METHODS: PubMed and Google Scholar were systematically searched for the relevant studies by following the PRISMA 2009 checklist. A past decade literature search was conducted from 2010 until November 2020 to secure the relevance of the phantom study. Databases were recruited using keywords such as phantom, quantification, standardisation, harmonisation, image quality, standardised uptake value and multicentre study. However, all keywords were related to PET/CT. All abstracts and eligible full-text articles were screened independently, and finally, the quality assessments of this review were performed.

RESULTS: From the 200 retrieved articles, 80 were rejected after the screening of the abstracts and 35 after reading the full-text. The 20 accepted articles addressed the distribution of phantom types used in selected articles studies which were NEMA (67%), ACR (8%) and others (25%). The articles showed the various experimental studies, either phantom studies (35%) or phantom plus clinical studies (65%). For clinical studies (n = 829), the distribution of prospective studies was (n = 674) and retrospective studies was (n =155). The distribution of phantom pathway application showed the studies focused on 40% of reconstruction protocol studies, 30% of the multicentre and standardisation of accreditation program studies, and 30% of the quantification of uptake values studies.

RESEARCH DESIGN /SETTING: A cross-sectional validation study was conducted in middle and south of West Bank from February 2019 to June 2020. Two-hundred postpartum women were given self-administered and online questionnaire. Content and face validity were assessed. The "satisfaction of care" and "perceived quality of care" domains were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis, while items in "experience of mistreatment" domain were evaluated descriptively. Cronbach's alpha was used to assess the reliability of the questionnaire items.

FINDINGS: The new questionnaire consisted of three domains: "satisfaction of care", "perceived quality of care", and "experience of mistreatment" during childbirth. Five new items were added and two items were removed during content validation. Another two items were deleted through face validation. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted for the "satisfaction of care" and "perceived quality of care" domains. Two factors were identified for each domain, with a factor loading of more than 0.5. Twelve items were deleted from "satisfaction of care" domain and two items from "perceived quality of care" domain. The Cronbach's alpha values for the two factors in both domains were more than 0.87. The items in the "experience of mistreatment during childbirth" domain were evaluated descriptively.

DESIGN AND SETTING: A cross-sectional survey was carried out in rural and urban areas in a state in Malaysia. Secondary schools were randomly selected and used as sampling units.

PARTICIPANTS: Adults aged ≥18 years old were invited to answer a self-administered questionnaire on pain experienced over the previous 6 months. Out of 9300 questionnaires distributed, 5206 were returned and 150 participants who did not fall into the 3 ethnic groups were excluded, yielding a total of 5056 questionnaires for analysis. 58.2% (n=2926) were women. 50% (n=2512) were Malays, 41.4% (n=2079) were Chinese and 8.6% (n=434) were Indians.

RESULTS: 21.1% (n=1069) had knee pain during the previous 6 months. More Indians (31.8%) experienced knee pain compared with Malays (24.3%) and Chinese (15%) (p<0.001). The odds of Indian women reporting knee pain was twofold higher compared with Malay women. There was a rising trend in the prevalence of knee pain with increasing age (p<0.001). The association between age and knee pain appeared to be stronger in women than men. 68.1% of Indians used analgesia for knee pain while 75.4% of Malays and 52.1% of Chinese did so (p<0.001). The most common analgesic used for knee pain across all groups was topical medicated oil (43.7%).

METHODOLOGY:  A cohort study was conducted among workers who had a stroke in northeastern Malaysia. They were assigned either to undergo robotic or conventional rehabilitation therapy. The robotic therapy is performed three times per day for four weeks. Meanwhile, conventional therapy involved walking exercises five days per week for two weeks. Data were collected for both therapies on the admission, at week 2 and week 4. The MBI, modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) trends were examined one month after the therapies. The R (version 4.2.1) (R Core Team, Vienna, Austria) and RStudio (R Studio PBC, Boston, USA) were applied to perform the descriptive analyses on the respective platforms. Repeated measures of analysis of variance were performed to evaluate the outcomes trend and the effectiveness of the two therapies was also compared.

RESULTS: A total of 54 stroke patients participated in this study of which 30 (55.6%) of them received robotic therapy. The age of the subjects ranged from 24 to 59 years and the majority (74.1%) were male. Stroke outcomes were evaluated using mRS, HADS, and MBI scores. Except for their age, the individuals' characteristics did not significantly differ between those undergoing conventional therapy and those receiving robotic therapy. After four weeks, it was found that the good mRS had increased, whereas the poor mRS had decreased. Comparing the therapy groups, the MBI scores improved significantly with time, although there were no significant differences between the therapy groups. However, the interaction term between the treatment group (p=0.031) and improvements over time was significant (p=0.001), indicating that robotic was more effective than conventional therapy in improving the MBI scores. For HADS score, there was a significant difference between the therapy groups (p=0.001), with those receiving robotic therapy having higher HADS score.