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Fulltext Hydrocephaly Analysis Supported by Computerized Tomography and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Zhang T, Zhou Y, Su G, Shi D, Gopinath SCB, Lakshmipriya T, et al.

J Anal Methods Chem, 2019;2019:5872347.
PMID: 31662948 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5872347

Hydrocephalus is widely known as "hydrocephaly" or "water in the brain," a building up of abnormal cerebrospinal fluid in the brain ventricles. Due to this abnormality, the size of the head becomes larger and increases the pressure in the skull. This pressure compresses the brain and causes damage to the brain. Identification by imaging techniques on the hydrocephalus is mandatory to treat the disease. Various methods and equipment have been used to image the hydrocephalus. Among them, computerized tomography (CT) scan and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) are the most considered methods and gives accurate result of imaging. Apart from imaging, cerebrospinal fluid-based biomarkers are also used to identify the condition of hydrocephalus. This review is discussed on "hydrocephalus" and its imaging captured by CT scan and NMR to support the biomarker analysis.

Matched MeSH terms: Skull
Fulltext Pyknodysostosis - complications after dental extraction

Bahadun, J., Nik Hussien, N.N., Yunus, N.N.N.

Ann Dent, 2007;14(1):26-30.
MyJurnal

Pyknodysostosis is a rare sclerosing bone disorder with autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. The condition is characterized by continuous bone deposition without physiological resorption, occurring mainly in the trabecular and not the cortical bone. The skeletal features include short stature, brachycephaly, open cranial sutures and fontanelles, diffuse osteosclerosis and obtuse mandibular angles. Among the oral features observed were grooved or furrowed palate and disturbances in eruption and exfoliation of teeth. Multiple fractures of long bones and osteomyelitis of the jaw are frequent complications. These are attributed to the increased brittleness and reduced vascularity of the bone as a result of continuous endosteal bone deposition. Treatment is usually successful with surgical management and sustained bactericidal antibiotic therapy, although hyperbaric oxygen has been recommended as adjunct treatment in the more refractory form.

Matched MeSH terms: Skull
Fulltext A Review of 80 Supernumerary Teeth Removed Under General Anaesthesia

Ngeow, W.C., Anuar, A.M.

Ann Dent, 2004;11(1):-.
MyJurnal

A retrospective study was carried out to review the records of 47 patients who had had in total 80 supernumerary teeth (ST) removed under general anaesthesia between 1975 and 2002. Malays made up 38.30%, Chinese 51.06%, and Indians 10.64% of the patients. The predominant age group was 6-10 year-old. The mean age was 12.96 ± 9.49 years. The male and female ratio was 1.35:1. Most of the patients had either one ST (n=31; 65.96%) or two ST (n=11; 23.40%). Five cases of multiple supernumeraries were recorded. Two patients experienced late formation of subsequent ST after the first surgery, thus requiring a second surgery. The majority of ST were conical in shape (n=35; 43.75%). Most of the ST were located in the premaxilla (n=55; 68.8%). Almost a quarter (23.75%) of ST were inclined towards the oral cavity. Some of the effects on the dentition were diastema, cystic changes, rotation, displacement, and retention of the permanent teeth and these were the indications for removal of ST. The most common surgical approach for maxillary ST was from the labial, buccal or labio-buccal approach.

Matched MeSH terms: Skull
Fulltext Surgical Management of Large Occipital Encephalocoele: a case report

Sim SK, Theophilus SC, Noor Azman AR

International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2014;13(2):59-62.
MyJurnal

Cranium dysraphism occur less commonly than spinal dysraphism. Overall, occipital encephalocoeles are more frequent than anterior encephalocoes. A large occipital encephalocoele possess difficulty in surgical intervention, not only the sac contains large amount of herniated brain tissue, but the appropriate positioning for successful intubation as well as the higher rate of surgical complications such as cerebrospinal fluid leakage and skin necrosis. In this case report, surgical management of large occipital encephalocoele is discussed. The use of antibiotics in ruptured encephalocoele is recommended.

Matched MeSH terms: Skull
Fulltext Multiple nail gun penetrating head injury: a case report

Sim, S.K., Theophilus, S.C., Noor Azman, A.R.

International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2013;12(2):75-78.
MyJurnal

Intracranial nail gun injury is a rare subset of penetrating head injury. Here we report a case of intracranial nail gun injury in a Vietnamese patient who attempted suicide with no neurological deficit. Three nails were launched. Because the nail head acted as a brake, the launched nail could make a hole into the skull but could not entirely pass it. A rational management strategy should permit these patients to be discharged with no additional injury. Some medical and surgical management in penetrating head injury are discussed. The use of antibiotics and antiepileptic drugs and the retraction of the nail aided by the performance of a craniotomy surrounding the entry point are recommended.

Matched MeSH terms: Skull
A comparative morphological study on the craniofacial complex of irus monkeys from different habitats by means of roentgenographic cephalometrics

Kobayashi S, Inoue N, Ito G, Komatsu T, Ishibashi K

Bull. Tokyo Med. Dent. Univ., 1965 Mar;12(1):127-41.
PMID: 4953221
Matched MeSH terms: Skull
Fulltext Entrance Surface Dose Measurement and Lifetime Attribute Risk Analysis from Postero-anterior Chest X-ray Imaging via Direct and Indirect Measurement

Kamal, I., Salehhon, N., Hashim, S., Musa, Y., Abdul Karim, M. K.

Physics and Technology in Medicine, 2020;1(2):20-26.
MyJurnal

The aimed of this study is to estimate the entrance surface dose (ESD) of routine chest X-ray (CXR) examination and to compare the direct and indirect measurement. This study also extended to relate with the patients body thickness and established lifetime attributable risk (LAR) of the examinations. A total of 101 CXR examinations in posteroanterior (PA) projections were selected
as subjects and data, such as patient habitus and scanning acquisition parameters were recorded. The mean ESD value obtained from the TLD-100 and the software calculation was 0.31 mGy and 0.17 mGy, respectively. The percentage deviation obtained ranged from 25.5% to 61.3%. In comparison with the national diagnostic reference level (DRL), the mean values of ESD obtained from this study were lower by a factor of 3. Furthermore, it was observed that the mean absorbed dose of the adrenals, kidneys, lungs, oesophagus, and heart walls were lower as compared to the ESD value. The examinations were only associated with very low risk of cancer incidence and mortality. Hence, the results of this study suggested a need for standardisations of the personnel training to perform X-ray examinations according to ALARA principles.

Matched MeSH terms: Skull
Skull Base Primary Ewing Sarcoma: A Radiological Experience of a Rare Disease in an Atypical Location

Saifuddin MSAH, Ng CY, Abdullah MS

Am J Case Rep, 2021 Jun 05;22:e930384.
PMID: 34089579 DOI: 10.12659/AJCR.930384

BACKGROUND Ewing sarcoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumor are rare tumors grouped under the spectrum of the Ewing sarcoma family of tumors. These highly malignant tumors involve the bones and commonly occur in children. Ewing sarcoma of the skull bone accounts for only 1% of all Ewing sarcomas, with primary skull base Ewing sarcoma occurring in less than 1% of cases. We present a case of skull base Ewing sarcoma with complete symptom recovery and near-total radiological resolution. CASE REPORT A 4-year-old girl initially presented with a 2-month history of vomiting, poor oral intake, weight loss, and gradual visual deterioration followed by acute symptoms of fever, breathing difficulties, and seizure. Initial computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain displayed a large sinonasal mass with extensive regional infiltration and bony destruction and no evidence of distant metastasis. A transnasal biopsy was taken. The histopathology result revealed features of skull base Ewing sarcoma. The child was given a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, to which she responded well, with a minimal residual tumor. CONCLUSIONS Skull base Ewing sarcoma is a rare entity, presenting a challenge to the reporting radiologists. Differential diagnoses of esthesioneuroblastoma, olfactory neuroepithelioma, and, more commonly, sinonasal carcinoma can be misleading since they have similar radiological appearances to skull base Ewing sarcoma, which differs in treatment regimen and prognosis. Therefore, a combination of histopathological appearance, radiographic findings, and clinical correlation is important to determine the correct diagnosis, establish the appropriate treatment regime, and improve the patient's survival.

Matched MeSH terms: Skull Base
Fulltext A Taphonomic Study of Crocodylus porosus (Crocodylidae) and Tomistoma schlegelii (Gavialidae) Remains from Western Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo: Applications for Public Education

Ruhana Hassan, Nur Fatimah Mohd Azizi, Muhammad Amirul Arib Md Adzhar, Mohd Izwan Zulaini Abdul Gani, Rambli Ahmad, Charles Leh Moi Ung

Trends in Undergraduate Research, 2018;1(1):0-0.
MyJurnal

This study documented details of the dentitions, skulls and other skeletal remains of Crocodylus porosus and Tomistoma schlegelii, from western part of Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. The remains of both reptiles were exhumed, followed by standard cleaning procedures and then detail morphological assessments were carried out accordingly. Both species show similar structure of vertebral columns, but T. schlegelii has the following unique structures: a long and narrower snout, D-shaped eye sockets, long and sharp pointed protruding quadratojugal bones, straight maxillae and dentary, a smooth surfaced skull, elongated triangular suborbital fenestrae, round shaped internal nares and visible supraoccipital from a dorsal view. C. porosus has heterodont dentition with blunt-pointed and irregular size of teeth whereas T. schlegelii has almost homodont dentition with sharp and similar size teeth. This is the first collection of teeth, skulls and other skeletal remains of both species obtained from Sarawak, and the materials have been used regularly to educate the public through science exhibitions, hoping they will spark the interests of young budding scientists to be involved in wildlife taphonomic studies in the future.

Matched MeSH terms: Skull
Fulltext Co-existing of sinonasal inverted papilloma and angiofibroma: case report and review of the literature

Shahrjerdi B, Angoyaroko A, Abdullah B

Acta Inform Med, 2012 Dec;20(4):261-3.
PMID: 23378696 DOI: 10.5455/aim.2012.20.261-263

Sinonasal tumors may grow to considerable size before presentation and in view of their relation to the base of skull, orbit, cranial nerves and vital vessels; a precise diagnostic and therapeutic planning is needed to achieve the optimal results. We report a case who presented with unilateral nasal blockage, rhinorrhea and episodes of epistaxis which diagnosed as sinonasal inverted papilloma and angiofibroma.

Matched MeSH terms: Skull Base
A prospective study on elderly patients with facial fractures in a developing country

Royan SJ, Hamid AL, Kovilpillai FJ, Junid NZ, Mustafa WM

Gerodontology, 2008 Jun;25(2):124-8.
PMID: 18485141 DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-2358.2007.00189.x

This paper describes the incidence, aetiology, treatment and complications of facial fractures seen among the elderly in a developing country.

Matched MeSH terms: Skull Fractures/etiology; Skull Fractures/epidemiology*; Skull Fractures/therapy
Fulltext Extended applications of endoscopic sinus surgery and its reference to cranial base and pituitary fossa

Gendeh BS

Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2010 Sep;62(3):264-76.
PMID: 23120724 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-010-0077-6

Sinus surgery has the potential of allowing ENT surgeons to encroach the boundaries of our colleagues in ophthalmology and neurosurgery. The advent of nasal endoscope and lately powered instrumentation and computer-assisted navigational systems has avoided the use of the conventional and more radical approaches by the ENT surgeon for the treatment of inflammatory pathology or tumors of the orbit and skull base. As rhinologists have gained more experience in endoscopic surgery, more areas related to the orbit and the anterior skull base are accessible and surgery is safer.

Matched MeSH terms: Skull Base
Combination of vascularized outer-table calvarial bone graft based on the superficial temporal vessels and allomatrix for the repair of an orbito-frontal blow-out fracture in a child

Ali F, Halim AS, Najihah SZ, Ibrahim M, Abdullah J

J Craniomaxillofac Surg, 2005 Oct;33(5):326-30.
PMID: 16125400

A vascularized outer-table calvarial bone graft was used for repairing a Posnick type 2 traumatic orbito-frontal bone defect supported by the use of a calcium-based putty (Allomatrix) in a 7-year-old girl. Gaps between the donor and recipient sites were filled with Allomatrix containing demineralized bone matrix particles. Four years later there was a good cosmetic result using an artificial left eye.

Matched MeSH terms: Skull Fractures/surgery*; Skull Base/injuries
Head injury from fan blades among children

Alias A, Krishnapillai R, Teng HW, Abd Latif AZ, Adnan JS

Asian J Surg, 2005 Jul;28(3):168-70.
PMID: 16024308

OBJECTIVE: Head injury caused by fan blades is rare among children. We analysed 14 cases of such injury and discuss the causes, type of injury and preventive measures.
METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 14 cases of children who were admitted to the Pediatric Neurosurgical Unit of Hospital Kuala Lumpur after sustaining head injuries caused by fan blades between January 2000 and December 2002 was performed.
RESULTS: The causes of fan-blade head injury included jumping on the upper bunk of a bunk-bed, climbing on a ladder, climbing up onto a table, and being lifted by an adult. Thirteen patients were injured by ceiling fans and one by falling onto an uncovered table fan. School-aged boys were the predominant victims. Mean patient age was 7.9 years (range, 1.0-12.2 years). There was a twin peak incidence of when the accidents occurred: just before lunch in the afternoon and bedtime at night. The types of injury were scalp lacerations, compound depressed fractures and multiple intracranial haemorrhages. Two patients had the complication of wound infection, and one of these patients developed cerebral spinal fluid leak. One patient died from severe head injuries.
CONCLUSION: Safety awareness among parents and caretakers are important as fan-blade head injury among children is preventable.

Matched MeSH terms: Skull Fractures/etiology; Skull Fractures/epidemiology; Skull Fractures/therapy
Metabolic Superscan on 18 F-FDG PET/CT in a Patient With Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

Mohd Rohani MF, Bujang NL, Rosdi AH, Amir Hassan SZ

Clin Nucl Med, 2024 Jan 01;49(1):e19-e21.
PMID: 37883221 DOI: 10.1097/RLU.0000000000004941

Superscan on PET/CT has been reported in the literature and mainly involved metastatic diseases. We report an uncommon case of a metabolic superscan on 18 F-FDG PET/CT in a 56-year-old man with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis who presented with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Parathyroid scintigraphy showed 2 lesions posteroinferior to both thyroid lobes, suggestive of parathyroid adenoma/hyperplasia. FDG PET/CT performed to assess for pulmonary nodules revealed diffuse FDG hypermetabolism involving the visualized skull, mandible, spine, sternum, ribs, and appendicular skeleton without corresponding CT lesion with no urinary radiotracer excretion, consistent with metabolic superscan secondary to renal osteodystrophy.

Matched MeSH terms: Skull
Fulltext Atypical Clival Chordoma in an Adolescent without Imaging Evidence of Bone Involvement

Hashim H, Rosman AK, Abdul Aziz A, Roqiah AK, Bakar NS

Malays J Med Sci, 2014 Sep-Oct;21(5):78-82.
PMID: 25977639

Clival chordoma is a rare primary bone tumour that arises from the remnant of the notochord and typically occurs in older adults. Upon imaging, the tumour can be seen arising from the clivus and causes clival destruction. This usually provides insight for a diagnosis. Here we present a case of a non-enhancing, pre-pontine mass that was hypointense on T1W and hyperintense on T2W in an adolescent. No clival bone erosion was observed. Based on the age group, imaging findings, and lack of clival erosion, a provisional diagnosis of epidermoid cyst was made and the tumour was resected. This patient was eventually diagnosed with a clival chordoma based on histopathological examination.

Matched MeSH terms: Skull Base Neoplasms
New Method of Age Estimation from Maxillary Sutures Closure in a Thai Population

Sinthubua A, Theera-Umpon N, Auephanwiriyakul S, Ruengdit S, Das S, Mahakkanukrauh P

Clin Ter, 2016 Mar-Apr;167(2):33-7.
PMID: 27212570 DOI: 10.7417/CT.2016.1918

Age estimation is one of the major components of forensic identification. Cranial suture closure has long been used as indicator for age estimation. Maxillary sutures have been less studied for estimation of age at death because they vary in their timing of closure with age. The purpose of this study was to estimate age by examining 190 Thai skulls with age ranging between 15-93 years from Forensic Osteology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, and Chiang Mai University. Four parts of maxillary suture (incisive, anterior, transverse, and posterior sutures) were investigated the suture obliteration of each suture by computerizing from photograph. The suture were measured by pixel counting.The prediction model which based on the support vector machine (SVM) for regression or support vector regression (SVR) was utilized for data analysis. The results showed high correlation (R2 = 0.9086) between the predicted age and actual age. Plot between actual age group and predicted age in seven groups also revealed high correlation (R2 = 0.9434). These can be implied that we are able to use this SVR model to predict age at death using maxillary suture information.The interesting issue is to further apply this model in more cases to ensure the generalization of the finding. This study is the first attempt to estimate age at death using a new method based on novel analysis which considers a characteristic of relationship between maxillary suture closures with age that are not in linear form. The present study may contribute as a basis knowledge and method for further study of age estimation in archaeological and forensic anthropological contexts, especially when only skull or base of skull are found.

Matched MeSH terms: Skull Base
On the integral use of foundational concepts in verifying validity during skull-photo superimposition

Jayaprakash PT

Forensic Sci Int, 2017 Sep;278:411.e1-411.e8.
PMID: 28754256 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.04.021

Often cited reliability test on video superimposition method integrated scaling face-images in relation to skull-images, tragus-auditory meatus relationship in addition to exocanthion-Whitnall's tubercle relationship when orientating the skull-image and wipe mode imaging in addition to mix mode imaging when obtaining skull-face image overlay and evaluating the goodness of match. However, a report that found higher false positive matches in computer assisted superimposition method transited from the above foundational concepts and relied on images of unspecified sizes that are lesser than 'life-size', frontal plane landmarks in the skull- and face- images alone for orientating the skull-image and mix images alone for evaluating the goodness of match. Recently, arguing the use of 'life-size' images as 'archaic', the authors who tested the reliability in the computer assisted superimposition method have denied any method transition. This article describes that the use of images of unspecified sizes at lesser than 'life-size' eliminates the only possibility to quantify parameters during superimposition which alone enables dynamic skull orientation when overlaying a skull-image with a face-image in an anatomically acceptable orientation. The dynamic skull orientation process mandatorily requires aligning the tragus in the 2D face-image with the auditory meatus in the 3D skull-image for anatomically orientating the skull-image in relation to the posture in the face-image, a step not mentioned by the authors describing the computer assisted superimposition method. Furthermore, mere reliance on mix type images during image overlay eliminates the possibility to assess the relationship between the leading edges of the skull- and face-image outlines as also specific area match among the corresponding craniofacial organs during superimposition. Indicating the possibility of increased false positive matches as a consequence of the above method transitions, the need for testing the reliability in the superimposition method adopting concepts that are considered safe is stressed.

Matched MeSH terms: Skull/anatomy & histology*
Fulltext Automated craniofacial landmarks detection on 3D image using geometry characteristics information

Abu A, Ngo CG, Abu-Hassan NIA, Othman SA

BMC Bioinformatics, 2019 Feb 04;19(Suppl 13):548.
PMID: 30717658 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-018-2548-9

BACKGROUND: Indirect anthropometry (IA) is one of the craniofacial anthropometry methods to perform the measurements on the digital facial images. In order to get the linear measurements, a few definable points on the structures of individual facial images have to be plotted as landmark points. Currently, most anthropometric studies use landmark points that are manually plotted on a 3D facial image by the examiner. This method is time-consuming and leads to human biases, which will vary from intra-examiners to inter-examiners when involving large data sets. Biased judgment also leads to a wider gap in measurement error. Thus, this work aims to automate the process of landmarks detection to help in enhancing the accuracy of measurement. In this work, automated craniofacial landmarks (ACL) on a 3D facial image system was developed using geometry characteristics information to identify the nasion (n), pronasale (prn), subnasale (sn), alare (al), labiale superius (ls), stomion (sto), labiale inferius (li), and chelion (ch). These landmarks were detected on the 3D facial image in .obj file format. The IA was also performed by manually plotting the craniofacial landmarks using Mirror software. In both methods, once all landmarks were detected, the eight linear measurements were then extracted. Paired t-test was performed to check the validity of ACL (i) between the subjects and (ii) between the two methods, by comparing the linear measurements extracted from both ACL and AI. The tests were performed on 60 subjects (30 males and 30 females).
RESULTS: The results on the validity of the ACL against IA between the subjects show accurate detection of n, sn, prn, sto, ls and li landmarks. The paired t-test showed that the seven linear measurements were statistically significant when p

Matched MeSH terms: Skull/anatomy & histology*
Anatomical variations of anterior ethmoidal artery at the ethmoidal roof and anterior skull base in Asians

Abdullah B, Lim EH, Mohamad H, Husain S, Aziz ME, Snidvongs K, et al.

Surg Radiol Anat, 2019 May;41(5):543-550.
PMID: 30542929 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-018-2157-3

PURPOSE: The variations of the anterior ethmoidal artery (AEA) in different populations should be recognized by surgeons to prevent unwarranted complications during surgery. The aim of this study was to assess the anatomical variations of AEA in Asian population.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 252 AEA identified by computed tomography (CT) of the paranasal sinuses. The multiplanar CT images were acquired from SOMATOM® Definition AS+ and reconstructed to axial, coronal and sagittal view at 1 mm slice thickness.
RESULTS: 42.5% of AEA was within skull base (grade I), 20.2% at skull base (grade II) and 37.3% coursed freely below skull base (grade III). The prevalence of supraorbital ethmoid cell (SOEC) and suprabullar cell (SBC) was 29.8% and 48.0%. The position of AEA at skull base has significant association with SOEC (p skull base was 1.93 ± 2.03 mm, orbital floor 21.91 ± 2.47 mm and nasal floor 49.01 ± 3.53 mm.
CONCLUSIONS: The position of AEA at skull base depends on the presence of SOEC and length of lateral lamella, but not with SBC. When compared to European population, the mean distance between AEA and nasal floor is shorter in Asians.

Matched MeSH terms: Skull Base/blood supply*

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