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Effect of porous density of twisted tape inserts on heat transfer performance inside a closed conduit

Rahman MT, Habib K, Quader MN, Aslfattahi N, Kadirgama K, Das L

Heliyon, 2023 Nov;9(11):e21206.
PMID: 37964837 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21206

This study examines the impact of varying the porosity density of twisted tape inserts (TTI) on the temperature distribution, fluid velocities, heat transfer coefficients (HTC), Nusselt numbers (Nu), turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), and performance from 5000 to 12500 Reynolds numbers (Re). The entire process involved the design of TTIs and double pipe heat exchangers using SolidWorks. Subsequently, a three-dimensional fluid flow model was employed to solve equations related to energy mass, energy, and momentum within the ANSYS Fluent interfaces. The findings highlight the noteworthy impact of high porosity TTIs, which consistently reduce temperature spans, increase fluid velocities, and greatly HTC and Nu when compared to low porosity TTI, typical TTI, and plain tubes. Furthermore, high porosity TTI significantly increases TKE, indicating increased fluid turbulence and higher heat transfer efficiency, especially at Re = 12500. The assessment of PEC emphasizes the superiority of high porosity TTI, demonstrating their significant performance increase potential of over 6.44 % over low porosity TTI and a staggering 62.5 % above typical TTI. In conclusion, high porosity TTI emerges as a potential solution for improving heat transfer efficiency and overall system performance in a variety of industrial applications, promising enhanced energy efficiency and superior performance.
Reliability and Validity of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support Among Women and Adolescent Girls With Disabilities in Selected Sub-districts of Bangladesh

Murshid ME, Chen S, Rahman MM, Islam MZ, Shimpuku Y, Rahman Era N, et al.

Cureus, 2023 Nov;15(11):e49605.
PMID: 38033436 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49605

Background Adequate community-based or societal collaboration and cooperation are considerably important for the overall welfare of women and adolescent girls with disabilities. "The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS)" has not been evaluated for reliability and validity amid women and adolescent girls with disabilities in the Bangladeshi context. Methods A Bangla-translated form of the MSPSS was constructed, and the survey was conducted among 152 women and adolescent girls with disabilities who were purposefully recruited from Bogura Sadar and Chapainawabganj Sadar sub-districts of Bangladesh. Results The Cronbach's alpha of the entire scale was 0.868, indicating high internal consistency. Cronbach's alpha for the family sub-scale was 0.763, the friends sub-scale was 0.820, and the significant others scale was 0.776. The composite reliability for the family sub-scale was 0.849677, the friends sub-scale was 0.881248, and the significant others sub-scale was 0.859668. Convergence reliability was established following sub-scale-wise scores. It affirms the consistency of measurements. The content validity score was >0.62, following the Lawshe approach. The three-factor model was adopted during confirmatory factor analysis when the three-factor model run in SPSS Amos (version 21) CFI (comparative fit index) was 0.919. Conclusions In Bangladesh, to the best of our knowledge, our study is initially to calculate the perceived societal assistance of women and adolescent girls with disabilities. We validated the Bangla-translated form of the MSPSS from the Bangladeshi perspective. Researchers and clinicians may rely on our accurate and validated MSPSS translation into Bangla when working with this group. Based on our findings, this study endorses implementing the MSPSS for assessing professed community-based collaboration using the three-factor model, especially among women and adolescent girls with disabilities.
An update on formaldehyde adulteration in food: sources, detection, mechanisms, and risk assessment

Rahman MB, Hussain M, Kabiraz MP, Nordin N, Siddiqui SA, Bhowmik S, et al.

Food Chem, 2023 Nov 30;427:136761.
PMID: 37406446 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136761

Formaldehyde is added illegally to food to extend its shelf life due to its antiseptic and preservation properties. Several research has been conducted to examine the consequences of adulteration with formaldehyde in food items. These findings suggest that adding formaldehyde to food is considered harmful as it accumulates in the body with long-term consumption. In this review includes study findings on food adulteration with formaldehyde and their assessment of food safety based on the analytical method applied to various geographical regions, food matrix types, and their sources in food items. Additionally, this review sought to assess the risk of formaldehyde-tainted food and the understanding of its development in food and its impacts on food safety in light of the widespread formaldehyde adulteration. Finally, the study would be useful as a manual for implementing adequate and successful risk assessment to increase food safety.
Fulltext A Machine Learning Web App to Predict Diabetic Blood Glucose Based on a Basic Noninvasive Health Checkup, Sociodemographic Characteristics, and Dietary Information: Case Study

Sampa MB, Biswas T, Rahman MS, Aziz NHBA, Hossain MN, Aziz NAA

JMIR Diabetes, 2023 Nov 24;8:e49113.
PMID: 37999944 DOI: 10.2196/49113

BACKGROUND: Over the past few decades, diabetes has become a serious public health concern worldwide, particularly in Bangladesh. The advancement of artificial intelligence can be reaped in the prediction of blood glucose levels for better health management. However, the practical validity of machine learning (ML) techniques for predicting health parameters using data from low- and middle-income countries, such as Bangladesh, is very low. Specifically, Bangladesh lacks research using ML techniques to predict blood glucose levels based on basic noninvasive clinical measurements and dietary and sociodemographic information.
OBJECTIVE: To formulate strategies for public health planning and the control of diabetes, this study aimed to develop a personalized ML model that predicts the blood glucose level of urban corporate workers in Bangladesh.
METHODS: Based on the basic noninvasive health checkup test results, dietary information, and sociodemographic characteristics of 271 employees of the Bangladeshi Grameen Bank complex, 5 well-known ML models, namely, linear regression, boosted decision tree regression, neural network, decision forest regression, and Bayesian linear regression, were used to predict blood glucose levels. Continuous blood glucose data were used in this study to train the model, which then used the trained data to predict new blood glucose values.
RESULTS: Boosted decision tree regression demonstrated the greatest predictive performance of all evaluated models (root mean squared error=2.30). This means that, on average, our model's predicted blood glucose level deviated from the actual blood glucose level by around 2.30 mg/dL. The mean blood glucose value of the population studied was 128.02 mg/dL (SD 56.92), indicating a borderline result for the majority of the samples (normal value: 140 mg/dL). This suggests that the individuals should be monitoring their blood glucose levels regularly.
CONCLUSIONS: This ML-enabled web application for blood glucose prediction helps individuals to self-monitor their health condition. The application was developed with communities in remote areas of low- and middle-income countries, such as Bangladesh, in mind. These areas typically lack health facilities and have an insufficient number of qualified doctors and nurses. The web-based application is a simple, practical, and effective solution that can be adopted by the community. Use of the web application can save money on medical expenses, time, and health management expenses. The created system also aids in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly in ensuring that everyone in the community enjoys good health and well-being and lowering total morbidity and mortality.
Fulltext Understanding vegetable farmers' adoption, dis-adoption, and non-adoption decisions of pest management by pheromone trapping

Kabir MH, Nur-E-Alam SM, Datta A, Tan ML, Rahman MS

PLoS One, 2023;18(9):e0292254.
PMID: 37773932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292254

The use of pheromone traps can minimize the excess application of synthetic insecticides, while can also benefit the environment. The use of pheromone traps has been promoted and suggested to vegetable farmers of Bangladesh for widespread adoption. However, the majority of farmers have continued to spray insecticides instead of using pheromone traps. The present study investigated the factors influencing farmers' adoption, dis-adoption, and non-adoption behavior of pheromone traps for managing insect pests. Primary data were collected from 438 vegetable growers. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multinomial logistic regression. About 27% of the farmers abandoned the technique shortly after it was adopted as it was time-consuming to manage insect pests. Marginal effect analysis revealed that the likelihood of continued adoption was 34.6% higher for farmers who perceived that pheromone traps were useful in controlling insect pests. In contrast, the likelihood of dis-adoption was 16.5% and 10.4% higher for farmers who maintained communication with private pesticide company agents and neighbor farmers, respectively. Extension services by government extension personnel might be encouraged and maintained as a key component in increasing farmer awareness regarding the use of pheromone trap. Strategies to promote pheromone traps in vegetable production should highlight the positive impacts to farmers and the environment, as this would most likely lead to their continued and widespread use after initial adoption.
Fulltext Heart Failure Emergency Readmission Prediction Using Stacking Machine Learning Model

Rahman MS, Rahman HR, Prithula J, Chowdhury MEH, Ahmed MU, Kumar J, et al.

Diagnostics (Basel), 2023 Jun 02;13(11).
PMID: 37296800 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13111948

Heart failure is a devastating disease that has high mortality rates and a negative impact on quality of life. Heart failure patients often experience emergency readmission after an initial episode, often due to inadequate management. A timely diagnosis and treatment of underlying issues can significantly reduce the risk of emergency readmissions. The purpose of this project was to predict emergency readmissions of discharged heart failure patients using classical machine learning (ML) models based on Electronic Health Record (EHR) data. The dataset used for this study consisted of 166 clinical biomarkers from 2008 patient records. Three feature selection techniques were studied along with 13 classical ML models using five-fold cross-validation. A stacking ML model was trained using the predictions of the three best-performing models for final classification. The stacking ML model provided an accuracy, precision, recall, specificity, F1-score, and area under the curve (AUC) of 89.41%, 90.10%, 89.41%, 87.83%, 89.28%, and 0.881, respectively. This indicates the effectiveness of the proposed model in predicting emergency readmissions. The healthcare providers can intervene pro-actively to reduce emergency hospital readmission risk and improve patient outcomes and decrease healthcare costs using the proposed model.
Fulltext Recent Advances in Pyridine Scaffold: Focus on Chemistry, Synthesis, and Antibacterial Activities

Islam MB, Islam MI, Nath N, Emran TB, Rahman MR, Sharma R, et al.

Biomed Res Int, 2023;2023:9967591.
PMID: 37250749 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9967591

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens have created a fatal problem for human health and antimicrobial treatment. Among the currently available antibiotics, many are inactive against MDR pathogens. In this context, heterocyclic compounds/drugs play a vital role. Thus, it is very much essential to explore new research to combat the issue. Of the available nitrogen-bearing heterocyclic compounds/drugs, pyridine derivatives are of special interest due to their solubility. Encouragingly, some of the newly synthesized pyridine compounds/drugs are found to inhibit multidrug-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Pyridine scaffold bearing poor basicity generally improves water solubility in pharmaceutically potential molecules and has led to the discovery of numerous broad-spectrum therapeutic agents. Keeping these in mind, we have reviewed the chemistry, recent synthetic techniques, and bacterial preventative activity of pyridine derivatives since 2015. This will facilitate the development of pyridine-based novel antibiotic/drug design in the near future as a versatile scaffold with limited side effects for the next-generation therapeutics.
Fulltext Training & development, career development, and organizational commitment as the predictor of work performance

Hosen S, Hamzah SR, Arif Ismail I, Noormi Alias S, Faiq Abd Aziz M, Rahman MM

Heliyon, 2024 Jan 15;10(1):e23903.
PMID: 38261866 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23903

This study aims to justify the mediating effect of organizational commitment in the association between training and development, career development, and work performance. Data was collected from 362 frontline hotel employees through a survey by random sampling technique. The analysis methodology comprises descriptive statistics, measurement, and structure models through SPSS 23 and Smarts PLS 3.0. This study significantly examined the correlation between training and development and work performance, career development, and work performance. Moreover, organizational commitment in the hotel sector is significantly associated with work performance. Furthermore, the significant correlation between training and development and work performance career development among hotel personnel is mediated by organizational commitment. Owners and managers should know the necessary policies to enhance employees' work performance and organizational commitment and consider appropriate behaviour. Besides, all required facilities for enhancing career development and training and development should be implemented to strengthen hotels' present and future demands. It is furthered by the study's explanations of the results and their limitations, which also included suggestions for future research possibilities. This research filled the gap in the hotel industry in Bangladesh, where study works into wide-ranging training and development, career development practices, organizational commitment, and work performance were rare.
A suitable method for the detection of a potential fraud of bringing macaque monkey meat into the food chain

Rashid NR, Ali ME, Hamid SB, Rahman MM, Razzak MA, Asing, et al.

Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess, 2015;32(7):1013-22.
PMID: 25906074 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1039073

Being the third-largest primate population has not made macaque (Macaca fascicularis sp.) monkeys less exposed to threats and dangers. Despite wildlife protection, they have been widely hunted and consumed in several countries because of their purported nutritional values. In addition to trading as pure bush meats in several places, monkey meat has been sold in meatball and soup products in Indonesia. Thus the possibility of macaque meat trafficking under the label of common meats is quite high. This paper reports the development of a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay with the shortest amplicon length for the confirmed detection of monkey meat under compromised states which are known to degrade DNA. We amplified a 120-bp region of d-loop gene using a pair of macaque-specific primers and confirmed their specificity for the target species through cross-challenging against 17 different species using a 141-bp site of an 18 S rRNA gene as an endogenous control for eukaryotes. This eliminated the possibilities of any false-negative detection with complex matrices or degraded specimens. The detection limit was 0.00001 ng DNA in a pure state and 0.1% of meat in mixed matrices and commercial meatball products. RFLP analysis further authenticated the originality of the PCR product and distinctive restriction patterns were found upon AluI and CViKI-1 digestion. A micro-fluidic lab-on-a-chip automated electrophoretic system separated the fragments with high resolution. The assay was validated for screening commercial meatball products with sufficient internal control.
Multiplex PCR assay for the detection of five meat species forbidden in Islamic foods

Ali ME, Razzak MA, Hamid SB, Rahman MM, Amin MA, Rashid NR, et al.

Food Chem, 2015 Jun 15;177:214-24.
PMID: 25660879 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.12.098

Food falsification has direct impact on public health, religious faith, fair-trades and wildlife. For the first time, here we described a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for the accurate identification of five meat species forbidden in Islamic foods in a single assay platform. Five pairs of species-specific primers were designed targeting mitochondrial ND5, ATPase 6, and cytochrome b genes to amplify 172, 163, 141, 129 and 108 bp DNA fragments from cat, dog, pig, monkey and rat meats, respectively. All PCR products were identified in gel-images and electrochromatograms obtained from Experion Bioanalyzer. Species-specificity checking against 15 important meat and fish and 5 plant species detected no cross-species amplification. Screening of target species in model and commercial meatballs reflected its application to detect target species in process foods. The assay was tested to detect 0.01-0.02 ng DNA under raw states and 1% suspected meats in meatball formulation.
Fulltext Crystal structure of (E)-4-{2-[4-(all-yloxy)phen-yl]diazen-yl}benzoic acid

Rahman ML, Mohd Yusoff M, Ismail J, Kwong HC, Quah CK

Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online, 2014 Dec 01;70(Pt 12):499-502.
PMID: 25552976 DOI: 10.1107/S1600536814023745

The title compound, C16H14N2O3, has an E conformation about the azo-benzene [-N=N- = 1.2481 (16) Å] linkage. The benzene rings are almost coplanar [dihedral angle = 1.36 (7)°]. The O atoms of the carb-oxy-lic acid group are disordered over two sets of sites and were refined with an occupancy ratio of 0.5:0.5. The two disordered components of the carb-oxy-lic acid group make dihedral angles of 1.5 (14) and 3.8 (12)° with the benzene ring to which they are attached. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked via pairs of O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers. The dimers are connected via C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming ribbons lying parallel to [120]. These ribbons are linked via C-H⋯π inter-actions, forming slabs parallel to (001).
Fulltext Does menthol-brand cigarette initiate early smoking? Evidence from a cross sectional study in Sarawak, Malaysia

Rahman MM, Arif MT, Razak MF, Suhaili MR, Tambi Z, Akoi C, et al.

Iran J Public Health, 2014 Mar;43(3):385-6.
PMID: 25988103
Clinico-epidemiological nature and antibiotic susceptibility profile of Acinetobacter species

Biglari S, Hanafiah A, Ramli R, Mostafizur Rahman M, Mohd Nizam Khaithir T

Pak J Med Sci, 2013 Apr;29(2):469-73.
PMID: 24353558

Acinetobacter spp. has emerged as an important opportunistic pathogen responsible for nosocomial infections in many health-care settings worldwide. The study describes the clinico-epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of Acinetobacter spp. in a tertiary health-care institution. Methodology : Acinetobacter spp. were isolated from 141 specimens of the patients who reported to Universiti Kebangsaan Medical Centre (UKMMC). The sources of specimens were wound, skin and soft tissue, respiratory and urinary tract from patients in various wards. Clinio-epidemiological features of patients infected with Acinetobacter spp. were recorded. Standard bacteriological techniques with API 20NE kits and disk diffusion method were followed for identification and antibiotic sensitivity of the organisms.
An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by tribal and native people of Madhupur forest area, Bangladesh

Islam MK, Saha S, Mahmud I, Mohamad K, Awang K, Jamal Uddin S, et al.

J Ethnopharmacol, 2014 Feb 3;151(2):921-30.
PMID: 24342778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.056

Madhupur forest area, Tangail is one of early human settlements in Bangladesh. Having abode in the vicinity of the forest, a strong ethnobotanical practice has prevailed in this area since ancient time. Due to the rapid deforestation during the last few decades, many plants have already disappeared or are facing extinction. Thus we attempted to document the medicinal plant use of Madhupur forest area with a view to preserve the ethnobotanical knowledge and in order to protect the biodiversity of this area.
Synthesis of new liquid crystals embedded gold nanoparticles for photoswitching properties

Rahman ML, Biswas TK, Sarkar SM, Yusoff MM, Yuvaraj AR, Kumar S

J Colloid Interface Sci, 2016 Jun 15;478:384-393.
PMID: 27341036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.06.039

A new series of liquid crystals decorated gold nanoparticles is synthesized whose molecular architecture has azobenzenes moieties as the peripheral units connected to gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) via alkyl groups. The morphology and mesomorphic properties were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscope, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and polarizing optical microscopy. The thiolated ligand molecules (3a-c) showed enantiotropic smectic A phase, whereas gold nanoparticles (5a-c) exhibit nematic and smectic A phase with monotropic nature. HR-TEM measurement showed that the functionalized Au NPs are of the average size of 2nm and they are well dispersed without any aggregation. The trans-form of azo compounds showed a strong band in the UV region at ∼378nm for the π-π(∗) transition, and a weak band in the visible region at ∼472nm due to the n-π(∗) transition. These molecules exhibit attractive photoisomerization behaviour in which trans-cis transition takes about 15s whereas the cis-trans transition requires about 45min for compound 5c. The extent of reversible isomerization did not decay after 10 cycles, which proved that the photo-responsive properties of 5c were stable and repeatable. Therefore, these materials may be suitably exploited in the field of molecular switches and the optical storage devices.
Fulltext Crystal structure of 3-{5-[3-(4-fluoro-phen-yl)-1-isopropyl-1H-indol-2-yl]-1H-pyrazol-1-yl}indolin-2-one ethanol monosolvate

Rahman ML, Kulkarni AD, Mohd Yusoff M, Kwong HC, Quah CK

Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun, 2016 Mar 01;72(Pt 3):283-6.
PMID: 27006787 DOI: 10.1107/S2056989016001614

The title indolin-2-one compound, C28H23FN4O·C2H6O, crystallizes as a 1:1 ethanol solvate. The ethanol mol-ecule is disordered over two positions with refined site occupancies of 0.560 (14) and 0.440 (14). The pyrazole ring makes dihedral angles of 84.16 (10) and 85.33 (9)° with the indolin-2-one and indole rings, respectively, whereas the dihedral angle between indolin-2-one and indole rings is 57.30 (7)°. In the crystal, the components are linked by N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming an inversion mol-ecule-solvate 2:2 dimer with R 4 (4)(12) ring motifs. The crystal structure is consolidated by π-π inter-action between pairs of inversion-related indolin-2-one rings [inter-planar spacing = 3.599 (2) Å].
Fulltext Presence of anti-mitochondrial antibodies and elevated serum immunoglobulin G levels: is this primary biliary cirrhosis-autoimmune hepatitis overlap syndrome?

Muttaqillah NA, Abdul Wahab A, Ding CH, Mohammad M, Biswas S, Rahman MM

EXCLI J, 2015;14:175-8.
PMID: 26648811 DOI: 10.17179/excli2014-660

Primary biliary cirrhosis in combination with autoimmune hepatitis has been termed "overlap syndrome", but its diagnosis is challenging. We report a case of a 43-year-old lady who presented with a six-month history of jaundice and pruritus. She subsequently developed gum bleeds. Laboratory investigations revealed hypochromic microcytic anemia, abnormal coagulation profiles, elevated serum alanine transferase and alkaline phosphatase levels, and raised serum IgG and IgM levels. Her serum was also positive for anti-nuclear and anti-mitochondrial antibodies. The findings from her abdominal CT scan were suggestive of early liver cirrhosis and the histopathological examination results of her liver biopsy were consistent with primary biliary cirrhosis. The patient was treated with ursodeoxycholic acid and her liver function test parameters normalized after six months.
Fulltext Crystal structure of 4-({(1E,2E)-3-[3-(4-fluoro-phen-yl)-1-isopropyl-1H-indol-2-yl]allyl-idene}amino)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5(4H)-thione

Kulkarni AD, Rahman ML, Mohd Yusoff M, Kwong HC, Quah CK

Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun, 2015 Dec 01;71(Pt 12):1525-7.
PMID: 26870420 DOI: 10.1107/S205698901502201X

The asymmetric unit of the titled compound, C22H20FN5S, comprises two independent mol-ecules (A and B), both of which have a trans conformation with respect to the methene C=C [1.342 (2) and 1.335 (2) Å] and the acyclic N=C [1.283 (2) and 1.281 (2) Å] bonds. In mol-ecule A, the triazole ring makes dihedral angles of 55.01 (12) and 18.17 (9)° with the benzene and indole rings, respectively. The corresponding dihedral angles for mol-ecule B are 54.54 (11) and 14.60 (10)°, respectively. In the crystal, mol-ecules are consolidated into -A-B-A-B- chains along [010] via N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds. The chains are further linked into layers parallel to the ac plane via π-π inter-actions involving inversion-related triazole rings [centroid-centroid distances = 3.3436 (11)-3.4792 (13) Å].
Fulltext Screening for New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1 in Enterobacteriaceae: Is there a role for the modified Hodge test?

Abidin NZ, Sulong A, Alfizah H, Ding CH, Muttaqillah NA, Rahman MM

Pak J Med Sci, 2015 Nov-Dec;31(6):1340-3.
PMID: 26870093 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.316.8159

The New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1 (NDM-1) enzyme is a plasmid-encoded enzyme that inactivates carbapenem antibiotics. This study aims to ascertain if the modified Hodge test (MHT) has a role in screening for NDM-1 in Enterobacteriaceae with reduced carbapenem susceptibility.
Fulltext Crystal structure of 4-({(1E,2E)-3-[3-(4-fluoro-phen-yl)-1-isopropyl-1H-indol-2-yl]allyl-idene}amino)-5-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5(4H)-thione

Kulkarni AD, Rahman ML, Mohd Yusoff M, Kwong HC, Quah CK

Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun, 2015 Nov 1;71(Pt 11):1411-3.
PMID: 26594522 DOI: 10.1107/S2056989015020101

The title compound, C23H22FN5S, exists in a trans conformation with respect to the methene C=C and the acyclic N=C bonds. The 1,2,4-triazole-5(4H)-thione ring makes dihedral angles of 88.66 (9) and 84.51 (10)°, respectively, with the indole and benzene rings. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by pairs of N-H⋯S hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers with an R 2 (2)(8) ring motif. The dimers are linked via C-H⋯π inter-actions, forming chains along [1-10]. The chains are linked via π-π inter-actions involving inversion-related triazole rings [centroid-centroid distance = 3.4340 (13) Å], forming layers parallel to the ab plane.

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