age medical population

Zalina, N., Aruku, N., Azura, N., Shahida, N., Akhmarina, N., Dian, F.

International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2011;10(1):7-15.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Frequency of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in young age women is not well studied. It is said to be common among female elderly and multiparous population. The aim of this study is to obtain the prevalence of LUTS among nulliparous students in relation to their personal hygiene. Materials and methods: This is a prospective cross-sectional study conducted among 200 nulliparous medical and nursing students aged between 18-28 years using standardized questionnaires. Urine samples were also collected from students to detect urinary tract infections. Results: The complete data sets of 146 students were analyzed. All of them were nulliparous, single and not sexually active. The prevalence of LUTS was 52.7% consist of over-active bladder, urinary incontinence (UI) and voiding difficulty respectively (51.3%, 34.9% and 45.2%). The most common type of UI was stress urinary incontinence which was 21.9% followed by 11.6% of urgency incontinence. Conclusion: The prevalence of LUTS among young age population is high at 52.7%. Public awareness regarding LUTS and availability of treatment is needed.

Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
Fulltext Patient-reported outcomes of retropubic versus trans-obturator mid-urethral slings for urinary stress incontinence: the malaysian experience

Zalina, N., Kamal, N., Aruku, N., Jamaluddin, A.R.

International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2013;12(2):33-38.
MyJurnal

Studies reported that trans-obturator mid-urethral sling (TOT) is superior in safety and efficacy when compared with retro-pubic trans-vaginal tape (TVT) with regard to bladder, vascular and urethral injury. The purpose of this study is to determine if the TOT is equivalent to the TVT by using patient-reported outcomes for the treatment of urodynamic stress urinary incontinence (USI) at Ipoh Hospital. Methods: It is a cross-sectional study on all consecutive patients who underwent TVT procedure between Jan 2005 and Jan 2006 and TOT procedure from Jan 2006 to Jun 2008. Post operatively; all women were followed up at one month, three months, 12 months and annually, thereafter. Data was retrieved from the patients’ records based on the standard pre-operative assessment sheet and follow up record. Then, interviews were made via a telecommunication to assess the patients’ symptoms and satisfaction using a validated questionnaire. Data analysis were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows version 19 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois) considering a significant level of P < 0.05. Results: Total of 51 subjects in TVT group and 52 in TOT group were available for analysis. At 12 months, the stress urinary incontinence (SUI) cure rate is higher in the TVT (90.2%) compared to TOT (80.8%) group; however, it was not statistically significant (p=0.279). The lower urinary tract symptoms (LUT) were improved post-operatively in both groups with urgency and urgency incontinence being significantly better in the TVT group. Four (7.4%) subjects in the TVT group had a bladder perforation (p=0.992) and one case of vaginal erosion reported in the TOT group. Conclusion: TVT had a higher successful rate in the treatment of
SUI; however, it increases the risk of bladder perforation. Over active bladder symptom (OAB) were significantly mproved in the TVT compared to TOT group.

Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
Fulltext Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) among women attending gynaecology clinic and its effect on their social life

Zalina, N., Ruqaiyah, B. R., Hamizah, I., Roszaman, R., Mokhtar, A., Rozihan, I., et al.

International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2016;15(1):97-102.
MyJurnal

Objective: Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS) is a highly prevalent disease which varies by geography
and culture. It influences the quality of life and has social implication. The objectives of this study are to
estimate the prevalence of LUTS among women attending our gynaecology clinic, the associated risk factors
and their quality of life. Method: This is a cross sectional study on women attending gynaecology clinic in a
tertiary centre. Participants were given 3 sets of validated self-answered questionnaire, UDI-6, IIQ-7 and
OAB V8. Results: the prevalence of luts is 50.6% which is common among Malay women. Forty nine percent
is due to stress urinary incontinence (SUI). The risk of LUTS is significantly associated with obesity (AOR =
12.14 95% CI = 1.21 to 121.99, p – value = 0.034), higher parity (AOR = 1.68 95% CI = 1.26 to 2.24, p – value =

Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
Fulltext Relationship between quality of life and nutritional status in colorectal cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy

Zalina Abu Zaid, Kathryn Jackson, Lynne Cobiac, Mirnalini Kandiah

Malays J Nutr, 2017;23(3):375-384.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Malnutrition is associated with poorer outcomes following treatment for colorectal cancer (CRC). This study evaluates the relationship between nutritional status using scored Patient Generated-Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) with the validated European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer questionnaire (EORTC-QLQ C30) which consists of five functional scales, three symptoms scales and one item of global health/quality of life (QOL).
Methods: A total of 42 CRC patients at oncology outpatient clinics from two hospitals in Malaysia participated in the study from March 2011 to March 2012. The participants were classified as either well-nourished (PG-SGA A) or malnourished (PG-SGA B and C).
Results: The majority of patients were Chinese, male, with a mean age of 57.1 ± 9.8 years and had been diagnosed with stage 2 CRC. Well-nourished patients had statistically significantly better QOL scores on symptom scales: fatigue (p<0.001), nausea and vomiting (p<0.05), and pain (p<0.001) compared to malnourished patients. PG-SGA was strongly correlated with the main domains of the QOL: global health status (r = -0.395, p<0.05), fatigue (r = 0.816, p<0.001), nausea and vomiting (r = 0.730, p<0.001) and pain (r= 0.629, p<0.001). The better the nutritional status (lower total mean score of PG-SGA), the higher the QOL (high mean score of global health status).
Conclusion: The scored PG-SGA is suitable for use as a nutrition assessment tool to identify malnutrition and it is associated
with QOL among this population.
Key words: Chemotherapy, colorectal cancer patient, malnutrition, nutritional status, PGSGA score, quality of life
Study site: Oncology clinics, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Hospital Selayang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
Fulltext Relationship between nutritional status, physical activity and quality of life among gastrointestinal cancer survivors

Zalina AZ, Lee VC, Kandiah M

Malays J Nutr, 2012 Aug;18(2):255-64.
PMID: 24575671 MyJurnal

The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between nutritional status, physical activity and quality of life among gastrointestinal cancer survivors.

Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
Fulltext Estimates and distribution of body mass index in a sample of Malaysian adolescents

Zalilah MS, Mirnalini K, Khor GL, Merlin A, Bahaman AS, Norimah K

Med J Malaysia, 2006 Mar;61(1):48-58.
PMID: 16708734 MyJurnal

The purpose of this study was to report on the estimates and distribution of body mass index in a sample of Malaysian adolescents. The study utilized a cross-sectional design and multi-stage random sampling of secondary schools to select 5 urban and 9 rural schools in Kedah and Penang. A total of 6555 male and female adolescents (11-15 years old) of Malay, Chinese and Indian ethnic groups were measured for weights and heights for body mass index calculation. Information on household demographic and socioeconomic were obtained from parents through self-administered questionnaires. Analyses of body mass index distribution by location, ethnicity, gender and age were conducted using Chi-square test of SPSS 11.5. More of the rural (12.1%) and urban (19.4%) adolescents were underweight and overweight, respectively. While in all ethnic, gender and age groups, rural adolescents were more likely to be underweight, more of the urban adolescents were overweight. The prevalence of underweight was highest among the Indians (19.2%) and lowest in Chinese (7.2%). The prevalence of overweight in the three ethnic groups was in the range of 18-19%. More male than female adolescents were underweight (15% vs 7.8%) and overweight (19.5% vs 16.7%). Consistent patterns were also observed across location, ethnic and age groups. As age increased, the prevalence of overweight decreased across the ethnic and gender groups. The reported findings can serve as current reference on body mass index distribution of Malaysian adolescents and a basis for future efforts in health and nutrition interventions for Malaysian children and adolescents.

Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
Fulltext Daily energy intake from meals and afternoon snacks: Findings from the Malaysian Adults Nutrition Survey (MANS)

Zalilah MS, Mirnalini K, Safiah MY, Tahir A, Siti Haslinda MD, Siti Rohana D, et al.

Malays J Nutr, 2008 Mar;14(1):41-55.
PMID: 22691763 MyJurnal

Meal and snack patterns are associated with energy and nutrient intakes and consequently health and nutritional status. The aim of this paper is to describe the percentage of daily energy intake from meals and afternoon snack among Malaysian adults. The study included a representative sample of adults aged 18-59 years (n=7349) from a nationwide Food Consumption Survey conducted by the Ministry of Health. Information on dietary intake was obtained using a one day 24-hour diet recall (24-HDR). Dietary data on 6886 adults were analysed using Nutritionist ProTM and statistical analysis was carried out using the SPSS 13.0. The median percentage of daily energy intake is reported only for adults consuming meals and afternoon tea and by socio-demographic characteristics as well as body mass index (BMI) status. More than 80% of Malaysian adults consumed morning meals, lunch and dinner and 54% reported having afternoon tea. The median percentage of energy intake from morning meals, lunch, dinner and afternoon tea was 29.9%, 30.5%, 32.4% and 17%, respectively. There were variations in the median percentage of energy from meals and snacks according to the socio-demographic variables and BMI status. It is important to understand the eating patterns of Malaysians as the information can assist in efforts to address obesity and diet-related chronic diseases among adults.
Study name: Malaysian Adults Nutrition Survey (MANS-2003)

Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
Fulltext Dietary intake, physical activity and energy expenditure of Malaysian adolescents

Zalilah MS, Khor GL, Mirnalini K, Norimah AK, Ang M

Singapore Med J, 2006 Jun;47(6):491-8.
PMID: 16752017

INTRODUCTION: Paediatric obesity is a public health concern worldwide as it can track into adulthood and increase the risk of adult morbidity and mortality. While the aetiology of obesity is multi-factorial, the roles of diet and physical activity are controversial. Thus, the purpose of this study was to report on the differences in energy intake, diet composition, time spent doing physical activity and energy expenditure among underweight (UW), normal weight (NW) and at-risk of overweight (OW) Malaysian adolescents (317 females and 301 males) aged 11-15 years.
METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study with 6,555 adolescents measured for weights and heights for body mass index (BMI) categorisation. A total of 618 subjects were randomly selected from each BMI category according to gender. The subjects' dietary intake and physical activity were assessed using self-reported three-day food and activity records, respectively. Dietary intake components included total energy and macronutrient intakes. Energy expenditure was calculated as a sum of energy expended for basal metabolic rate and physical activity. Time spent (in minutes) in low, medium and high intensity activities was also calculated.
RESULTS: The OW adolescents had the highest crude energy intake and energy expenditure. However, after adjusting for body weight, the OW subjects had the lowest energy intake and energy expenditure (p-value is less than 0.001). The study groups did not differ significantly in time spent for low, medium and high intensity activities. Macronutrient intakes differed significantly only among the girls where the OW group had the highest intakes compared to UW and NW groups (p-value is less than 0.05). All study groups had greater than 30 percent and less than 55 percent of energy intake from fat and carbohydrate, respectively.
CONCLUSION: The data suggested that a combination of low energy expenditure adjusted for body weight and high dietary fat intake may be associated with overweight and obesity among adolescents. To prevent overweight and obesity among children and adolescents, strategies that address eating behaviours and physical activity are required. Various segments of the society must be involved in efforts to promote healthful dietary intakes and active lifestyle in children and adolescents.

Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
Fulltext Micronutrients and its correlation with mental performance among schoolchildren in Bario, Sarawak: a preliminary study

Zaleha MI, Noor Hayaati AR, Mohd Rizam AR, Jamaludin M, Osman A

Med J Malaysia, 2003 Aug;58(3):309-19.
PMID: 14750369

Children who are born in a community with insufficient micronutrients, particularly iodine in remote rural areas are associated with low intellectual functions and mental retardation. The aim of this cross-sectional study is to determine the mental performance of the schoolchildren in Bario, a highland settlement of the Kelabit people in the district of Baram, Sarawak and to determine its correlation with the availability of iodine in the environment, as well as other micronutrients such as selenium, copper and manganese. A total of 25 schoolchildren in Bario age ranging from 7 to 12 years old participated in the study. Mental performance of the schoolchildren were tested using TONI-2 (Test of Nonverbal Intelligence--second edition), a cognitive ability measures with a response format which eliminates language and reduces motoric and cultural factors. The iodine levels from several wells, soils and salt found in Bario were determined using HPLC (software version 3.05.01) whilst serum levels of selenium, copper and manganese were measured using Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (GFAAS). The results showed that the median and mode scores of intelligence quotient for Bario were 82 and 75, respectively, whilst median and mode scores of intelligence percentile were 11.0 and 5.0, respectively. The maximum score achieved were at the average level with the quotient score between 90-110. It was found that salt produced from one of the wells in Bario contained high quantity of iodine. Based on standards established by the Trace Elements Laboratory, Roben Institute, University of Surrey, United Kingdom, schoolchildren in Bario are having sufficient blood levels of copper and a high selenium and manganese levels. Despite the remoteness of the study area, the schoolchildren in Bario, Sarawak showed higher mental performance compared to other isolated areas. This is probably correlated with the high micronutrients availability, particularly iodine, found naturally in Bario.

Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
Fulltext Validation of Infant and Young Child Feeding Questionnaire for the Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices among Child Care Providers: The IYCF-CCPQ

Zakria NM, Tengku Ismail TA, Wan Mansor WNA, Sulaiman Z

Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2019 06 17;16(12).
PMID: 31213022 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16122147

The validation of a new questionnaire is essential to improving its credibility in the assessment and collection of evidence. This study aimed to validate a newly developed infant and young child feeding questionnaire for child care providers (IYCF-CCPQ) to measure the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding infant and young child feeding among them. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 200 child care providers who were involved in handling children less than two years old in child care centers in the northeastern part of Peninsular Malaysia. The IYCF-CCPQ was self-administered and consists of three domains: Knowledge (104 items), attitude (90 items), and practice (42 items). The dichotomous-scale items in the knowledge domain were analyzed using a two-parameter logistic model of item response theory (2-PL IRT). The Likert-type-scale items in the attitude section were assessed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). The items in the practice section were assessed descriptively. Internal consistency by marginal reliability was assessed in the knowledge domain, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used for the attitude domain. The marginal reliability values were 0.91 and 0.74 for the knowledge domains related to breastfeeding/formula feeding and complementary feeding, respectively, and the Cronbach's alpha values were 0.89 and 0.90 for the attitude domains related to breastfeeding/formula feeding and complementary feeding, respectively. The analysis showed good psychometric properties (discrimination, difficulty index, factor loading, and communalities) and good reliability. The IYCF-CCPQ is valid for use assessing the knowledge, attitudes, and practices among Malaysian child care providers regarding infant and young child feeding.

Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
Fulltext Risk perception of childhood immunisation among the public in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah

Zaki, R.A., Roffeei, S.N., Hazwan, A.E., Musa, N.

JUMMEC, 2018;21(2):38-44.
MyJurnal

Objective: The study was designed to determine the risk perception of the public population in Kota Kinabalu towards childhood immunisation.
Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study where self-administered questionnaires were distributed to the public in Kota Kinabalu. The respondents who consented were 18 years old and older. The illiterate persons and the foreigners were excluded. The calculated sample size was 400. Only 313 samples collected were suitable for analysis using SPSS v21.0.
Results: Fever, pain swelling and allergic reaction were correctly identified as risks of immunisation. Autism, mental retardation and even death could also result from vaccination. Of the total respondents, 76.7% agreed with the practice of childhood vaccination, 70.0% thought that childhood vaccinations were safe and effective and 58.1% felt that its benefit outweighed the risk. Other than that, 32.0% refused childhood vaccination from fear of its risks, and this fear was the main reason for the refusal of childhood vaccination. Age, marital status, race and income were the factors which influenced parental willingness to vaccinate their children (p<0.05).
Conclusions: Most participants understood the risks of childhood vaccination, but few agreed to the practice of childhood immunisation for herd immunity. Public health campaigns are needed, to increase the understanding and acceptance of childhood vaccination especially in the rural community.
Keywords: Childhood Immunisation, Parental Risk, Perception, Public Acceptance

Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
Fulltext Public perception and attitude towards dengue prevention activity and response to dengue early warning in Malaysia

Zaki R, Roffeei SN, Hii YL, Yahya A, Appannan M, Said MA, et al.

PLoS One, 2019;14(2):e0212497.
PMID: 30818394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212497

An early warning system for dengue is meant to predict outbreaks and prevent dengue cases by aiding timely decision making and deployment of interventions. However, only a system which is accepted and utilised by the public would be sustainable in the long run. This study aimed to explore the perception and attitude of the Malaysian public towards a dengue early warning system. The sample consisted of 847 individuals who were 18 years and above and living/working in the Petaling District, an area adjacent to Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. A questionnaire consisting of personal information and three sub-measures of; i) perception, ii) attitude towards dengue early warning and iii) response towards early warning; was distributed to participants. We found that most of the respondents know about dengue fever (97.1%) and its association with climate factors (90.6%). Most of them wanted to help reduce the number of dengue cases in their area (91.5%). A small percentage of the respondents admitted that they were not willing to be involved in public activities, and 64% of them admitted that they did not check dengue situations or hotspots around their area regularly. Despite the high awareness on the relationship between climate and dengue, about 45% of respondents do not know or are not sure how this can be used to predict dengue. Respondents would like to know more about how climate data can be used to predict a dengue outbreak (92.7%). Providing more information on how climate can influence dengue cases would increase public acceptability and improve response towards climate-based warning system. The most preferred way of communicating early warning was through the television (66.4%). This study shows that the public in Petaling District considers it necessary to have a dengue warning system to be necessary, but more education is required.

Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
Fulltext Clinical evaluation of Dyslipidemia among type II diabetic patients at Public hospital Penang, Malaysia

Zaki NF, Sulaiman AS, Gillani WS

Int Arch Med, 2010;3:34.
PMID: 21092333 DOI: 10.1186/1755-7682-3-34

Global views emphasize the need for early; effective intervention against the atherogenic dyslipidemia associated with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome to reduce the risk of premature cardiovascular diseases. Our aim was to determine the clinical practices and compliance among dyslipidemia with type II diabetes and hypertension in multiracial society.

Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
Fulltext The prevalence of hypertension among Malaysian adults and its associated risk factors: data from Malaysian Community Salt Study (MyCoSS)

Zaki NAM, Ambak R, Othman F, Wong NI, Man CS, Morad MFA, et al.

J Health Popul Nutr, 2021 05 31;40(Suppl 1):8.
PMID: 34059165 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-021-00237-y

BACKGROUND: Hypertension is one of the most common risk factors for cardiovascular disease and leading cause of mortality globally. The aims of this study were to assess the prevalence of hypertension and its associated risk factors among Malaysian population using data from the Malaysian Community Salt Study (MyCoSS).
METHODS: This study was a cross-sectional study using multi-stage stratified sampling method. Data collection was carried out via face-to-face interview at the respondent's home from October 2017 until March 2018. A total of 1047 respondents aged 18 years and above completed the questionnaires and blood pressure measurement. A person who reported diagnosis of hypertension by a physician and had systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg on three readings was categorised as hypertensive. Risk factors of hypertension were analysed using multiple logistic regression.
RESULTS: The prevalence of hypertension in the present study was 49.39% (95% CI 44.27-54.51). There was no statistically significant difference in gender. Age, household income, BMI, and diabetes were significantly associated with hypertension. Hypertension found had inverse association with the level of education. Age was the strongest predictor of hypertension (35-44 years old; OR=2.39, 95% CI=1.39-4.09, 45-54 years old; OR=5.50, 95% CI=3.23-9.38, 55-64 years old OR=13.56, 95% CI=7.77-23.64 and 65 years old and above; OR=25.28, 95% CI=13.33-48.66). Those who had higher BMI more likely to be hypertensive as compared to respondents with normal weight (overweight, OR=1.84; 95% CI=1.18-2.86; obese, OR=4.29% CI=2.56-7.29).
CONCLUSION: The findings showed that hypertension is prevalent among adults in Malaysia. Those with older age, higher BMI, and diabetes are more likely to have hypertension. Efforts regarding lifestyle modification and education could be important in hypertension management and prevention.

Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
Fulltext Malaysia Shape of the Nation (MySoN): a primary care based study of abdominal obesity in Malaysia

Zaki M, Robaayah Z, Chan SP, Vadivale M, Lim TO

Med J Malaysia, 2010 Jun;65 Suppl A:143-9.
PMID: 21488476

Abdominal obesity (AO), measured by waist circumference (WC), is a stronger predictor of subsequent development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) than generalised obesity, which is measured by body mass index (BMI). This study aimed to measure WC and prevalence of AO in Malaysians visiting primary care physicians. 1893 patients between the ages of 18 and 80 attending primary care clinics in Malaysia were recruited over two days for this multi-centre cross-sectional study. Pregnant women were excluded, their medical history, weight, height and WC were examined. The prevalence of co-morbidities were as follows: (1) CVD-4%, lipid disorder-17%, hypertension-26%, diabetes-14% and any of the clinical characteristics of CVD/lipid disorder/hypertension/diabetes-38%. The mean BMI for men and women was 25.62 +/- 4.73 kg/m2 and 26.63 +/- 5.72 kg/m2, respectively. Based on WHO criteria for BMI (overweight, 25-29.9 kg/m2; obese, > 30 kg/m2), 34.2% were overweight and 20.4% were obese. The mean WC for men and women was 89.03 +/- 13.45 cm and 84.26 +/- 12.78 cm, respectively. Overall, 55.6% had AO and there was higher prevalence among women (based on International Diabetes Federation criteria: WC > or = 90 cm for men and > or = 80 cm for women). AO was present in approximately 71% patients with lipid disorder, in 76% with hypertension and in 75% with diabetes. Patients with AO were also at a higher risk of developing co-morbidities. Malaysia has a high prevalence of AO and associated cardiovascular risk factors. This needs to be addressed by public health programs, which should also include routine measurement of WC.

Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies

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