Displaying publications 141 - 160 of 266 in total

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  1. Infant feeding practices in Malaysia
    Chen ST
    Med J Malaysia, 1978 Dec;33(2):120-4.
    PMID: 755160
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Feeding
  2. Infant feeding practices in an urban squatter community
    Khor Geok Lin
    Malays J Reprod Health, 1989 Jun;7(1):41-51.
    PMID: 12342397
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Feeding*
  3. Infant feeding study: knowledge and attitudes of selected pregnant women
    Kandiah M, Ooi Guat San
    Malays J Reprod Health, 1984 Dec;2(2):96-104.
    PMID: 12280344
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Feeding*
  4. Fulltext Infant health care practices-a study in three communities
    Singh PJ, Chew GE, John R
    Med J Malaysia, 1981 Sep;36(3):166-70.
    PMID: 7329373
    A cohort of90 infants born in March 1979 in Kedah, Pahang and Malacca were followed up to find out the feeding practices, preventive health care and medical care practices during infancy. A high proportion of infants were breastfed compared to the urban population. However, early introduction of solids was very common. Parents were well aware of the immunisation schedule and attended government clinics for immunisation. However, attendance for health appraisal was not made according to schedule. Cough and cold,fever, diarrhoea, measles and skin conditions were the common ailments. Medical care for cough and cold, fever and diarrhoea was sought from general practitioners, clinics, and hospitals. Practice of buying analgesics and penicillin cream for self treatment for fever and sores was a common practice. Help was soughtfrom traditional healers for measles. Fever and diarrhoea were thought to be signs of health by some and nothing was done. Mothers were well educated on the importance of breast feeding but were not aware that introduction ofearly solids is not satisfactory. Education with regards to introduction of solids by health staff was not done timely. Health staff were mentioned as injluentials for feeding practices and immunisation, but were not mentioned for medical care. Some recommendations for infant care are also mentioned in the paper.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Feeding
  5. Infant mortality decline in Malaysia, 1946-1975: the roles of changes in variables and changes in the structure of relationships
    DaVanzo J, Habicht JP
    Demography, 1986 May;23(2):143-60.
    PMID: 3709892
    This analysis has identified several factors contributing to the dramatic decline in infant mortality since World War II in Malaysia, as well as one factor that prevented the infant mortality rate from declining even more rapidly. Our main findings are the following: On average, mothers' education more than doubled over the study period, contributing to the decline in their infants' mortality. In addition, the beneficial effect of mothers' education on infant survival appears to have become stronger over the study period. Hence, further advances in education should lead to further improvements in infants' survival prospects. Another analysis of these data (Peterson et al. 1985) found that education is somewhat more influential in affecting child mortality in low-mortality, high-income areas than in the opposite type of areas. Therefore, socioeconomic development may have complemented, instead of substituted for, the the beneficial effect of mothers' education in promoting infant and child survival in Malaysia. Improvements in water and sanitation also contributed to the infant mortality decline, especially for babies who did not breastfeed. However, unlike education, these influences have become less important over time, especially for babies who are not breastfed. Hence, further improvements in water and sanitation, a goal of Malaysia's Rural Environmental Sanitation Programme, may have smaller relative effects on infant mortality than did previous improvements. Targeting such improvements on areas where women breastfeed little or not at all, however, will increase their effectiveness in promoting infant survival. The substantial reductions in breastfeeding that have taken place since World War II have kept the infant mortality rate in Malaysia from declining as rapidly as it would have otherwise. We estimate that, in our sample, the detrimental effects on infant survival of the decline in breastfeeding have more than offset the beneficial effects of improvements in water and sanitation. Unlike some other researchers (e.g., Palloni 1981), we find that changes in fertility levels and in the timing and spacing of births have had negligible effect in explaining the decline in infant mortality within the samples we have considered. We have excluded births to older women from our analysis, however; this exclusion may have led to an understatement of the influence of changes in the age pattern of childbearing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Feeding*
  6. Fulltext Influence of breastfeeding pattern on cardiovascular disease risks during adulthood: a review
    Noorsuzana Mohd Shariff, Naim Faiz Ahmad Imran, Nurshafiqa Aqila Abdul Wahab, Zaid Abd Halim, Siti Hawa Hashim, Nizuwan Azman, et al.
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2018;14(201):0-0.
    MyJurnal
    Infant feeding is thought to modulate cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. This possible association between patterns of feeding with development of cardiovascular disease later in life provides the opportunity for early intervention and prevention strategies. Among all the feeding methods applied, breastfeeding is thought to be the best method and is said to be attributable to future health benefits. How- ever, current evidence from the literature is weak and inconsistent to advocate risk factors management. Therefore, this narrative review aims to provide current findings in assessing the association of breastfeeding pattern and risk of developing cardiovascular diseases later in life. We searched three databases (MEDLINE, PubMed and Google Scholar) from year 2000 to 11 July 2018. Findings on the association between breastfeeding and cardiovascular risk factors are equivocal, although positive trend of beneficial effects of breastfeeding in reducing risk of cardiovascular diseases in adulthood was reported in majority of the studies. Future research should address all limitations that were identified by previous studies such as bias of study design and heterogeneity of samples to establish the association between breastfeeding pattern and cardiovascular disease in later life.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Feeding
  7. Fulltext Intention and actual exclusive breastfeeding practices among women admitted for elective cesarean delivery in Kelantan, Malaysia: A prospective cohort study
    Nazirah J, Noraini M, Norkhafizah S, Tengku Alina TI, Zaharah S
    Med J Malaysia, 2020 05;75(3):274-280.
    PMID: 32467544
    INTRODUCTION: The intention of a woman to breastfeed is one of the predictors of breastfeeding initiation and duration.

    OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to determine exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) intention among women admitted for elective cesarean delivery in Kelantan and their postnatal EBF practices.

    METHODS: A total of 171 women, mostly Malays, admitted for elective cesarean delivery at two tertiary hospitals in Kelantan participated in this prospective cohort study. The Malay version of Infant Feeding Intentions (IFI) scale was administered one day before the surgery to determine the EBF intention, and follow-up phone calls were made at one month, three months, and six months after delivery to determine the actual EBF practices.

    RESULTS: Before delivery, 86.5%, 82.5% and 77.2% of the women somewhat agreed or very much agreed to practice EBF for 1, 3 and 6 months respectively and the actual EBF practices after delivery were 80.1%, 59.6%, and 42.1%. Women who had the intention to practice EBF for 6 months were about 2 times more likely to practice EBF for 6 months than those who did not have the intention to EBF (OR 2.19, 95% CI: 1.01-4.76). No significant association was found between EBF intention and the actual EBF practices at 1 month and 3 months postnatal.

    CONCLUSIONS: The number of women who practiced EBF after cesarean delivery was lower than those who had the intention prior to delivery. The number further declined as the child grew older. Prenatal EBF intention was associated with actual postnatal EBF practices at 6 months.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Feeding*
  8. Intention of pregnant women to exclusively breastfeed their infants: The role of beliefs in the theory of planned behaviour
    Ismail TA, Muda WM, Bakar MI
    J Child Health Care, 2014 Jun;18(2):123-32.
    PMID: 23728933 DOI: 10.1177/1367493512473857
    This study was aimed at identifying behavioural, normative and control belief influencing intention to practise exclusive breastfeeding among pregnant women in Malaysia. An interviewer-guided questionnaire assessing behavioural, normative and control belief was developed based on the findings elicited from focus group discussions. Intention referred to the respondent's intended duration of exclusive breastfeeding, which was measured in weeks. Bivariate correlational analysis, linear regression analysis and independent t test comparing intenders and non-intenders were conducted to identify the composite belief measures and individual beliefs significantly influencing intention. Composite measures of all the beliefs were significantly correlated with intention, but injunctive normative belief and behavioural belief were the only significant factors identified from linear regression analysis. The respondents agreed to comply with four referents of their mother, husband, nurses and mother-in-law. Non-intenders believed that those referents would oppose them practising exclusive breastfeeding for six months. The behavioural belief concerning difficulty to leave the infant significantly differentiated intenders from non-intenders. Exclusive breastfeeding promotion should include the woman's mother, husband and mother-in-law. Nurses should provide accurate and complete information related to breastfeeding practise. Providing support for women to continue the practise even though separated from their infants may improve their intention and practise of exclusive breastfeeding.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Feeding*
  9. International perspectives on donor milk in and beyond the NICU
    Grøvslien A, Torng HH, Moro GE, Simpson J, Barnett D
    J Hum Lact, 2013 Aug;29(3):310-2.
    PMID: 23855030 DOI: 10.1177/0890334413487509
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Feeding
  10. Fulltext Iodine intake and status during pregnancy and lactation before and after government initiatives to improve iodine status, in Palmerston North, New Zealand: a pilot study
    Brough L, Jin Y, Shukri NH, Wharemate ZR, Weber JL, Coad J
    Matern Child Nutr, 2015 Oct;11(4):646-55.
    PMID: 23782592 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12055
    Iodine deficiency during pregnancy and lactation may adversely affect fetal and infant development. Two initiatives were introduced in New Zealand to prevent deficiency: (1) mandatory fortification of bread with iodised salt; and (2) provision of a subsidised iodine supplement (150 μg) for all pregnant and breastfeeding women. The aim of this study was to assess iodine intake and status among a self-selecting sample of pregnant and lactating women in Palmerston North, both before and after the two initiatives. Pregnant and breastfeeding women were recruited before (n = 25 and 32; 2009) and after (n = 34 and 36; 2011) the initiatives. Iodine concentration was determined in 24-h urine and breast milk samples using inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Use of supplements and salt, knowledge of iodine deficiency, and awareness of the initiatives were determined by questionnaire. Median urine iodine concentration (UIC) was higher in 2011 compared with 2009 for both pregnant (85 and 47 μg L(-1) ) and breastfeeding (74 and 34 μg L(-1) ) participants; median UIC were below the cut-offs for adequate iodine status. However, in 2011, the estimated daily iodine intake during pregnancy was 217 μg day(-1) ; 74% of women achieved the Estimated Average Requirement. Knowledge of the initiatives was low, only 28-56% were aware of the need for iodine supplements and only 15-22% were aware of the mandatory addition of iodised salt to bread. Despite initiatives, UIC of these women indicates iodine deficiency, however, dietary intakes appear adequate. Ongoing surveillance of supplement use and iodine status among pregnant and lactating women throughout New Zealand is needed to fully assess the efficacy of the initiatives. Alternative strategies may require evaluation to ensure all women have adequate iodine during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Feeding/statistics & numerical data*
  11. Isolation of Bifidobacteria infantis and its antagonistic activity against ETEC 0157 and Salmonella typhimurium S-285 in weaning foods
    Yusof RM, Haque F, Ismail M, Hassan Z
    Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 2000 Jun;9(2):130-5.
    PMID: 24394399
    Probiotic organism Bifidobacteria was isolated from the faeces of breast-fed infants at Universiti Putra Malaysia. Trypticase phytone peptone yeast extract agar (TPY) was used as a selective media for the isolation. Morphological examination of the isolates indicated that Bifidobacteria was Gram-positive rods in nature, curved with characteristics of V and Y shapes. The organisms were non-catalase producing, non-nitrate reducing, non-motile, had an absence of indole and were unable to liquify gelatin. The ratios of acetic and lactic acids were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Using carbohydrate fermentation profile test API-CH-50 kits, 20 Bifidobacteria strains had been identified: they were the species of Bifidobacteria infantis and two different sub-species, mainly infantis and lacentis. Based on a wide zone of inhibition, three suitable strains of B. infantis, Bifi-11, Bifi-19 and Bifi-20, were tested in weaning foods for antimicrobial activity towards two human pathogens: E. coli-0157 (World Health Organization) and Salmonella typhimurium S-285. The pH, titratable acidity of weaning foods and total colony count for Bifidobacteria, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and S. typhimurium were recorded at 3-h intervals for 30 h. It was found that after 9 h of incubation of weaning foods, the pH declined to < 3.6 from pH 6.0, whereas titratable acidity increased from 0.026 to 0.08%. It was indicated that Bifidobacteria inhibited E. coli better than did S typhimurium due to low pH. After 24 h of incubation, approximately 98% of E. coli was inhibited by Bifidobacteria. It is suggested that the inhibitory effect of Bifidobacteria strains in weaning foods towards the growth of enteropathogenic E. coli and S. typhimurium was solely due to low pH and the production of volatile acid components by the organism.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Feeding
  12. Fulltext K.A.P. study of family planning among married Orang Asli women of Kuala Langat district, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
    Baba Y
    Malays J Reprod Health, 1990 Dec;8(2):72-6.
    PMID: 12343151
    A study of knowledge, attitude and practice was carried out among sixty nine married Orang Asli women in the district of Kuaia Langat. The study showed that oniy a smail proportion of the women were using family planning methods. About half of the study women were stiil uncertain with regards to their attitude towards family planning. The findings aiso showed that there was no diversity of the methods with oral contraceptive being the major choice. Majority of the husbands had indeed positive feeling towards family planning. The women also considered breastfeeding as a major method of contraception.
    PIP: A knowledge-attitude-practice (KAP) study of 69 married Orang Asli women from Kuala Langat district, Malaysia is reported. The Orang Asli comprise 2744 people in 412 households served by rural health services and a few private practitioners. The median age of the sample was 16.3 years, of whom 18.8% were married before age 15. 47.8% knew of family planning methods. 53.6% of the women said that they and their husbands approved of family planning, 2.9% disapproved, and the rest were undecided. Only 30.4% had discussed family planning with their husbands. 21.7% stated that they would use contraception, either the pill or sterilization, after their family was completed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Feeding*
  13. Knowledge and practice concerning some aspects of diarrhoeal disease among Orang Asli children 0-5 years, Kuala Langat District
    Yahya B, Md Naim AK
    Family Physician, 1992;4:17-19.
    A cross-sectional study was conducted in four Orang Asli settlements, in the district of Kuala Langat, to determine the knowledge and practice associated with diarrhoeal disease among the Orang asli children (0-5 years). It was seen that the social and environmental factors of the settlements were poor. Only 26% of the households had sanitary latrines and 36% had access to safer water supplies. Ninety-five percent of them had monthly income below the national poverty line. The diarrhoeal incidence was high, ie 240/1000 and the most affected were the older children in the age group of 49 - 60 months. Knowledge of diarrhoeal disease was poor. But the majority (84.2%) knew that breast feeding is the best milk for the child in order to avoid diarrhoeal disease.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Feeding
  14. Knowledge and practice concerning the use of oral rehydration salts among mothers living in urban slum areas of Kuala Lumpur
    Osman A
    Family Physician, 1991;3:28-30.
    A study was conducted in an urban slum area of Kuala Lumpur, the capital of Malaysia, to determine the health status of the children under 6 years old and the knowledge and practice associated with diarrhoeal diseases and use of oral rehydration salts (ORS) among mothers in the area. It was seen that the health status of the children was poor with one fifth of them born underweight, 33% experiencing more than 6 spells of illness per year and a high percentage of them suffering from diarrhoeal diseases (4.3%). Child care practice was associated with urban lifestyles with early weaning, short term breast-feeding and early introduction of solid and bottle feeding. Knowledge and practice of mothers concerning child care was inadequate to support healthy living. Knowledge of diarrhoeal diseases and the effectivenss of oral rehydration salts was poor. Only 47.7% of mothers knew about ORS and 27.8% ever used it when their chidlren suffered from diarrhoea. Health care system dependence was shown by the high percentage of mothers immediately bringing to a doctor's attention (75.6%).
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Feeding
  15. Knowledge of HIV/AIDS among pregnant women in an urban health clinic - a preliminary study
    Vinothini A, Khoo EM, Kamarulzaman A
    Family Physician, 2005;13(1):10-15.
    Introduction. The aim of this study is to determine pregnant women's knowledge regarding AIDS and to identify factors affecting their knowledge This information would provide some baseline data in designing health education measures for this target group.
    Methods. A face-to-face interview was carried out on one-hundred pregnant women attending an urban antenatal clinic in Malaysia between October and November 1999.
    Results. The mean age of the women was 27.8 years old (SD = 5.0, range 20 - 40 years). In general, these women had good knowledge of HIV and AIDS. More than 80% of them were aware of the main modes of HIV transmission. However, only half knew that HIV could be transmitted through breastfeeding. Sixty percent of women had the misconception that the virus could be acquired through blood donation. There was a lack of knowledge regarding the symptoms and the progression of AIDS. More than 90% of the women knew that AIDS is incurable. Three quarters of them were aware that early treatment can slow down the progression of the disease, but only 16% knew that maternal HIV transmission can be reduced by treatment. Good knowledge was positively correlated with higher level of education (p<0.05).
    Discussion. Although health education programs in Malaysia have succeeded in educating pregnant women regarding AIDS in general, certain important information is still not being disseminated. Future health education should formulate targeted strategies to overcome this problem.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Feeding
  16. Fulltext Knowledge, Attitude, Exposure, and Future Intentions toward Exclusive Breastfeeding among Universiti Sains Malaysia Final Year Medical and Dental Students
    Mohamad N, Saddki N, Azman KNK, Aziz IDA
    Korean J Fam Med, 2019 Jul;40(4):261-268.
    PMID: 30625269 DOI: 10.4082/kjfm.18.0021
    BACKGROUND: Breastmilk is the best nourishment for an infant for the first 6 months of life. Health professionals like medical doctors and dentists can help promote and support exclusive breastfeeding. We aimed to assess knowledge, attitudes, exposure, and future intentions toward exclusive breastfeeding among final year medical and dental students at Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia.

    METHODS: A total of 162 students participated in this cross-sectional study that was conducted between May and September of 2015. Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect the variables of interest.

    RESULTS: Most students knew exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for the first 6 months of life (98.1%). However, some students incorrectly thought formula milk can be given if the infant appears hungry after having been breastfed (61.7%). Additionally, some incorrectly thought expressed breastmilk can be warmed on direct heat (47.5%) and left-over expressed milk can be re-stored (60.5%). Most students agreed that exclusive breastfeeding is easier to practice than formula feeding and that it is the best choice for working mothers. Most students (93.2%) intend to breastfeed their children, and this intention was significantly associated with their experience being breastfed as infants and attitudes toward exclusive breastfeeding.

    CONCLUSION: Generally, final year medical and dental students have favorable attitudes and future intentions toward exclusive breastfeeding, although some of them lacked knowledge about certain important aspects of the practice. Past experience of being exclusively breastfed and a more positive attitude toward the practice were associated with their future intentions to practice exclusive breastfeeding.

    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Feeding
  17. Fulltext Knowledge, Attitudes and Sources of Information on Breastfeeding among Pregnant Mothers
    Ay, Eeng Tan, Wai, Kwong Choong, Pooi, Yan Leong, Wei, Mui Ng, Soon, Leong Yong
    Medicine & Health, 2008;3(1):30-37.
    MyJurnal
    This is a cross-sectional study on 218 pregnant mothers in an urban government Hospital.The study aimed to assess knowledge, attitudes and sources of information on breastfeeding. The results could be utilised to promote breastfeeding. Almost all the respondents (96.8%) intended to breastfeed their newborns. Most of them (74.8%) were knowledgeable about breastfeeding i.e. colostrum and breast milk was the best food, good for resistance against disease and allergy, filling up stomach easily, helpful in teeth development and maternal recovery after birth, increased bonding, was easy and economical. The two main misconceptions were mothers would stop breastfeeding when infant or mother was sick, and giving clear fluid to the exclusively breastfed infants to prevent dehydration. Most mothers (83.9%) responded positively towards breastfeeding i.e. it was easier than infant formula, had no negative effect on marital relationship or family care, would commence breastfeeding straight after delivery, agreeable to the banning of bottles and teats in hospital and they would not stop breastfeeding even if husband discouraged them. Only 56.9% of the mothers believed they could breastfeed their babies with modesty anywhere. The main sources of information were attained from the mass media (34.9%), antenatal class (32.1%) and other mothers with breastfeeding experiences.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Feeding
  18. Knowledge, attitude and practice in breast-feeding among working mothers in Temerloh, Pahang
    Omar, K.
    Malaysian Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 1998;10(2):40-45.
    MyJurnal
    A cross-sectional study using structured questionnaires was conducted to determine the level of knowledge, attitude and practice on breast-feeding among working mothers. A total of 200 working mothers who attended the Child Health Clinics in Temerloh, for their chil-dren's third DPT/Polio vaccination were interviewed. Eighty-nine percent of the mothers successfully initiat-ed breast-feeding. However, there was a rapid decline in breast-feeding each month especially during the period when the mothers returned to work. Only 33.5% of the mothers had at least one experience in expressing and feeding expressed breast milk to their babies and only 47% reported that they had been taught by health work-ers. The mothers scored highest on the 'benefits of breast-feeding' with a mean knowledge score of 77.9% and lowest on "storage of expressed breast milk" (35.4%). Overall the mothers showed a positive attitude towards breast-feeding. The two main reasons given for stopping breast-feeding were "work" (61.4%) and "insufficient milk" (57.9%). In conclusion, other areas of breast-feeding besides benefits such as "expressing and storing breast milk" and "how" to practise breast-feeding while working away from home are also impor-tant for working mothers.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Feeding*
  19. Fulltext Knowledge, attitude and practice on breastfeeding in Klang, Malaysia
    Tan KL
    International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2009;8(1):17-21.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: In Klang, a district in the state of Selangor in Peninsular Malaysia, the effects of westernization and urbanization in recent years have had an impact on infant feeding. The objective of this study was to evaluate the practice, knowledge and attitude to breastfeeding and to assess factors associated with breastfeeding among women in Klang, Malaysia. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out between June and October 2006 involving 220 women with infants aged six months from two randomly selected health clinics were selected and interviewed. Data on socio-demographic, infant factors, infant feeding in the first six months of life, knowledge and attitude towards breastfeeding were collected. Results: Exclusive breastfeeding was reported by 32.8%, mixed feeding was reported by 14.5% and infant formula feeding was reported by 52.7% of the respondents. Chinese women were more likely not to practice exclusive breastfeeding compared to Malay women (odds ratio 18.27, 95% CI: 3.95, 84.54) while working women were more likely not to practice exclusive breastfeeding compared to non working women (odds ratio 3.75, 95% CI: 1.64 , 8.55). Positive association with not exclusive breastfeeding included women with high household income and women with male infants. Malaysian women had a positive attitude but work place and short maternity leave had a negative impact on breastfeeding. Conclusion: Women of Chinese ethnicity, working, from high family income and with male infants were less likely to exclusively breastfeed. Adopting facilitatory measures at hospitals and work place could increase the rate of exclusive breastfeeding.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Feeding
  20. Fulltext Knowledge, attitute and practice of breastfeeding among mothers in the pre-baby friendly hospital initiative implementation at seven private hospitals in Malaysia
    Adlina S, Narimah AHH, Hakimi ZA, Mazlin MM
    Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2006;6(1):58-63.
    MyJurnal
    The knowledge, attitude and practice of breastfeeding among young mothers during pre-Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative implementation was conducted at seven private hospitals in Malaysia. A structured interviewer administered questionnaire was given to all mothers (n=Z52) visiting the antenatal/postnatal clinic of the hospitals. The main respondents were Malays (57.5%) and Chinese (35%) . For most mothers, breastfeeding was combined with supplementary feeds of formula milk, with only 30% breastfed exclusively. The majority of mothers knew that breast-milk contained antibodies and can prevent illness, however many were unaware of breastfeeding's contraceptive effect if practised exclusively. Most mothers did not relate breastfeeding as being environmental friendly. Generally, there was no knowledge gained from the experience of having more children with reference to breastfeeding. Most mothers were influenced by their own beliefs regarding choice of feeding method. Therefore, a mother was empowered with the knowledge of all practical aspects of breastfeeding, it would encourage her to breastfeed her baby.
    Study site: seven private hospitals in Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Feeding
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