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Ancrod decreases the frequency of cyclic flow variations and causes thrombolysis following acute coronary thrombosis

Apprill PG, Ashton J, Guerrero J, Glas-Greenwalt P, Buja LM, Willerson JT

Am Heart J, 1987 Apr;113(4):898-906.
PMID: 3565240

The potential use of ancrod, a purified isolate from the venom of the Malaysian pit viper, Agkistrodon rhodostoma, in decreasing the frequency of cyclic flow variations in severely stenosed canine coronary arteries and causing thrombolysis of an acute coronary thrombus induced by a copper coil was evaluated. Open-chest, anesthetized dogs were used. Ancrod was given intravenously (8 U/kg) over 1 hour and caused a significant reduction in the frequency of cyclic flow variations (5.8 +/- 0.7 to 3.6 +/- 0.8 cyclic flow variations per 30 minutes, p less than 0.05), whereas control animals failed to decrease the frequency of their cyclic flow variations over the same time period (5.3 +/- 0.3 to 5.0 +/- 0.4 cyclic flow variations per 30-minute period). Twenty-seven dogs had a coronary thrombus induced by a copper coil positioned directly in a major coronary artery; of these, four died of ventricular fibrillation prior to treatment, eight received an infusion of saline and showed no thrombolysis over 5 hours, and three died of ventricular fibrillation during the initial part of an intravenous infusion of ancrod. The remaining 12 dogs received ancrod intravenously (16 U/kg); six demonstrated lysis of the coronary thrombus (mean time to lysis, 65 +/- 20 minutes). The concentrations of ancrod used in these studies produced a severe decrease in systemic fibrinogen concentration and a significant decrease in the inhibitor of plasminogen activator levels. Thus, ancrod decreases the frequency of cyclic flow variations in stenosed canine coronary arteries and may cause coronary thrombolysis in approximately 50% of animals within 65 +/- 20 minutes of its intravenous administration.

Matched MeSH terms: Hemodynamics/drug effects
Cardiovascular diagnostics mining on Borneo island: from labour-intensive to prototype

Patrick TH, Fong AY, Sebastian Y, Raman V, Wong YH, Sim KH

Inform Health Soc Care, 2009 Jan;34(1):1-9.
PMID: 19306194 DOI: 10.1080/17538150902773090

Mining for medical data poses different challenges compared with mining other types of data. The wide range of imaging modalities of medical data leads to data integration and compatibility issues. The analysis of imaging modalities is further complicated by the different format and attributes used by the different imaging equipment by different vendors. Human factors such as interest of adapting data mining into diagnosis and planning process raised the difficulty of engaging the users into the development of a practical and useful data miner. Requirement engineering technique prototyping further enhanced the engagement of users towards the data-miner. Data from different equipment and different vendors are also merged for efficient data analysis and subsequently charting and reporting. We have also successfully engaged the medical doctors into believing the data miner's capability after they reviewed and walkthrough the prototype.

Matched MeSH terms: Hemodynamics
Numerical simulations of flow through the aorta using both ideal and realistic geometrical models

Wan Ab Naim WN, Ganesan P, Al Abed A, Lim E

Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc, 2012;2012:653-6.
PMID: 23365977 DOI: 10.1109/EMBC.2012.6346016

The effects of curvature and tapering on the flow progression in the aorta were studied using numerical simulations on a realistic geometrical model of the aorta and three different versions of the ideal aorta models. The results showed that tapering increases velocity magnitude and wall shear stress while local curvatures affect the skewness of the velocity profile, the thickness of the boundary layer as well as the recirculation regions. Wall shear stress distribution in the aorta serves as an important determinant in the progression of arterial disease.

Matched MeSH terms: Hemodynamics
Myocardial infarction in a young Indian grandmultipara

Kannan P, Raman S, Ramani VS, Jeyamalar R

Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol, 1993 Nov;33(4):424-6.
PMID: 8179560
Matched MeSH terms: Hemodynamics
Major gynaecological surgery in patients with severe coronary artery disease--the combined approach

Kannan P, Sivanesaratnam V, Jeyamalar R, Delilkan A, Ong G

Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol, 1990 May;30(2):146-9.
PMID: 2400358

The gynaecologist today is likely to encounter elderly patients with severe coronary heart disease requiring major gynaecological surgery. The successful outcome in 2 such patients with compromised coronary circulation and impaired left ventricular function emphasized the importance of combined care with the cardiologist and the anaesthetist. The insertion of a Swan-Ganz catheter for close perioperative monitoring is vital. The intra-and postoperative problems are discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Hemodynamics
Fulltext Unintended Consequences: Fluid Resuscitation Worsens Shock in an Ovine Model of Endotoxemia

Byrne L, Obonyo NG, Diab SD, Dunster KR, Passmore MR, Boon AC, et al.

Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2018 10 15;198(8):1043-1054.
PMID: 29882682 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201801-0064OC

RATIONALE: Fluid resuscitation is widely considered a life-saving intervention in septic shock; however, recent evidence has brought both its safety and efficacy in sepsis into question.
OBJECTIVES: In this study, we sought to compare fluid resuscitation with vasopressors with the use of vasopressors alone in a hyperdynamic model of ovine endotoxemia.
METHODS: Endotoxemic shock was induced in 16 sheep, after which they received fluid resuscitation with 40 ml/kg of 0.9% saline or commenced hemodynamic support with protocolized noradrenaline and vasopressin. Microdialysis catheters were inserted into the arterial circulation, heart, brain, kidney, and liver to monitor local metabolism. Blood samples were recovered to measure serum inflammatory cytokines, creatinine, troponin, atrial natriuretic peptide, brain natriuretic peptide, and hyaluronan. All animals were monitored and supported for 12 hours after fluid resuscitation.
MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: After resuscitation, animals that received fluid resuscitation required significantly more noradrenaline to maintain the same mean arterial pressure in the subsequent 12 hours (68.9 mg vs. 39.6 mg; P = 0.04). Serum cytokines were similar between groups. Atrial natriuretic peptide increased significantly after fluid resuscitation compared with that observed in animals managed without fluid resuscitation (335 ng/ml [256-382] vs. 233 ng/ml [144-292]; P = 0.04). Cross-sectional time-series analysis showed that the rate of increase of the glycocalyx glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan was greater in the fluid-resuscitated group over the course of the study (P = 0.02).
CONCLUSIONS: Fluid resuscitation resulted in a paradoxical increase in vasopressor requirement. Additionally, it did not result in improvements in any of the measured microcirculatory- or organ-specific markers measured. The increase in vasopressor requirement may have been due to endothelial/glycocalyx damage secondary to atrial natriuretic peptide-mediated glycocalyx shedding.

Matched MeSH terms: Hemodynamics
Fulltext Paediatric transoral robotic-assisted adenotonsillectomy: a new anaesthetic experience in Malaysia.

Zawiah Kassim, Fauziah Ahmad, Rusnaini Mustapha Kamar, Karis Misiran

Journal of Clinical and Health Sciences, 2019;4(2):91-96.
MyJurnal

Safety and feasibility of transoral robotic surgery (TORS) in adults for otolaryngology surgery,
mainly in the treatment of oropharyngeal carcinoma and obstructive sleep apnoea has already
been established several years ago. However, less is known with respect to the role and safety
of TORS for otolaryngology surgery in the paediatric age group and its description in the
literature is currently insufficient. As paediatric patients are unique in their anatomy, physiology
and pharmacological kinetic, special attention and consideration has to be applied when using
TORS, hence this increases the perioperative challenges. Herewith we present our experience
in anaesthetising a paediatric patient for TORS adenotonsillectomy which is the first not only
in our centre but in Malaysia. Our major obstacle was the limited airway access as the area of
concern was shared by the anaesthesiologist, surgeon and also the robotic system.
Haemodynamic stabilisation was a challenge compared to the conventional method as the
operative time increased due to robot docking time and the new surgical learning process. In
our opinion, the key point for the success of TORS adenotonsillectomy in paediatric patients is
good communication and teamwork between all personnel involved in the surgery.

Matched MeSH terms: Hemodynamics
Fulltext Resuscitative transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis of post-CABG loculated pericardial clot causing cardiac tamponade

Adi O, Ahmad AH, Fong CP, Ranga A, Panebianco N

Ultrasound J, 2021 Apr 15;13(1):22.
PMID: 33856577 DOI: 10.1186/s13089-021-00225-7

BACKGROUND: Pericardial effusion is a known complication of post-open cardiac surgery which can progress to life-threatening cardiac tamponade. Classical signs of tamponade such as hypotension and pulsus paradoxus are often absent. Diagnosing acute cardiac tamponade with transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) can be challenging in post-cardiac surgical patients due to distorted anatomy and limited scanning windows by the presence of surgical dressings or scar. Additionally, this patient population is more likely to have a loculated pericardial effusion, or an effusion that is isoechoic in appearance secondary to clotted blood. These findings can be challenging to visualize with traditional TTE. Missed diagnosis of cardiac tamponade due to loculated pericardial clot can result in delayed diagnosis and clinical management.
CASE PRESENTATION: We report a case series that illustrates the diagnostic challenge and value of resuscitative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in the emergency department (ED) for the diagnosis of cardiac tamponade due to posterior loculated pericardial clot in post-surgical coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) patients.
CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac tamponade due to loculated posterior pericardial clot post-CABG requires prompt diagnosis and appropriate management to avoid the potential for hemodynamic instability. Transesophageal echocardiography allows a rapid diagnosis, early appropriate referral and an opportunity to institute appropriate therapeutic measures.

Matched MeSH terms: Hemodynamics
A case of co-infection: First reported case of severe plasmodium knowlesi malaria and dengue co-infection in Sabah, Malaysia

Wong CK, Md Fuzi NH, Baherin MF, Lee HG

Med J Malaysia, 2020 03;75(2):171-172.
PMID: 32281602

We report a rare case of severe Plasmodium knowlesi malaria and dengue co-infection in a 36-year-old lady with hyperparasitaemia, metabolic acidosis, haemolysis and acute kidney injury. She was in shock requiring inotropic support and elective intubation. She had pericardial tamponade which necessitate pericardiocentesis to allow for haemodynamic stability during haemodialysis. She underwent haemodialysis, was ventilated for six days and stayed in hospital for 29 days. She was discharged home well with almost complete renal recovery. Physicians must have a high degree of suspicion for dengue co-infection in malaria patients with plasma leakage such as pericardial effusion to allow for prompt management.

Matched MeSH terms: Hemodynamics
Fulltext Recent Developments in Rodent Models of High-Fructose Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review

Chan AML, Ng AMH, Mohd Yunus MH, Idrus RBH, Law JX, Yazid MD, et al.

Nutrients, 2021 Jul 22;13(8).
PMID: 34444658 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082497

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is the physiological clustering of hypertension, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. The MetS-related chronic illnesses encompass obesity, the cardiovascular system, renal operation, hepatic function, oncology, and mortality. To perform pre-clinical research, it is imperative that these symptoms be successfully induced and optimized in lower taxonomy. Therefore, novel and future applications for a disease model, if proven valid, can be extrapolated to humans. MetS model establishment is evaluated based on the significance of selected test parameters, paradigm shifts from new discoveries, and the accessibility of the latest technology or advanced methodologies. Ultimately, the outcome of animal studies should be advantageous for human clinical trials and solidify their position in advanced medicine for clinicians to treat and adapt to serious or specific medical situations. Rodents (Rattus norvegicus and Mus musculus) have been ideal models for mammalian studies since the 18th century and have been mapped extensively. This review compiles and compares studies published in the past five years between the multitude of rodent comparative models. The response factors, niche parameters, and replicability of diet protocols are also compiled and analyzed to offer insight into MetS-related disease-specific modelling.

Matched MeSH terms: Hemodynamics
Fulltext Pilot study on the effect of yasiin recitation on the haemodynamics of ventilated patients

Ariff, M.S., Mai Ashikin, N.T., Maryamjameelah, R., Bushra, J., Wan Azman, W.A.

International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2013;12(2):45-49.
MyJurnal

Qur’anic verses recitations to ill patients are practiced by many Muslims as a form of healing and worship. The effectiveness has been observed in many medical institutions; however, it has never been objectively measured and documented. This pilot study was conducted to construct a methodological approach to evaluate the therapeutic effects of Yasiin recitation on the haemodynamics of critically ill patients. Methods: Ventilated Muslim patients in coronary care unit of a teaching hospital were evaluated. Yasiin was recited twice; by one of the researchers and then by the patients’ relatives. Mean arterial blood pressure, pulse rate, oxygen saturation level and electrocardiographic changes, were observed. The difference of the parameters before and during recitation was analysed. Results: Five patients fulfilling the selection criteria were selected; two acute myocardial infarctions, two congestive cardiac failures, and a third-degree atrioventricular block. Based on a non-parametric two-related-sample test, the haemodynamic parameters were not significantly affected by Yaasiin recitation. At the end of the study, two of the patients passed away, one patient was extubated and survived. Two patients were still on ventilators when the study had been completed. Limitations in the study were observed and highlighted in explaining the equivocal results. Conclusions: The effect of Yasiin recitation on heamodynamics of patients was not proven in this study. Further refinements might be needed based upon the observation on limitations encountered. It is hoped that this humble effort would pave the way for further studies to explore this field.

Matched MeSH terms: Hemodynamics
‘Emergency chemotherapy’ for bleeding cervical cancer: case series

Shafiee, M.N., NorAzlin, M.I., Lim, P.S., Arifuddin D, Trika I, Hatta, D.

Journal of Surgical Academia, 2012;2(2):35-37.
MyJurnal

Fulminant haemorrhage in cervical cancer leads to severe anaemia and haemodynamic instability. Palliative management includes vaginal packing as temporary measure, radiotherapy and other invasive surgical procedures. High dose emergency chemotherapy is not commonly implemented particularly when complicated with anaemia and renal impairment. We discuss three case series on the usefulness of high dose chemotherapy to combat bleeding from cervical cancer as an emergency treatment. The first case was clinically staged as operable 2A disease with severe anaemia due to bleeding from the tumour mass. The haemoglobin was corrected by blood transfusion while the bleeding was being arrested by high dose chemotherapy. The second case was inoperable with invasion to the bladder mucosa. She had frank haematuria and bleeding from the tumour with severe anaemia. A course of chemotherapy and blood transfusion controlled the bleeding and anaemia was corrected. The third case presented late with obstructive uropathy and anaemia. She required dialysis, blood transfusion and high dose emergency chemotherapy to stop the bleeding before undergoing urinary diversion after an unsuccessful ureteric stenting. High dose chemotherapy consisting cisplatin, vincristine, bleomycin and mitomycin-C has a clinical value in arresting fulminant haemorrhage in cervical cancer.

Matched MeSH terms: Hemodynamics
The influence of curvature wall on the blood flow in stenosed artery: A computational study

Ahamad NA, Kamangar S, Badruddin IA

Biomed Mater Eng, 2018;29(3):319-332.
PMID: 29578467 DOI: 10.3233/BME-181734

The current study investigates the curvature effect due to various angles of curvature on the blood flow in human artery. The stenosis is considered to have three sizes 70%, 80% and 90% blockage before the curve section of artery. Numerical study of four different angle of curvature was considered to understand the flow behavior of artery having various curvatures, on the hemodynamics factors that includes drop in arterial pressure, flow velocity as well as wall shear stress. It was found that, the augmentation of the flow resistance due to the curvature increases in presence of stenosis. It was also noted that the wall shear is higher at the outer wall as compared to the inside wall in four models considered. Results showed that both the curvature of artery and size of the stenosis have significant impact. These two factors should be considered by cardiologist to assess the complexity of stenosis.

Matched MeSH terms: Hemodynamics
Patient specific 3-d modeling of blood flow in a multi-stenosed left coronary artery

Kamangar S, Badruddin IA, Ameer Ahamad N, Soudagar MEM, Govindaraju K, Nik-Ghazali N, et al.

Biomed Mater Eng, 2017;28(3):257-266.
PMID: 28527189 DOI: 10.3233/BME-171672

The current study investigates the effect of multi stenosis on the hemodynamic parameters such as wall pressure, velocity and wall shear stress in the realistic left coronary artery. Patients CT scan image data of normal and diseased left coronary artery was chosen for the reconstruction of 3D coronary artery models. The diseased 3D model of left coronary artery shows a narrowing of more than 70% and 80% of area stenosis (AS) at the left main stem (LMS) and left circumflex (LCX) respectively. The results show that the decrease in pressure was found downstream to the stenosis as compared to the coronary artery without stenosis. The maximum pressure drop was noted across the 80% AS at the left circumflex branch. The recirculation zone was also observed immediate to the stenosis and highest wall shear stress was found across the 80% area stenosis. Our analysis provides an insight into the distribution of wall shear stress and pressure drop, thus improving our understanding on the hemodynamics in realistic coronary artery.

Matched MeSH terms: Hemodynamics
Fulltext Post-partum streptococcal toxic shock syndrome associated with necrotizing fasciitis

Chua WC, Mazlan MZ, Ali S, Che Omar S, Wan Hassan WMN, Seevaunnantum SP, et al.

IDCases, 2017;9:91-94.
PMID: 28725564 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2017.05.002

We report a fatal case of post-partum streptococcal toxic shock syndrome in a patient who was previously healthy and had presented to the emergency department with an extensive blistering ecchymotic lesions over her right buttock and thigh associated with severe pain. The pregnancy had been uncomplicated, and the mode of delivery had been spontaneous vaginal delivery with an episiotomy. She was found to have septicemic shock requiring high inotropic support. Subsequently, she was treated for necrotizing fasciitis, complicated by septicemic shock and multiple organ failures. A consensus was reached for extensive wound debridement to remove the source of infection; however, this approach was abandoned due to the patient's hemodynamic instability and the extremely high risks of surgery. Both the high vaginal swab and blister fluid culture revealed Group A beta hemolytic streptococcus infection. Intravenous carbapenem in combination with clindamycin was given. Other strategies attempted for streptococcal toxic removal included continuous veno-venous hemofiltration and administration of intravenous immunoglobulin. Unfortunately, the patient's condition worsened, and she succumbed to death on day 7 of hospitalization.

Matched MeSH terms: Hemodynamics
Fulltext Comparison between magnesium sulphate and esmolol in attenuating haemodynamic responses to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation

Norhuzaimah, J., Liu, C. Y., Muhammad, M., Joanna Ooi ,S. M.

Journal of Surgical Academia, 2018;8(1):0-0.
MyJurnal

During induction of general anaesthesia, the act of laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation stimulates the sympathetic
nervous system resulting in an increase in blood pressure and heart rate which may be harmful especially in elderly
patients with pre-existing ischaemic heart disease. Several drugs have therefore been used to obtund this increase
including esmolol, nicardipine, magnesium sulphate and lignocaine. This prospective, double blind randomised
clinical trial compared the efficacy of magnesium sulphate and esmolol in attenuating haemodynamic responses to
laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation. One hundred and twenty six ASA I-II patients scheduled for elective surgery
requiring general anaesthesia with tracheal intubation were enrolled and randomised into two groups: Group 1 (n =
67) received MgSO4 40 mg/kg diluted in 100 ml normal saline administered over ten minutes, whereas Group 2 (n =
59) received a bolus of esmolol 1.0 mg/kg diluted to 10 ml. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart rate were
recorded every minute for subsequent 10 minutes following laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation. Attenuation of the
mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures following laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation was significantly larger
in Group 2 compared to Group 1. Patients in Group 2 had significantly better suppression of heart rate response
compared to Group 1 during the first four minutes after laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation (p

Matched MeSH terms: Hemodynamics
Modification of Aortic Cannula With an Inlet Chamber to Induce Spiral Flow and Improve Outlet Flow

Darlis N, Osman K, Padzillah MH, Dillon J, Md Khudzari AZ

Artif Organs, 2018 May;42(5):493-499.
PMID: 29280161 DOI: 10.1111/aor.13021

Physiologically, blood ejected from the left ventricle in systole exhibited spiral flow characteristics. This spiral flow has been proven to have several advantages such as lateral reduction of directed forces and thrombus formation, while it also appears to be clinically beneficial in suppressing neurological complications. In order to deliver spiral flow characteristics during cardiopulmonary bypass operation, several modifications have been made on an aortic cannula either at the internal or at the outflow tip; these modifications have proven to yield better hemodynamic performances compared to standard cannula. However, there is no modification done at the inlet part of the aortic cannula for inducing spiral flow so far. This study was carried out by attaching a spiral inducer at the inlet of an aortic cannula. Then, the hemodynamic performances of the new cannula were compared with the standard straight tip end-hole cannula. This is achieved by modeling the cannula and attaching the cannula at a patient-specific aorta model. Numerical approach was utilized to evaluate the hemodynamic performance, and a water jet impact experiment was used to demonstrate the jet force generated by the cannula. The new spiral flow aortic cannula has shown some improvements by reducing approximately 21% of impinging velocity near to the aortic wall, and more than 58% reduction on total force generated as compared to standard cannula.

Matched MeSH terms: Hemodynamics
Fulltext Comparative maximal exercise response of Malaysia ethnic groups

Duncan MT, Horvath SM

Singapore Med J, 1988 Aug;29(4):322-6.
PMID: 3249956

Cardiorespiratory adjustments to maximal treadmill exercise were studied in young untrained Malaysia men representative of the three major ethnic groups in Malaysia and Singapore. Maximal values for oxygen uptake and cardiac performance were essentially similar In the three groups and were comparable to those reported for other populations.

Matched MeSH terms: Hemodynamics
Hydrogen sulphide and tempol treatments improve the blood pressure and renal excretory responses in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Ahmad FU, Sattar MA, Rathore HA, Tan YC, Akhtar S, Jin OH, et al.

Ren Fail, 2014 May;36(4):598-605.
PMID: 24502512 DOI: 10.3109/0886022X.2014.882218

Oxidative stress and suppressed H2S production lead to increased renal vascular resistance, disturbed glomerular hemodynamics, and abnormal renal sodium and water handling, contribute to the pathogenesis and maintenance of essential hypertension in man and the spontaneously hypertensive rat. This study investigated the impact of H2S and tempol alone and in combination on blood pressure and renal hemodynamics and excretory functions in the SHR. Groups of WKY rats or SHR (n=6) were treated for 4 weeks either as controls or received NaHS (SHR+NaHS), tempol (SHR+Tempol), or NaHS plus tempol (SHR+NaHS +Tempol). Metabolic studies were performed on days 0, 14, and 28, thereafter animals were anaesthetized to measure renal hemodynamics and plasma oxidative and antioxidant markers. SHR control rats had higher mean arterial blood pressure (140.0 ± 2 vs. 100.0 ± 3 mmHg), lower plasma and urinary H2S, creatinine clearance, urine flow rate and urinary sodium excretion, and oxidative stress compared to WKY (all p<0.05). Treatment either with NaHS or with tempol alone decreased blood pressure and oxidative stress and improved renal hemodynamic and excretory function compared to untreated SHR. Combined NaHS and tempol therapy in SHRs caused larger decreases in blood pressure (∼20-22% vs. ∼11-15% and ∼10-14%), increases in creatinine clearance, urinary sodium excretion and fractional sodium excretion and up-regulated the antioxidant status compared to each agent alone (all p<0.05). These findings demonstrated that H2S and tempol together resulted in greater reductions in blood pressure and normalization of kidney function compared with either compound alone.

Matched MeSH terms: Hemodynamics/drug effects
The effects of tempol on renal function and hemodynamics in cyclosporine-induced renal insufficiency rats

Chia TY, Sattar MA, Abdulla MH, Rathore HA, Ahmad Fu, Kaur G, et al.

Ren Fail, 2013 Aug;35(7):978-88.
PMID: 23822648 DOI: 10.3109/0886022X.2013.809563

This study investigated the effects of tempol, a superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic and L-NAME, a nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor on the renal function and hemodynamics in cyclosporine A (CsA) induced renal insufficiency rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with either vehicle (C), tempol (T, 1 mmol/L in drinking fluid), L-NAME (L, 1 mmol/L in drinking fluid), CsA (Cs, 25 mg/kg/day via gavage), CsA plus tempol (TCs), CsA plus L-NAME (LCs) or CsA plus a combination of tempol and L-NAME (TLCs) for 21 consecutive days. At the end of treatment regimen, the renal responses to noradrenaline (NA), phenylephrine (PE), methoxamine and angiotensin II (Ang II) were determined. Cs and LCs rats had lower creatinine clearance (0.7 ± 0.1 and 0.6 ± 0.5 vs. 1.3 ± 0.2 mL/min/kg) and fractional excretion of sodium (0.12 ± 0.02 and 0.17 ± 0.01 vs. 0.67 ± 0.04%) but higher systolic blood pressure (145 ± 2 and 178 ± 4 vs. 116 ± 2) compared to the control (all p

Matched MeSH terms: Hemodynamics/drug effects*

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