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Displaying publications 141 - 160 of 790 in total

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Spirochaetal pulmonary gangrene

Kanagarayer K

Malayan Medical Journal, 1927;2:58-60.

Matched MeSH terms: Lung Diseases
Paraneoplastic optic neuropathy secondary to adenocarcinoma of the lung

Yap JY, Wan HItam WH, Abdul Halim S, Masnon NA

BMJ Case Rep, 2021 May 12;14(5).
PMID: 33980562 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-242082

We describe an uncommon cause of paraneoplastic optic neuropathy in adenocarcinoma of the lung. A 45-year-old healthy woman presented with seizure and encephalitis, followed by an acute visual loss in both eyes for 1 week. Her visual acuity was no perception of light in the right eye and hand movement in the left eye. There was a generalised restriction of extraocular muscle movements in both eyes. Funduscopy showed a bilateral pale optic disc. A paraneoplastic antigen autoimmune profile showed a positive anti-CV2/CRMP-5 antibody. CT of the thorax revealed the presence of right apical lung mass, confirmed to be adenocarcinoma through a biopsy. She was scheduled for lung lobectomy and chemotherapy. Unfortunately, her health deteriorated and she passed away eventually.

Matched MeSH terms: Lung
Aerosol deposition and airflow dynamics in healthy and asthmatic human airways during inhalation

Chen WH, Chang CM, Mutuku JK, Lam SS, Lee WJ

J Hazard Mater, 2021 08 15;416:125856.
PMID: 34492805 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125856

Inhalation of aerosols such as pharmaceutical aerosols or virus aerosol uptake is of great concern to the human population. To elucidate the underlying aerosol dynamics, the deposition fractions (DFs) of aerosols in healthy and asthmatic human airways of generations 13-15 are predicted. The Navier-stokes equations governing the gaseous phase and the discrete phase model for particles' motion are solved using numerical methods. The main forces responsible for deposition are inertial impaction forces and complex secondary flow velocities. The curvatures and sinusoidal folds in the asthmatic geometry lead to the formation of complex secondary flows and hence higher DFs. The intensities of complex secondary flows are strongest at the generations affected by asthma. The DF in the healthy airways is 0%, and it ranges from 1.69% to 52.93% in the asthmatic ones. From this study, the effects of the pharmaceutical aerosol particle diameters in the treatment of asthma patients can be established, which is conducive to inhibiting the inflammation of asthma airways. Furthermore, with the recent development of COVID-19 which causes pneumonia, the predicted physics and effective simulation methods of bioaerosols delivery to asthma patients are vital to prevent the exacerbation of the chronic ailment and the epidemic.

Matched MeSH terms: Lung
Post mortem computed tomography (PMCT) guided lung biopsy: A preliminary case report

Abdul Hadi D, Mansharan Kaur CS, Effat O, Siew SF

Trop Biomed, 2019 Dec 01;36(4):850-854.
PMID: 33597457

Tuberculosis (TB) is a highly infectious disease on the rise caused by the organism Mycobacterium tuberculosis and health care workers working in emergency departments, medical wards and autopsy rooms are in danger of contacting this disease. We present a case of a 42 year old man found dead under a pedestrian bridge with no medical history available. Post mortem computed tomography showed multiple cavities involving upper lobes of both lungs and areas of consolidation in both lung fields raising the suspicion of pulmonary tuberculosis. This was followed by a computed tomography guided lung biopsy and a limited conventional autopsy done in situ in a special high risk autopsy suite with appropriate ventilation. This case highlights the importance of cross sectional imaging which can be coupled with image guided biopsy in cases of infectious disease to reduce the risk of transmission to health care workers.

Matched MeSH terms: Lung; Lung Diseases/diagnosis*; Lung Diseases/pathology
Fulltext Prolonged survival of metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma: a case report

Zainal N, Hasbullah HH

J Gastrointest Oncol, 2018 Apr;9(2):E6-E8.
PMID: 29755781 DOI: 10.21037/jgo.2018.01.04

Management of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) generally follows EASL-EORTC clinical practise guideline. We report a case of a 50-year-old man who had multinodular HCC with lung metastases, whose management had deviated from the standard guideline but still survive 5 years after initial diagnosis.

Matched MeSH terms: Lung Neoplasms
A lung full of Cheerios

Kho SS, Yong MC, Chan SK, Tie ST

Thorax, 2018 10;73(10):994-995.
PMID: 29599199 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-211729
Matched MeSH terms: Lung/pathology*; Lung Neoplasms/diagnosis*
Fulltext Optimization of Quercetin loaded Palm Oil Ester Based Nanoemulsion Formulation for Pulmonary Delivery

Arbain NH, Salim N, Wui WT, Basri M, Rahman MBA

J Oleo Sci, 2018 Aug 01;67(8):933-940.
PMID: 30012897 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess17253

In this research, the palm oil ester (POE)- based nanoemulsion formulation containing quercetin for pulmonary delivery was developed. The nanoemulsion formulation was prepared by high energy emulsification method and then further optimized using D-optimal mixture design. The concentration effects of the mixture of POE:ricinoleic acid (RC), ratio 1:1 (1.50-4.50 wt.%), lecithin (1.50-2.50 wt.%), Tween 80 (0.50-1.00 wt.%), glycerol (1.50-3.00 wt.%), and water (88.0-94.9 wt.%) towards the droplet size were investigated. The results showed that the optimum formulation with 1.50 wt.% POE:RC, 1.50 wt.% lecithin, 1.50 wt.% Tween 80, 1.50 wt.% glycerol and 93.90 % water was obtained. The droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential of the optimized formulation were 110.3 nm, 0.290 and －37.7 mV, respectively. The formulation also exhibited good stability against storage at 4℃ for 90 days. In vitro aerosols delivery evaluation showed that the aerosols output, aerosols rate and median mass aerodynamic diameter of the optimized nanoemulsion were 99.31%, 0.19 g/min and 4.25 µm, respectively. The characterization of physical properties and efficiency for aerosols delivery results suggest that POE- based nanoemulsion containing quercetin has the potential to be used for pulmonary delivery specifically for lung cancer treatment.

Matched MeSH terms: Lung*; Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
Lung cancer: active therapeutic targeting and inhalational nanoproduct design

Alhajj N, Chee CF, Wong TW, Rahman NA, Abu Kasim NH, Colombo P

Expert Opin Drug Deliv, 2018 12;15(12):1223-1247.
PMID: 30422017 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2018.1547280

INTRODUCTION: Pulmonary drug delivery is organ-specific and benefits local drug action for lung cancer. The use of nanotechnology and targeting ligand enables cellular-specific drug action. Combination approaches increase therapeutic efficacy and reduce adverse effects of cancer chemotherapeutics that have narrow therapeutic index window and high cytotoxicity levels. The current progress of inhaled cancer chemotherapeutics has not been examined with respect to targeting strategy and clinical application potential.
AREAS COVERED: This review examines the state of the art in passive (processing and formulation) and active (targeting ligand and receptor binding) technologies in association with the use of nanocarrier to combat lung cancer. It highlights routes to equip nanocarrier with targeting ligands as a function of the chemistry of participating biomolecules and challenges in inhalational nanoproduct development and clinical applications. Both research and review articles were examined using the Scopus, Elsevier, Web of Science, Chemical Abstracts, Medline, CASREACT, CHEMCATS, and CHEMLIST database with the majority of information retrieved between those of 2000-2018.
EXPERT COMMENTARY: The therapeutic efficacy of targeting ligand-decorated nanocarriers needs to be demonstrated in vivo in the form of finished inhalational products. Their inhalation efficiency and medical responses require further examination. Clinical application of inhaled nanocancer chemotherapeutics is premature.

Matched MeSH terms: Lung/metabolism; Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy*
Fulltext Performance of transbronchial cryobiopsy in eccentrically and adjacently orientated radial endobronchial ultrasound lesions

Kho SS, Chan SK, Yong MC, Tie ST

ERJ Open Res, 2019 Oct;5(4).
PMID: 31649952 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00135-2019

Background: Radial endobronchial ultrasound (R-EBUS) is an effective technique in the diagnosis of peripheral pulmonary lesions (PPL). However, lesion orientation with regards to the radial probe remains an important factor for effective biopsy. "Within" orientation was associated with significantly higher diagnostic yield. Cryobiopsy is a novel technique in obtaining larger tissue samples with the frozen tip allowing biopsy in a 360° direction, thus potentially achieving more effective biopsy in eccentrically and adjacently orientated lesions. We aimed to evaluate the performance and safety of transbronchial cryobiopsy versus forceps biopsy in eccentrically and adjacently orientated R-EBUS lesions.
Methods: Retrospective review of R-EBUS transbronchial biopsy for PPL over 17 months.
Results: 114 R-EBUS scans were included for analysis during the study period. Forceps biopsy was performed in 76 (66.7%) cases and cryobiopsy in 38 (33.3%) cases. Baseline demographics and lesion characteristics did not differ between the two groups. Median (interquartile range) lesion size was 3.48 (2.63-4.51) cm. Overall, 41.2% of lesions were of eccentric orientation and 15.8% adjacent orientation; only 43% were concentric in orientation. Overall diagnostic yield was 67.5% (77 out of 114). Orientation remained an important factor affecting diagnostic yield. Transbronchial cryobiopsy significantly increased the diagnostic yield in eccentrically and adjacently orientated lesions to 75.0% (18 out of 24), compared to 48.8% (20 out of 41) obtained via forceps biopsy (p<0.05); but not in concentric lesions. Cryobiopsy was associated with more mild and moderate bleeding complications compared to the forceps biopsy group.
Conclusions: Transbronchial cryobiopsy under R-EBUS guidance is a safe procedure which potentially increases diagnostic yield in eccentrically and adjacently orientated PPLs.

Matched MeSH terms: Lung
Advances and challenges in developing andrographolide and its analogues as cancer therapeutic agents

Soo HL, Quah SY, Sulaiman I, Sagineedu SR, Lim JCW, Stanslas J

Drug Discov Today, 2019 09;24(9):1890-1898.
PMID: 31154065 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.05.017

Andrographolide (AGP), a naturally occurring bioactive compound, has been investigated as a lead compound in cancer drug development. Its multidimensional therapeutic effects have raised interest among medicinal chemists, which has led to extensive structural modification of the compound, resulting in analogues with improved pharmacological and pharmaceutical properties. Nevertheless, the analogues with the improved properties need to be rigorously studied to identify drug-like lead compounds. We scrutinised articles published from 2012 to 2018, to objectively provide opinions on the mechanisms of action of AGP and its analogues, as well as their potential as viable anticancer drugs. Preclinical and clinical data, along with the extensive medicinal chemistry efforts, indicate the compounds are potential anticancer agents with specific value in treating recalcitrant cancers such as pancreatic and lung cancers.

Matched MeSH terms: Lung Neoplasms
Lung health in LMICs: tackling challenges ahead

Khoo EM, Li D, Ungan M, Jordan R, Pinnock H

Lancet, 2021 08 07;398(10299):488-489.
PMID: 34364520 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01230-7
Matched MeSH terms: Lung
Fulltext Deep Mining Generation of Lung Cancer Malignancy Models from Chest X-ray Images

Horry M, Chakraborty S, Pradhan B, Paul M, Gomes D, Ul-Haq A, et al.

Sensors (Basel), 2021 Oct 07;21(19).
PMID: 34640976 DOI: 10.3390/s21196655

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death and morbidity worldwide. Many studies have shown machine learning models to be effective in detecting lung nodules from chest X-ray images. However, these techniques have yet to be embraced by the medical community due to several practical, ethical, and regulatory constraints stemming from the "black-box" nature of deep learning models. Additionally, most lung nodules visible on chest X-rays are benign; therefore, the narrow task of computer vision-based lung nodule detection cannot be equated to automated lung cancer detection. Addressing both concerns, this study introduces a novel hybrid deep learning and decision tree-based computer vision model, which presents lung cancer malignancy predictions as interpretable decision trees. The deep learning component of this process is trained using a large publicly available dataset on pathological biomarkers associated with lung cancer. These models are then used to inference biomarker scores for chest X-ray images from two independent data sets, for which malignancy metadata is available. Next, multi-variate predictive models were mined by fitting shallow decision trees to the malignancy stratified datasets and interrogating a range of metrics to determine the best model. The best decision tree model achieved sensitivity and specificity of 86.7% and 80.0%, respectively, with a positive predictive value of 92.9%. Decision trees mined using this method may be considered as a starting point for refinement into clinically useful multi-variate lung cancer malignancy models for implementation as a workflow augmentation tool to improve the efficiency of human radiologists.

Matched MeSH terms: Lung
Fulltext Thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) –a diagnostic dilemma in a patient with haemoptysis

Li, S.W., Osman, M.

Malaysian Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2017;2(1):23-27.
MyJurnal

This case illustrates the difficulty in diagnosing TAA from an uncommon symptom of haemoptysis, especially in a patient with recent cardiac eventandthe possibility of having a lung malignancy as he is anex-smoker. It appears that CT Angiography is the modality of choice here.

Matched MeSH terms: Lung Neoplasms
Protocol conception for safe selection of mechanical ventilation settings for respiratory failure Patients

Lee JWW, Chiew YS, Wang X, Tan CP, Mat Nor MB, Cove ME, et al.

Comput Methods Programs Biomed, 2022 Feb;214:106577.
PMID: 34936946 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2021.106577

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Mechanical ventilation is the primary form of care provided to respiratory failure patients. Limited guidelines and conflicting results from major clinical trials means selection of mechanical ventilation settings relies heavily on clinician experience and intuition. Determining optimal mechanical ventilation settings is therefore difficult, where non-optimal mechanical ventilation can be deleterious. To overcome these difficulties, this research proposes a model-based method to manage the wide range of possible mechanical ventilation settings, while also considering patient-specific conditions and responses.
METHODS: This study shows the design and development of the "VENT" protocol, which integrates the single compartment linear lung model with clinical recommendations from landmark studies, to aid clinical decision-making in selecting mechanical ventilation settings. Using retrospective breath data from a cohort of 24 patients, 3,566 and 2,447 clinically implemented VC and PC settings were extracted respectively. Using this data, a VENT protocol application case study and clinical comparison is performed, and the prediction accuracy of the VENT protocol is validated against actual measured outcomes of pressure and volume.
RESULTS: The study shows the VENT protocols' potential use in narrowing an overwhelming number of possible mechanical ventilation setting combinations by up to 99.9%. The comparison with retrospective clinical data showed that only 33% and 45% of clinician settings were approved by the VENT protocol. The unapproved settings were mainly due to exceeding clinical recommended settings. When utilising the single compartment model in the VENT protocol for forecasting peak pressures and tidal volumes, median [IQR] prediction error values of 0.75 [0.31 - 1.83] cmH2O and 0.55 [0.19 - 1.20] mL/kg were obtained.
CONCLUSIONS: Comparing the proposed protocol with retrospective clinically implemented settings shows the protocol can prevent harmful mechanical ventilation setting combinations for which clinicians would be otherwise unaware. The VENT protocol warrants a more detailed clinical study to validate its potential usefulness in a clinical setting.

Matched MeSH terms: Lung
Siphoning diesel: a fatal mistake

Leong WC, Cheong BM

Med J Malaysia, 2017 10;72(5):314-315.
PMID: 29197890 MyJurnal

Diesel is commonly used as fuel for engines and is distilled from petroleum. Diesel has toxic potential and can affect multiple organs. Exposure can occur after ingestion, inhalation or through the dermal route. The practice of siphoning diesel using a rubber tubing and the mouth is common in rural communities. This can lead to accidental ingestion and aspiration. Here we report a case of a patient who accidentally ingested diesel during siphoning, which caused extensive erosion of the oral cavity and oesophagus leading to pneumomediastinum and severe chemical lung injury. The patient responded well initially to steroids and supportive care but required prolonged hospitalisation. He developed complications of nosocomial infection and succumbed 23 days after admission.

Matched MeSH terms: Lung Injury/chemically induced; Lung Injury/diagnosis; Lung Injury/drug therapy
Acquired lung cysts in post primary tuberculosis: An uncommon radiological finding in a common disease

Tan LS, Tan S

Med J Malaysia, 2018 02;73(1):54-56.
PMID: 29531206 MyJurnal

Tuberculosis (TB) is still an endemic disease in Malaysia. Cystic lung disease in post primary tuberculosis is not common. It can occur before, during or after completion of anti-TB treatment. Clinical history and review of serial chest radiograph is paramount to make the diagnosis. This case report highlights an interesting case of a young female patient who developed extensive cystic lung disease during the course of anti-TB treatment and the importance of recognizing this unusual manifestation.

Matched MeSH terms: Lung Diseases
Lung, Liver and Skin Changes in an Infant with Positive Methamphetamine

Subramaniam K, Hazmi HB, Guan YS, Zainun KAB

Fetal Pediatr Pathol, 2023 Apr;42(2):263-269.
PMID: 35620894 DOI: 10.1080/15513815.2022.2080309

BACKGROUND: The increased use of illicit drugs continues to lead to the discovery of various unexpected pathologies.
CASE PRESENTATION: This 7-month-old infant died suddenly at home. Pulmonary artery fibrinoid necrosis, diffuse fatty liver changes, and skin rash were the main histologic postmortem findings. Postmortem urine contained traces of methamphetamine. Methamphetamine was smoked by the parents.
CONCLUSIONS: Fibrinoid necrosis has been described with inhaling methamphetamine and can result in fibrinoid angiitis such as in this case. Although this did not result in pulmonary hemorrhage or could be directly related to death, it does suggest that pulmonary artery fibrinoid necrosis may develop with passive inhalation of methamphetamines.

Matched MeSH terms: Lung
Fulltext Sclerosing haemangioma of the lung

Liam CK, Wong KT

Singapore Med J, 1995 Jun;36(3):333-4.
PMID: 8553108

An asymptomatic middle-aged women was investigated for a lung nodule detected on routine chest X-ray. Percutaneous needle biopsy revealed it to be a sclerosing haemangioma which was subsequently removed by a left lower lobectomy. The literature on this uncommon benign lesion is reviewed.

Matched MeSH terms: Lung Neoplasms/pathology; Lung Neoplasms/radiography*; Lung Neoplasms/surgery
Molecular insights and therapeutic implications of nanoengineered dietary polyphenols for targeting lung carcinoma: part I

Das SS, Tambe S, Prasad Verma PR, Amin P, Singh N, Singh SK, et al.

Nanomedicine (Lond), 2022 Oct;17(23):1779-1798.
PMID: 36636930 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2022-0133

Lung cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality globally, and non-small-cell lung cancer accounts for most lung cancer cases. Nanotechnology-based drug-delivery systems have exhibited immense potential in lung cancer therapy due to their fascinating physicochemical characteristics, in vivo stability, bioavailability, prolonged and targeted delivery, gastrointestinal absorption and therapeutic efficiency of their numerous chemotherapeutic agents. However, traditional chemotherapeutics have systemic toxicity issues; therefore, dietary polyphenols might potentially replace them in lung cancer treatment. Polyphenol-based targeted nanotherapeutics have demonstrated interaction with a multitude of protein targets and cellular signaling pathways that affect major cellular processes. This review summarizes the various molecular mechanisms and targeted therapeutic potentials of nanoengineered dietary polyphenols in the effective management of lung cancer.

Matched MeSH terms: Lung
Fulltext Development of Debiasing Technique for Lung Nodule Chest X-ray Datasets to Generalize Deep Learning Models

Horry MJ, Chakraborty S, Pradhan B, Paul M, Zhu J, Loh HW, et al.

Sensors (Basel), 2023 Jul 21;23(14).
PMID: 37514877 DOI: 10.3390/s23146585

Screening programs for early lung cancer diagnosis are uncommon, primarily due to the challenge of reaching at-risk patients located in rural areas far from medical facilities. To overcome this obstacle, a comprehensive approach is needed that combines mobility, low cost, speed, accuracy, and privacy. One potential solution lies in combining the chest X-ray imaging mode with federated deep learning, ensuring that no single data source can bias the model adversely. This study presents a pre-processing pipeline designed to debias chest X-ray images, thereby enhancing internal classification and external generalization. The pipeline employs a pruning mechanism to train a deep learning model for nodule detection, utilizing the most informative images from a publicly available lung nodule X-ray dataset. Histogram equalization is used to remove systematic differences in image brightness and contrast. Model training is then performed using combinations of lung field segmentation, close cropping, and rib/bone suppression. The resulting deep learning models, generated through this pre-processing pipeline, demonstrate successful generalization on an independent lung nodule dataset. By eliminating confounding variables in chest X-ray images and suppressing signal noise from the bone structures, the proposed deep learning lung nodule detection algorithm achieves an external generalization accuracy of 89%. This approach paves the way for the development of a low-cost and accessible deep learning-based clinical system for lung cancer screening.

Matched MeSH terms: Lung

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