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Characterization of edible bird's nest of different production, species and geographical origins using nutritional composition, physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities

Quek MC, Chin NL, Yusof YA, Law CL, Tan SW

Food Res Int, 2018 07;109:35-43.
PMID: 29803459 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.03.078

Edible bird's nest (EBN) is a precious food made from the solidified saliva of swiftlets. EBN from three types of origin, namely production, swiftlet species and geographical were characterised based on its nutritional composition, physicochemical properties and antioxidant properties. Proximate composition, total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activities were determined following official methods, while mineral and heavy metal contents were obtained by respective atomic adsorption spectrometry (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Amino acids profile and sialic acid were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Calcium and sodium were the major elements in EBN samples at averages of 17,267 mg/kg and 13,681 mg/kg, respectively. Despite protein contents were not significantly different; interestingly the total amino acids in A. fuciphagus EBN, 64.57 g/100 g was found to be 23% higher than in A. maximus EBN. EBN from house, A. fuciphagus and Peninsular Malaysia had greater antioxidant activities, 2.33-3.49 mg AAE/g and higher sialic acid, 13.57 g/100 g while those from cave, A. maximus and East Malaysia contained more minerals like calcium and magnesium. The 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of house, A. fuciphagus and Peninsular Malaysia EBNs were approximately 2 times greater than the others. All samples were complied with the Malaysian Standard MS 2334:2011, except for mercury and nitrite. The overall findings suggest that the quality of EBN was varied following the production, species and geographical origins.

Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds
Fulltext One-Dimensional-Like Titania/4'-Pentyl-4-Biphenylcarbonitrile Composite Synthesized Under Magnetic Field and its Structure-Photocatalytic Activity Relationship

Abu Bakar NI, Chandren S, Attan N, Leaw WL, Nur H

Front Chem, 2018;6:370.
PMID: 30255010 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00370

The demonstration of the structure-properties relationship of shape-dependent photocatalysts remains a challenge today. Herein, one-dimensional (1-D)-like titania (TiO2), as a model photocatalyst, has been synthesized under a strong magnetic field in the presence of a magnetically responsive liquid crystal as the structure-aligning agent to demonstrate the relationship between a well-aligned structure and its photocatalytic properties. The importance of the 1-D-like TiO2 and its relationship with the electronic structures that affect the electron-hole recombination and the photocatalytic activity need to be clarified. The synthesis of 1-D-like TiO2 with liquid crystal as the structure-aligning agent was carried out using the sol-gel method under a magnetic field (0.3 T). The mixture of liquid crystal, 4'-pentyl-4-biphenylcarbonitrile (5CB), tetra-n-butyl orthotitanate (TBOT), 2-propanol, and water, was subjected to slow hydrolysis under a magnetic field. The TiO2-5CB took a well-aligned whiskerlike shape when the reaction mixture was placed under the magnetic field, while irregularly shaped TiO2-5CB particles were formed when no magnetic field was applied. It shows that the strong interaction between 5CB and TBOT during the hydrolysis process under a magnetic field controls the shape of titania. The intensity of the emission peaks in the photoluminescence spectrum of 1-D-like TiO2-5CB was lowered compared with the TiO2-5CB synthesized without the magnetic field, suggesting the occurrence of electron transfer from 5CB to the 1-D-like TiO2-5CB during ultraviolet irradiation. Apart from that, direct current electrical conductivity and Hall effect studies showed that the 1-D-like TiO2 composite enhanced electron mobility. Thus, the recombination of electrons and holes was delayed due to the increase in electron mobility; hence, the photocatalytic activity of the 1-D-like TiO2 composite in the oxidation of styrene in the presence of aqueous hydrogen peroxide under UV irradiation was enhanced. This suggests that the 1-D-like shape of TiO2 composite plays an important role in its photocatalytic activity.

Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds
Fulltext Whole gene transcriptomic analysis of PCB/biphenyl degrading Rhodococcus jostii RHA1

Sha'arani S, Hara H, Araie H, Suzuki I, Mohd Noor MJM, Akhir FNM, et al.

J Gen Appl Microbiol, 2019 Sep 14;65(4):173-179.
PMID: 30686798 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2018.08.003

This study gives the first picture of whole RNA-Sequencing analysis of a PCB-degrading microbe, Rhodococcus jostii RHA1. Genes that were highly expressed in biphenyl-grown cells, compared with pyruvate-grown cells, were chosen based on the Reads Per Kilobase Million (RPKM) value and were summarized based on the criteria of RPKM ≥100 and fold change ≥2.0. Consequently, 266 total genes were identified as genes expressed particularly for the degradation of biphenyl. After comparison with previous microarray data that identified highly-expressed genes, based on a fold change ≥2.0 and p-value ≤0.05, 62 highly-expressed genes from biphenyl-grown cells were determined from both analytical platforms. As these 62 genes involve known PCB degradation genes, such as bph, etb, and ebd, the genes identified in this study can be considered as essential genes for PCB/biphenyl degradation. In the 62 genes, eleven genes encoding hypothetical proteins were highly expressed in the biphenyl-grown cells. Meanwhile, we identified several highly-expressed unannotated DNA regions on the opposite strand. In order to verify the encoded proteins, two regions were cloned into an expression vector. A protein was successfully obtained from one region at approximately 25 kDa from the unannotated strand. Thus, the genome sequence with transcriptomic analysis gives new insight, considering re-annotation of the genome of R. jostii RHA1, and provides a clearer picture of PCB/biphenyl degradation in this strain.

Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds
Fulltext Pharmacokinetic evaluation, molecular docking and in vitro biological evaluation of 1, 3, 4-oxadiazole derivatives as potent antioxidants and STAT3 inhibitors

Khanam R, Hejazi II, Shahabuddin S, Bhat AR, Athar F

J Pharm Anal, 2019 Apr;9(2):133-141.
PMID: 31011470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2018.12.002

1, 3, 4-Oxadiazole derivatives (4a-5f) were previously synthesized to investigate their anticancer properties. However, studies relating to their antioxidant potential and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) inhibition have not been performed. We investigated previously synthesized 1, 3, 4-oxadiazole derivatives (4a-5f) for various radical scavenging properties using several in vitro antioxidant assays and also for direct inhibition of STAT3 through molecular docking. The data obtained from various antioxidant assays such as 2, 2,-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide anion radical revealed that among all the derivatives, compound 5e displayed high antioxidant activities than the standard antioxidant L-ascorbic acid. Additionally, the total reduction assay and antioxidant capacity assay further confirmed the antioxidant potential of compound 5e. Furthermore, the molecular docking studies performed for all derivatives along with the standard inhibitor STX-0119 showed that binding energy released in direct binding with the SH2 domain of STAT3 was the highest for compound 5e (-9.91kcal/mol). Through virtual screening, compound 5e was found to exhibit optimum competency in inhibiting STAT3 activity. Compound 5e decreased the activation of STAT3 as observed with Western blot. In brief, compound 5e was identified as a potent antioxidant agent and STAT3 inhibitor and effective agent for cancer treatment.

Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds
Fulltext Molecular Hybrids Integrated with Benzimidazole and Pyrazole Structural Motifs: Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Molecular Docking Studies

Sivaramakarthikeyan R, Iniyaval S, Saravanan V, Lim WM, Mai CW, Ramalingan C

ACS Omega, 2020 May 05;5(17):10089-10098.
PMID: 32391496 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00630

Synthesis of a series of benzimidazole-ornamented pyrazoles, 6a-6j has been obtained from arylhydrazine and aralkyl ketones via a multistep synthetic strategy. Among them, a hybrid-possessing para-nitrophenyl moiety connected to a pyrazole scaffold (6a) exerted the highest anti-inflammatory activity, which is superior to the standard, diclofenac sodium. While executing the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging activity, a hybrid-possessing para-bromophenyl unit integrated at the pyrazole structural motif (6i) exhibited the highest activity among the hybrids examined. Besides, evaluation of anticancer potency of the synthesized hybrids revealed that the one containing a para-fluorophenyl unit tethered at the pyrazole nucleus (6h) showed the highest activity against both the pancreatic cancer cells (SW1990 and AsPCl) investigated. Considerable binding affinity between B-cell lymphoma and the hybrid, 6h has been reflected while performing molecular docking studies (-8.65 kcal/mol). The outcomes of the investigation expose that these hybrids could be used as effective intermediates to construct more potent biological agents.

Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds
Fulltext Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Erythroxylum cuneatum alkaloid leaf extract

Li LS, Chiroma SM, Hashim T, Adam SK, Mohd Moklas MA, Yusuf Z, et al.

Heliyon, 2020 Jun;6(6):e04141.
PMID: 32637674 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04141

Erythroxylum cuneatum (E. cuneatum) which belongs to Erythroxylaceae family is a tropical flowering plant from the genus of Erythroxylum. It is used in Malaysia and Thailand's traditional medicines, yet there is limited scientific reports on its medicinal value. This study aimed at exploring the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of E. cuneatum alkaloid leaf extract. The alkaloid extract was obtained through Soxhlet heat extraction method, while the antioxidantive properties were assessed via 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and xanthine oxidase inhibition (XOI) assays. Further, anti-inflammatory property of the extract was evaluated on rat's model of carrageenan induced paw model of edema via physical measurements and histology. The extract exhibited antioxidant activity with an EC50 value of 1482 μg/ml in the DPPH radical scavenging assay, an EC1 value of 2191 μg/ml in the FRAP assay and 10.15 ± 6.20% in the XOI assay. Rats pretreated with the extract have shown dose dependent decrease in paw edema when compared to non-treated group of rats. The highest dose (50 mg/kg) of extract exhibited similar effects to aspirin in terms of reducing paw thickness, leucocytes infiltration and disruption of collagen. In conclusion, the E. cuneatum alkaloid leaf extract possesses both antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties suggesting its potentials for future development of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory drugs.

Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds
Evaluation of ligustrazine based synthetic compounds for mechanism based antiproliferative effects

Bukhari SNA, Alotaibi NH, Ahmad W, Alharbi KS, Abdelgawad MA, Al-Sanea MM, et al.

Med Chem, 2020 Sep 05.
PMID: 32888274 DOI: 10.2174/1573406416666200905125038

BACKGROUND: Ligustrazine and chalcones have been reported previously for various biological activities including anticancer effects.
OBJECTIVES: Based on the multitargeted biological activities approach of ligustrazine based chalcones, in current study 18 synthetic ligustrazine-containing α, β-unsaturated carbonyl-based 1, 3-Diphenyl-2-propen-1-one derivatives were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on growth of five different types of cancer cells.
METHODS: All compounds were evaluated for anticancer effects on various cancer cell lines by propidium iodide fluorescence assay and various other assays were performed for mechanistic studies.
RESULTS: Majority of compounds exhibited strong inhibition of cancer cells especially synthetic compounds 4a and 4b bearing 1-Pyridin-3-yl-ethanone as a ketone moiety in main structural backbone were found most powerful inhibitors of cancer cell growth. Most active 9 compounds among whole series were selected for further studies related to different cancer targets including EGFR TK kinases, tubulin polymerization, KAF and BRAFV600E.
CONCLUSION: Synthetic derivatives including 4a-b and 5a-b showed multitarget approach and showed strong inhibitory effects on EGFR, FAK and BRAF while three compounds including 3e bearing methoxy substitution, 4a and 4b with 1- pyridin-3-yl-ethanone moiety showed the inhibition of tubulin polymerization.

Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds
Fulltext Optimum Extraction Condition of Clitorea ternatea Flower on Antioxidant Activities, Total Phenolic, Total Flavonoid and Total Anthocyanin Contents

Jaafar NF, Ramli ME, Mohd Salleh R

Trop Life Sci Res, 2020 Jul;31(2):1-17.
PMID: 32922666 DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2020.31.2.1

Clitoria ternatea is a herbaceous plant with many health benefits. Extraction is crucial to obtain its bioactive components which contribute to its antioxidant properties. Therefore, this study was conducted to find an optimum extraction condition of C. ternatea flower on total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical-scavenging activity) as well as to determine its total flavonoid content (TFC) and anthocyanin content based on the optimum extraction condition generated by Response Surface Methodology (RSM)-Design Expert 7.1.5. TPC, TFC and total anthocyanin of C. ternatea were conducted by Folin Ciocalteu (FC), calorimetric assay and pH differential method, respectively. The ranges of selected independent variables were ethanol concentration (30°C-90% v/v), time (60-120 min) and temperature (30°C-70°C). The optimum extraction condition was obtained at 39.62% v/v ethanol concentration, 90 min and 44.24°C. However, these values were slightly adjusted according to the convenience of equipment to operate in which ethanol concentration was adjusted to 37% v/v, time remain at 90 min and temperature at 45°C. The predicted values of TPC and DPPH radical scavenging activity were 41.60 mg GAE/g dry samples and 68.12% inhibition and were experimentally verified to be 41.17 ± 0.5 mg GAE/g dry samples and 63.53 ± 0.95% inhibition of TPC and DPPH radical scavenging activity respectively. This result has showed RSM can optimise TPC and radical scavenging activity of C. ternatea. Upon the optimum condition, the TFC determined was 187.05 ± 3.18 mg quercetin/g dried sample which was higher than TPC and the total anthocyanin content was 28.60 ± 0.04 mg/L. Hence, the extractable phenolic, flavonoid and anthocyanin compounds indicated that C. ternatea is a good source of natural antioxidant.

Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds
Fulltext Compounds from the antioxidant active fraction of M. Platytyrea

Nur Fadhilah Mohamad Haris, Mohd Kamal Nik Hasan, Mizaton Hazizul Hasan, Ibtisam Abdul Wahab

Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 2016;14(1):23-29.
MyJurnal

This article discusses on the natural compounds from the ant plant (Myrmecodia species, family: Rubiaceae). The ethyl
acetate (EtOAc) extract from the tuber of M. platytyrea was fractionated by using medium pressure liquid chromatography,
giving eight fractions (F1-F8). Those fractions were evaluated using the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)
assay. Fraction F5 was recorded as potent (EC50 = 21.57 ± 1.40 µg/mL). Then, it was purified by using column
chromatography (CC) (mobile phase = chloroform: EtOAc). From the CC, ten fractions (F5F1-F5F10) were obtained
and compound (1) was isolated from F5F3 via preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC). After spraying with
anisaldehyde-sulphuric reagent, compound (1) gave a green TLC spot (Rf
= 0.65, 100% CHCl3
, multiple development).
The 1
H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (500 MHz, CDCl3
) was performed to determine the chemical
framework of (1). This compound was identified as morindolide, having an iridoid structure. Meanwhile, the mass
spectra for compounds (2) and (3) were analysed. The data presented the molecular ion at m/z 375 [M-H]- and 255,
suggesting the formulation of 2-(2-methylbutyryl)phloroglucinol glucoside and a flavanone, respectively. From the
literature, compound (1) was firstly isolated from a Chinese natural medicine, the dried root of Morinda officinalis
(family: Rubiaceae). The flavonoids are also included as the biologically active compounds from Myrmecodia. In
short, this is the first occurrence of morindolide from the ant plant.

Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds
Fulltext Effect of different drying methods on phytochemicals and antioxidant properties of unfermented and fermented teas from Sabah Snake Grass (Clinacanthus nutans Lind.) leaves

Lusia Barek, M., Hasmadi, M., Zaleha, A.Z., Mohd Fadzelly, A.B.

International Food Research Journal, 2015;22(2):661-670.
MyJurnal

Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. F.) Lindau or locally known in Sabah, Malaysia as ‘Sabah Snake Grass’ has been ethnobotanically used to treat various diseases in Asian countries. This study was conducted to determine the total phenolics content (TPC), flavonoids content (TFC) and antioxidant activity of herbal teas developed from C. nutans leaves with different drying techniques (microwave-oven dried and freeze dried) and infusion time (1, 2, 5, 10, 15 and 20 min). Ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-pycryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assays were used to investigate the antioxidant capacity. The highest TPC of herbal tea was observed in 20 min infusion of unfermented microwave-oven dried leaves (177.80 ± 19.10 mg TAE/L), while the highest TFC was observed in 10 min infusion of fermented microwave-oven dried leaves (22.13 ± 1.53 mg CE/L). Short infusion times from 5 min to 15 min were able to extract high amount of phenolics compounds. Unfermented tea contained higher TPC content (P < 0.05) as compared to fermented tea, while, TFC showed no significant difference between both types. Freeze dried infusion shows no significant difference (P > 0.05) as compared to microwave-oven dried for TPC, TFC and antioxidant capacity. Moderate and low correlation was observed between TPC and FRAP values (r = 0.507) and between TFC and ABTS values (r = 0.256). Preparation of C. nutans herbal tea as potential natural antioxidant source can be used as a basic reference for future research on the dietary intake of these herbal teas.

Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds
Fulltext Effect of blanching on enzyme and antioxidant activities of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) peel

Nurhuda, H.H., Maskat, M.Y., Mamot, S., Afiq, J., Aminah, A.

International Food Research Journal, 2013;20(4):1725-1730.
MyJurnal

Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) peel is a potential source of antioxidant. As rambutan is a seasonal fruit, a proper heat treatment prior to storage is necessary. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the effect of water and steam blanchings on browning enzymes and antioxidant activities of rambutan peel extracts. Rambutan from the variety of ‘Anak Sekolah’ were peeled and the peel was blanched in boiling water for 0, 2.5, 5 min and by autoclaving for 0, 5, 10 and 15 min. The residual peroxidase (POD) and polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activities, antioxidant activity (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity), total polyphenol content (TPC) and peel extract colour were determined. The results showed that both water and steam blanchings significantly reduced (p < 0.05) POD and PPO activities. The results also indicated that the increase in the blanching period did not significantly reduce the enzyme activities further. In terms of antioxidant activity, the thermal pretreatment caused no significant difference in the contents of phenolic compounds, as well as the antioxidant capacity of the final product.

Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds
Fulltext Differences in chemical components and antioxidant-related substances in virgin coconut oil from coconut hybrids and their parents

Arlee, R., Suanphairoch, S., Pakdeechanuan, P.

International Food Research Journal, 2013;20(5):0-0.
MyJurnal

Chumphon Horticultural Research Centre (CHRC) is Thailand’s main coconut research unit. CHRC has developed three coconut cultivars: Sawi Hybrid No. 1 (Malayan Yellow Dwarf x West African Tall: MYD x WAT), Chumphon Hybrid No. 60 (Thai Tall: THT x WAT) and Chumphon Hybrid No. 2 (MYD x THT). This study compared some chemical components in virgin coconut oil (VCO) from coconut hybrids with their parents. The VCO was extracted by cold pressing and fermentation methods, and was analyzed for fatty acid profiles, triacylglycerol profile, acid value, tocopherol content, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity against DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radicals. The findings showed that hybrids contained lauric acid ranging from 46.63 to 48.34% of total fatty acid. Chumphon 60 had the highest lauric acid content, 48.34% of total fatty acids, which was not significantly different (p > 0.05) from that of the parents. In contrast, the cultivars from MYD, Sawi 1 and Chumphon 2, had significantly greater lauric acid content than the parent MYD (p ≤ 0.05). Cold pressing and fermentation provided an oil extraction yield of 25 and 20%, respectively. The proportions of lauric acid in VCO from these two methods were not significantly different (p > 0.05), but the cold pressing method resulted in higher tocopherol content (p ≤ 0.05). The VCO of Chumphon 60 from the cold pressed method had tocopherol content close to that of the parent WAT (p > 0.05) but significantly higher than that of the other parent THT (p ≤ 0.05). In addition, it contained the highest total phenolic contents among the three cultivars, 57.89 mg GAE/100 g oil, leading to antioxidant activity with a low EC50 of 0.53 mg GAE/ml. Overall, the hybrid of WAT x THT, Chumphon 60, was outstanding among the cultivars; it had the highest levels of lauric acid, total phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity.

Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds
Fulltext Effect of boiling and stir frying on total phenolics, carotenoids and radical scavenging activity of pumpkin (Cucurbita moschato)

Azizah, A.H., Wee, K.C., Azizah, O., Azizah, M.

International Food Research Journal, 2009;16(1):45-51.
MyJurnal

Effect of various cooking methods on antioxidant content and radical scavenging activity of pumpkin was evaluated. Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) was boiled and stir-fried for 2, 4 and 6 minutes respectively. Beta-carotene and lycopene were determined using HPLC and total phenolics measured using Folin-Ciocalteu method. The free radical scavenging activity of the samples was determined using 1, 1-diphenyl-2 picrylhydrazyl assay. Interestingly, result of the study showed an increase in both beta-carotene (2 to 4 times) and lycopene (17 to 40 times) content of pumpkin after cooking for 2, 4 and 6 minutes. However, the treatment resulted in 18 to 54% losses of total phenolics content of the pumpkin. Nevertheless, the free radical scavenging activity exhibited by cooked pumpkins was found to be high, in the range of 81.1% to 94.6% with IC50 of 1.41 to 1.62 mg ml-1
.

Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds
Fulltext Impact of Non-Thermal Processing on Antioxidant Activity, Phenolic content, Ascorbic Acid content and Color of Winter Melon Puree

Wan Saidatul, S.W.K., Noriham, A., Zainal, S., Khairusy, S.Z., Nurain, A.

International Food Research Journal, 2013;20(2):633-638.
MyJurnal

In the last decade, non-thermal processing for inactivating microorganisms has been developed in response to the worldwide interest for more fresh and improved quality of food products. Winter melon is a very perishable fruit, hence, processing into puree is a necessity. However application of heat in the production of puree could affect the nutritional values, thus, application of non thermal treatment in combination with preservation method is significant for this fruit. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of non-thermal processing in combining with preservation method on antioxidant activity, level of key antioxidant groups (total phenolic and ascorbic acid content) and the color of winter melon puree. Total phenolic content (TPC) was measured using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Ascorbic acid (AA) was determined using 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol titration method. Antioxidant activity were determined using four antioxidant assays namely Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Potential (FRAP), Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC), 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and β-Carotene Bleaching Assays. For the TPC, puree with pH 3 (28.5±1.3 GAE/g fresh weight) exhibited high in TPC as compared to puree with pH 3.5 and unprocessed puree. In contrast, unprocessed puree contains significantly high ascorbic acid (AA) content (35.9 ± 1.8 mg/100 g fresh mass) as compared to pH 3.0 and pH 3.5 purees. In general, antioxidant activity for all assays of pH 3.0 and pH 3.5 purees were significantly higher (p

Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds
Fulltext Proximate analysis, mineral content and antioxidant capacity of milk apple, malay apple and water apple

Lim, A.S.L., Rabeta, M.S.

International Food Research Journal, 2013;20(2):673-679.
MyJurnal

The aim of this study is to determine the antioxidant capacity of underutilized fruits in Malaysia namely Milk apple (Syzygium malaccense), Malay apple (Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. and Perry), and Water apple (Syzygium aqueum). Synthetic antioxidants (BHA and BHT) commonly used in the food industries may not be as safe as it was presumed earlier. As BHA and BHT may be carcinogenic, it is important to look for new sources of natural antioxidants from fruits and vegetables. Freeze dried samples extracted with acetone and water were measured by ferric 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assays. Acetone extract (50%) showed higher values for both DPPH and FRAP assays compared with water extract. Milk apple has the highest DPPH value of 95.26% inhibition of DPPH. Milk apple also showed the highest FRAP value with 8722.22 µM of Fe (II) per gram of freeze dried sample. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the types of extraction used. Antioxidant capacities of the samples are in the following order: Milk apple > Malay apple > Water apple. Proximate compositions and mineral contents of the samples were determined too. The samples can be used as a source of natural antioxidants.

Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds
Fulltext Optimal antioxidant activity with moderate concentrations of Tocotrienol rich fraction (TRF) in in vitro assays

Muid, S., Ali, A.M., Yusoff, K., Nawawi, H.M.

International Food Research Journal, 2013;20(2):687-694.
MyJurnal

Vitamin E is known to have potent antioxidant activity and plays an important role in reducing oxidative stress, a pivotal step in atherogenesis. However, several randomised clinical trials using α-tocopherol have failed to demonstrate consistent beneficial effects of antioxidants against atherosclerosis and clinical endpoints. Tocotrienol, a vitamin E compound analogue is shown to have more potent antioxidant activity compared to tocopherol. Finding the optimal anti-oxidative dose is crucial and may effectively be applied for cardioprotection in human. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal dose of tocotrienol rich fraction (TRF) with highest antioxidant activity in vitro using the ferric thiocyanate (FTC), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and 2’, 7’- dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFHDA) assays. It was found that TRF exhibited potent antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities with an IC50 of 22.10 + 0.01 µg/ml. In all assays, TRF had optimal antioxidant activity at moderate concentrations (10-100 µg/ml). In conclusion, TRF has potent antioxidant activity, which is optimal at moderate concentrations.

Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds
Fulltext Biochemical properties of red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) protein hydrolysates

Shamloo, M., Bakar, J., Mat Hashim, D., Khatib, A.

International Food Research Journal, 2012;19(1):183-188.
MyJurnal

The amino-acid composition, 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity, and peptide patterns of tilapia protein hydrolysates produced by the enzymatic hydrolysis of Alcalase (AH), Flavourzyme (FH) and Protamex (PH) for 5h using pH-stat method were studied. The ratio of essential amino acids to non-essential amino acids increased after hydrolysis in all samples; however, no significant differences among them were observed. AH had a highest (P < 0.05) DPPH radical-scavenging activity, but no significant difference in the DPPH between FH and PH was observed. SDS-PAGE patterns for all the hydrolysates showed significant (P < 0.05) reduction in the number and the intensity of the bands with increasing time of hydrolysis. Flavourzyme showed the lowest rate of hydrolytic activity towards the tilapia mince.

Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds
Fulltext Effect of Cosmos caudatus kunth. (ulam raja) aqueous and dry extracts on the physicochemical and functional properties, and sensory acceptability of herbal yellow alkaline noodles

Norlaili, A.H., Roselina, K., Muhammad, T.S.

Malays J Nutr, 2014;20(3):403-415.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Cosmos caudatus (Ulam Raja) is rich in phytochemicals and can be utilised in diet diversification strategies to improve the health of individuals. lbis study was designed to incorporate dry and aqueous extracts of C. caudatus for the preparation of herbal noodles. Methods: For this purpose, different proportions of dry extract (2, 4 and 6% dry extract) and aqueous extract (5, 10 and 15% aqueous extract) of C. caudatus were used. The physicochemical properties of noodles evaluated were pH, cooking time, cooking loss, texture and colour. Total polyphenol contents (TPq and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay were carried out to assess the antioxidant potential. Lastly, sensory appraisal of functional noodles was carried out to assess consumer acceptance and marketability. Results: The results on physicochemical properties indicated that the pH value of noodles varied from 8.66 to 10.47. In terms of textural analysis and colour properties, firmness and greenness (a*) were higher in dry extract noodles. TPC varied between 115to149 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE/lOOg) whilst the highest DPPH free radical inhibition was exhibited in herbal noodles prepared using 4% dry extract (92.8%). In contrast, in terms of sensory appraisal, herbal noodles prepared with aqueous extract were more acceptable than dry extract noodles. Conclusion: C. caudatus can be utilised to prepare herbal noodles thus enhancing the dietary intake of phytochemicals especially antioxidants. Such functional foods can improve the health of consumers and offer the potential of protection against various ailments.

Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds
Determination of radical scavenging activity and Vitamin A, C and E in organically grown Red Pitaya (Hylocereus sp.)

Mohd Adzim Khalili, R.,, Norhayati, A.H., Rokiah,M. Y., Asmah, R., Siti Muskinah, M., Abdul Manaf, A.

International Food Research Journal, 2010;17(2):405-409.
MyJurnal

This study was conducted to determine radical scavenging activity and vitamin antioxidant composition in red pitaya from organic plantation. For antioxidant vitamins analysis, a reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography was used and radical scavenging activity of methanolic and water extract were determined using 1,1-diphenyl-2-pircrylhydrazyl assay. Results for radical scavenging activity, red pitaya methanolic extract achieved the highest percentage 70.13% compared with water extract (47.13%). Antioxidant vitamins composition in red pitaya showed that the concentration of vitamin A is 120.13 ± 0.69 μg/100 g freeze-dried sample, vitamin C is 540.27 ± 0.59 μg/100 g fresh samples and vitamin E is 105.67 ± 0.56 μg/100 g freeze-dried samples. This shows that red pitaya may become an alternative and potential source of natural antioxidant.

Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds
Fulltext Anti-hypertensive effect of pink guava (Psidium guajava) puree on spontaneous hypertensive rats

Ayub, M.Y., Norazmir, M.N., Mamot, S., Jeeven, K., Hadijah, H.

International Food Research Journal, 2010;17(1):89-96.
MyJurnal

The objective of this study was to determine the physicochemical properties of pink guava (Psidium guajava) puree and its anti-hypertensive effect on Spontaneous Hypertensive Rats (SHR). Antioxidant activities of pink guava puree in water and ethanol extracts, based on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, were 1.43±0.04 mg/gfm and 0.28±0.01 mg/gfm, respectively. A total of 24 male SHRs were divided into a control group, CG, and 3 treatment dosage groups [low dose group, LDG (0.5 g/kg body weight/day), medium dose group, MDG (1.0 g/kg body weight/day), and high dose group, HDG (2.0 g/kg body weight/day)]. Final body weights for treatment dosage groups were lower [MDG (313.01±31.25 g), HDG (318.56±17.96 g), LDG (320.01±22.70 g)] compared to CG (331.08±41.29 g). Final systolic blood pressure values from the beginning and the end of the experiment in MDG and HDG were 231-179 mmHg and 246-169mm Hg, respectively. These results were significantly lower when compared with CG (241-223 mmHg) from the beginning until the end of the experiment. As a conclusion, these results showed that pink guava puree has anti-hypertensive properties.

Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds

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