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Management of schizophrenia in Sarawak Mental Hospital, 1959

SCHMIDT KE

J Ment Sci, 1961 Jan;107:157-60.
PMID: 13748028
Matched MeSH terms: Disease Management*
On the critical importance of meticulous data extraction for meta-analysis of genetic association study

Low TY, Chin KY, Tan SC

Arch Physiol Biochem, 2023 Dec;129(4):1007-1008.
PMID: 33689514 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2021.1890132
Matched MeSH terms: Genetic Predisposition to Disease*
Re: Pneumoperitoneum due to ruptured tubo-ovarian abscess

Soe MZ, Hayati F, Yeap BT, Guad RM, Thein TT

ANZ J Surg, 2021 07;91(7-8):1635-1636.
PMID: 34402171 DOI: 10.1111/ans.16979
Matched MeSH terms: Pelvic Inflammatory Disease*
Breastfeeding to Prevent NAFLD

Goh GB, Chan WK, Wong VW

Hepatology, 2021 12;74(6):2939-2941.
PMID: 34374110 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32095
Matched MeSH terms: Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease*
Huntington disease-like phenotype in a patient with ANO3 mutation

Koya Kutty S, Mulroy E, Magrinelli F, Di Lazzaro G, Latorre A, Bhatia KP

Parkinsonism Relat Disord, 2021 09;90:120-122.
PMID: 33640251 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.02.022
Matched MeSH terms: Huntington Disease/genetics*
Fulltext Introgression of bacterial leaf blight (BLB) resistant gene, Xa7 into MARDI elite variety, MR219 by marker assisted backcrossing (MABC) approach

Yazid SN, Ahmad K, Razak MSFA, Rahman ZA, Ramachandran K, Mohamad SNA, et al.

Braz J Biol, 2021;84:e248359.
PMID: 34730685 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.248359

Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) is one of the major rice diseases in Malaysia. This disease causes substantial yield loss as high as 70%. Development of rice varieties which inherited BLB resistant traits is a crucial approach to promote and sustain rice industry in Malaysia. Hence, this study aims were to enhance BLB disease resistant characters of high yielding commercial variety MR219 through backcross breeding approach with supporting tool of marker-assisted selection (MAS). Broad spectrum BLB resistance gene, Xa7 from donor parent IRBB7 were introgressed into the susceptible MR219 (recurrent parent) using two flanking markers ID7 and ID15. At BC3F4, we managed to generate 19 introgressed lines with homozygous Xa7 gene and showed resistant characteristics as donor parent when it was challenged with Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae through artificial inoculation. Recurrent parent MR219 and control variety, MR263 were found to be severely infected by the disease. The improved lines exhibited similar morphological and yield performance characters as to the elite variety, MR219. Two lines, PB-2-107 and PB-2-34 were chosen to be potential lines because of their outstanding performances compared to parent, MR219. This study demonstrates a success story of MAS application in development of improved disease resistance lines of rice against BLB disease.

Matched MeSH terms: Disease Resistance/genetics
Fulltext Radioiodine I-131 for the therapy of graves' disease

Mumtaz M, Lim SL, Khaw CH, Mohd Khir AS

Malays J Med Sci, 2009 Jan;16(1):25-33.
PMID: 22589645

Graves' disease is a common cause of hyperthyroidism. Treatment options for Graves' disease include antithyroid medication, surgery or radioactive iodine (I-31) or RAI. This review will focus on the approach to RAI therapy; discussing dose selection, patient preparation, and consideration before and after administering RAI, examining aspects of pre-treatment with antithyroid medication as well as discussing possible adverse events including hypothyroidism and possible worsening of thyroid-associated opthalmopathy. Follow-up is lifelong with the aim of ensuring the patient remains euthyroid or on replacement therapy if there is evidence of hypothyroidism. While there are controversies in treatment of thyrotoxicosis with RAI, with appropriate patient selection and regular follow-up, radioiodine is a safe and effective modality in achieving high cure rates.

Matched MeSH terms: Graves Disease*
Fulltext The A-B-C of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Rafeah NT, Fadilah SA

Med J Malaysia, 2009 Mar;64(1):94-100; quiz 101.
PMID: 19852335 MyJurnal

Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has progressed rapidly since its introduction about five decades ago. There is now an increasing demand for transplant physicians in both public and private domains to perform this procedure in view of significant improvement of remission rates in haematological malignancies and increasing indications of HSCT. Peripheral blood has largely replaced bone marrow as the preferred source of haematopoietic stem cells (HSC). Transplantation-related mortality and morbidity rates have considerably decreased because of improved conditioning regimens, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing methods, supportive care, and most importantly, prophylaxis, diagnosis and treatment of serious infections. New transplantation strategies, such as reduced intensity transplantation, have extended the use of allogeneic transplant to patients with older age and co-morbidities. Current efforts are focused on ways to increase the donor pool and to improve the long term outcome of HSCT survivors in particular to reduce the relapse rate and the late effects of HSCT. This article summarizes the sources and procurement of HSC, the types and process of HSCT, indications for HSCT and complications associated with HSCT with particular reference to the current practice within the local settings.

Matched MeSH terms: Graft vs Host Disease/epidemiology
Fulltext Prevalence of chronic illness and health seeking behaviour in Malaysian Population: Results from the Third National Health Morbidity Survey (NHMS III) 2006

Amal NM, Paramesarvathy R, Tee GH, Gurpreet K, Karuthan C

Med J Malaysia, 2011 Mar;66(1):36-41.
PMID: 23765141 MyJurnal

The third National Health Morbidity Survey was conducted in 2006 on a nationally representative sample of population in Malaysia in order to obtain community-based data and information on the prevalence of chronic illness. Of 57,500 eligible respondents 56710 (98.6%) participated in the study. Estimated overall prevalence of chronic illness in the Malaysian population within a recall period of one year was 15.5% (95% CI 15.1% - 15.9%). Chronic illness was reported significantly higher among the females, 16.8% (16.3 - 17.3). The most common chronic illness was hypertension (7.9%, 7.6 - 8.2), followed by diabetes mellitus (4.0%, 3.8 - 4.2) and highest reported by the Indians (19.7%, 18.4 - 21.0). Among the respondents who had sought treatment for chronic illness from government health facilities, Malays (65.8%) and those with monthly household income of less than RM400 (76.6%) were the highest. Chinese (44.5%) and those with household income of RM5000 and above (54.3%) were the highest groups who sought treatment from the private health facilities. Most of the respondents reported mild illness was the main reason for not seeking treatment for their chronic illness. It is hoped that the results of this survey will help the Ministry of Health Malaysia to enhance health programmes and planning resource allocation in order to improve health status of the population.
Study name: National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS-2006)

Matched MeSH terms: Chronic Disease*
Fulltext Covid-19 distance and online learning: a systematic literature review in pharmacy education

Muhaimin M, Habibi A, Riady Y, Alqahtani TM, Chaerunisaa AY, Wijaya TT, et al.

BMC Med Educ, 2023 May 23;23(1):367.
PMID: 37221539 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-023-04346-6

The Covid-19 outbreak necessitated the implementation of social distancing mechanisms, such as the enforcement of lockdowns in numerous nations. The lockdown has disrupted many parts of everyday life, but this unusual event has particularly affected education. The temporary closure of educational institutions ushered in dozens of new reforms, including a shift into the distance and online learning. This study investigates the transition from traditional education in physical classrooms to online and distance and online learning in pharmacy education during Covid-19, especially about the challenges and benefits of distance and online learning. We did Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) for literature sources between 2020 and 2022 (n.14). The study elaborates on how the transition has influenced teachers and students of pharmacy education. The research also summarizes several recommendations, which may assist in minimizing the adverse impacts of lockdown and encourage streamlined processes to distance and online learning, particularly in pharmacy education.

Matched MeSH terms: Communicable Disease Control; Disease Outbreaks
Fulltext Pre-existing neurological conditions and COVID-19 co-infection: Data from systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and scoping reviews

Boruah AP, Thakur KT, Gadani SP, Kothari KU, Chomba M, Guekht A, et al.

J Neurol Sci, 2023 Dec 15;455:120858.
PMID: 37948972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2023.120858

BACKGROUND: Pre-existing neurological diseases have been identified as risk factors for severe COVID-19 infection and death. There is a lack of comprehensive literature review assessing the relationship between pre-existing neurological conditions and COVID-19 outcomes. Identification of high risk groups is critical for optimal treatment and care.
METHODS: A literature review was conducted for systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and scoping reviews published between January 1, 2020 and January 1, 2023. Literature assessing individuals with pre-existing neurological diseases and COVID-19 infection was included. Information regarding infection severity was extracted, and potential limitations were identified.
RESULTS: Thirty-nine articles met inclusion criteria, with data assessing >3 million patients from 51 countries. 26/51 (50.9%) of countries analyzed were classified as high income, while the remaining represented middle-low income countries (25/51; 49.0%). A majority of evidence focused on the impact of cerebrovascular disease (17/39; 43.5%) and dementia (5/39; 12.8%) on COVID-19 severity and mortality. 92.3% of the articles (36/39) suggested a significant association between neurological conditions and increased risk of severe COVID-19 and mortality. Cerebrovascular disease, dementia, Parkinson's disease, and epilepsy were associated with increased COVID severity and mortality.
CONCLUSION: Pre-existing neurological diseases including cerebrovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, epilepsy, and Parkinson's disease are significant risk factors for severity of COVID-19 infection and mortality in the acute infectious period. Given that 61.5% (24/39) of the current evidence only includes data from 2020, further updated literature is crucial to identify the relationship between chronic neurological conditions and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 variants.

Matched MeSH terms: Parkinson Disease*
How common is generalized pustular psoriasis in Malaysia?

Br J Dermatol, 2023 Sep 15;189(4):e73.
PMID: 37713514 DOI: 10.1093/bjd/ljad292
Matched MeSH terms: Acute Disease; Chronic Disease
Fulltext Use of the waxworm Galleria mellonella larvae as an infection model to study Acinetobacter baumannii

Ten KE, Muzahid NH, Rahman S, Tan HS

PLoS One, 2023;18(4):e0283960.
PMID: 37018343 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283960

Galleria mellonella larvae have been increasingly used in research, including microbial infection studies. They act as suitable preliminary infection models to study host-pathogen interactions due to their advantages, such as the ability to survive at 37°C mimicking human body temperature, their immune system shares similarities with mammalian immune systems, and their short life cycle allowing large-scale studies. Here, we present a protocol for simple rearing and maintenance of G. mellonella without requiring special instruments and specialized training. This allows the continuous supply of healthy G. mellonella for research purposes. Besides, this protocol also provides detailed procedures on the (i) G. mellonella infection assays (killing assay and bacterial burden assay) for virulence studies and (ii) bacterial cell harvesting from infected larvae and RNA extraction for bacterial gene expression studies during infection. Our protocol could not only be used in the studies of A. baumannii virulence but can also be modified according to different bacterial strains.

Matched MeSH terms: Disease Models, Animal*
Fulltext Genetic predisposition of LEPR (rs1137101) gene polymorphism related to type 2 diabetes mellitus - a meta-analysis

Veerabathiran R, P A, Bk I, D R, Rs AH

Ann Med, 2023;55(2):2302520.
PMID: 38198642 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2024.2302520

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a multifaceted disease appropriate to elevated blood glucose levels resulting from decreased insulin and beta-cell activity. Using a case-control methodology, researchers have examined the relationship between polymorphisms in LEPR and T2DM in a population from south India.Materials and Methods: We conducted a genetic analysis of 311 participants, and results were accomplished using a case-control study, a meta-analysis of previous studies on LEPR was conducted, and type 2 diabetes genotype distribution across various geographical regions Malaysians, Chinese Han, Kuwait, Iran, Mongolia, and Han Chinese, Greece, Saudi, India (North India, Punjabi), (South India, Tamilnadu). The study involved 254 prospective investigations, and nine association studies were preferred according to preset criteria. Studies were assessed for quality using the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). An analysis of the genetic models was conducted to determine their relationship, statistical analysis was utilized to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and matching 95% confidence intervals (CIs).Results: The LEPR-rs1137101 polymorphism in the case-control study was associated with a significant increase in the risk of type 2 diabetes. A meta-analysis revealed a connection between LEPR gene polymorphism (rs1137101) and type 2 diabetes risk. Investigators might gain a more profound thought on the significance of the identified genetic variation and its impact on the chance of developing type 2 diabetes by verifying and strengthening previously reported findings. The model of fixed effects was chosen due to the low heterogeneity, and significant associations were observed in the allelic (OR = 0.79, 95% CI [0.70-0.87]), homozygote (OR = 0.58, 95% CI [0.46-0.72]), dominant (OR = 0.66, 95% CI [0.56-0.79]), and recessive (OR = 0.83, 95% CI [0.71-0.96]) genetic models. A Begg's funnel plot and Egger's test indicated no publication bias. These findings suggest that the rs1137101 variant in the LEPR gene has been linked to a higher risk of T2DM.Conclusions: A larger sample size, however, is required for further research, and consideration of potential confounding factors is needed to validate these associations. Understanding the implications of LEPR gene polymorphisms in T2DM susceptibility may contribute to personalized treatment strategies for patients with T2DM.

Matched MeSH terms: Genetic Predisposition to Disease*
Nanoneuroscience: Cutting-edge Approach for Disease Management

Malhotra S, Jain N, Rathee J, Kaul S, Nagaich U, Pandey M, et al.

Recent Pat Nanotechnol, 2024;18(2):256-271.
PMID: 38197418 DOI: 10.2174/1872210517666230403105152

Neurological disorders (ND) have affected a major part of our society and have been a challenge for medical and biosciences for decades. However, many of these disorders haven't responded well to currently established treatment approaches. The fact that many active pharmaceutical ingredients can't get to their specified action site inside the body is one of the main reasons for this failure. Extracellular and intracellular central nervous system (CNS) barriers prevent the transfer of drugs from the blood circulation to the intended location of the action. Utilizing nanosized drug delivery technologies is one possible way to overcome these obstacles. These nano-drug carriers outperform conventional dosage forms in many areas, including good drug encapsulation capacity, targeted drug delivery, less toxicity, and enhanced therapeutic impact. As a result, nano-neuroscience is growing to be an intriguing area of research and a bright alternative approach for delivering medicines to their intended action site for treating different neurological and psychiatric problems. In this review, we have included a short overview of the pathophysiology of neurological diseases, a detailed discussion about the significance of nanocarriers in NDs, and a focus on its recent advances. Finally, we highlighted the patented technologies and market trends, including the predictive analysis for the years 2021-2028.

Matched MeSH terms: Disease Management*
Fulltext A report of three cases of untreated Graves' disease associated with pancytopenia in Malaysia

Rafhati AN, See CK, Hoo FK, Badrulnizam LB

Electron Physician, 2014;6(3):877-82.
PMID: 25763162 DOI: 10.14661/2014.877-882

Generally, clinical presentations of Graves' disease range from asymptomatic disease to overt symptomatic hyperthyroidism with heat intolerance, tremor, palpitation, weight loss, and increased appetite. However, atypical presentation of Graves' disease with hematological system involvement, notably pancytopenia, is distinctly uncommon. Hereby, we present and discuss a series of three untreated cases of Graves' disease clinically presented with pancytopenia and the hematological abnormalities that responded well to anti-thyroid treatment. With resolution of the thyrotoxic state, the hematological parameters improved simultaneously. Thus, it is crucial that anti-thyroid treatment be considered in patients with Graves' disease and pancytopenia after a thorough hematological evaluation.

Matched MeSH terms: Graves Disease*
Fulltext Neonatal Outcomes of Pregnancies Complicated by Maternal Hyperthyroidism

Abdullah AA, Ramli N, Yaacob NM, Hussain S

J ASEAN Fed Endocr Soc, 2022;37(2):15-22.
PMID: 36578895 DOI: 10.15605/jafes.037.02.03

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the proportion, clinical characteristics, hormonal status, median time for normalization of serum thyroxine (FT4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and factors affecting time to thyroid function test (TFT) normalization of neonates born to mothers with maternal hyperthyroidism admitted in our institution.
METHODOLOGY: This was a retrospective cohort study that included 170 newborns admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM) with a history of maternal hyperthyroidism from January 2013 until December 2018. We analyzed their baseline demographic and clinical characteristics, maternal thyroid status and antibody levels. Finally, we analyzed newborn thyroid function and thyroid antibodies.
RESULTS: The proportion of neonates born to mothers with maternal hyperthyroidism was 0.8% (170 of 20,198 neonates within the study period). Seven (4.1%) developed overt hyperthyroidism, while four (2.4%) had thyroid storm. The median time for thyroid function test normalization was 30 days (95% CI: 27.1 to 32.8). The median time for TFT normalization was longer among neonates of mothers with positive thyroid antibodies [46.6 days (95% CI, 20.6 to 39.4)] and of mothers who received anti-thyroid treatment [31.7 days (95% CI, 23.5 to 39.9)].
CONCLUSION: Neonates born to mothers with hyperthyroidism is uncommon. These babies were observed to have a longer time for normalization of thyroid function tests if their mothers had thyroid antibodies or received anti-thyroid treatment.

Matched MeSH terms: Graves Disease*
Fulltext Molecular profiling of bacterial blight resistance in Malaysian rice cultivars

Javed MA, Ali SW, Ashfaq M, Tabassam J, Ali M, IhsanUllah M, et al.

Braz J Biol, 2022;82:e256189.
PMID: 36541981 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.256189

Bacteria blight is one of the most serious bacterial diseases of rice worldwide. The identification of genetic potential against bacterial blight in the existing rice resources is a prerequisite to develop multigenic resistance to combat the threat of climate change. This investigation was conducted to evaluate alleles variation in 38 Malaysian cultivars using thirteen Simple Sequences Repeats markers and one Sequence Tagged Sites (STS) marker which were reported to be linked with the resistance to bacterial blight. Based on molecular data, a dendrogram was constructed which classified the rice cultivars into seven major clusters at 0.0, 0.28 and 0.3 of similarity coefficient. Cluster 5 was the largest group comprised of ten rice cultivars where multiple genes were identified. However, xa13 could not be detected in the current rice germplasm, whereas xa2 was detected in 25 cultivars. Molecular analysis revealed that Malaysian rice cultivars possess multigenic resistance.

Matched MeSH terms: Disease Resistance/genetics
Paraquat and Parkinson's Disease: The Molecular Crosstalk of Upstream Signal Transduction Pathways Leading to Apoptosis

See WZC, Naidu R, Tang KS

Curr Neuropharmacol, 2024;22(1):140-151.
PMID: 36703582 DOI: 10.2174/1570159X21666230126161524

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a heterogeneous disease involving a complex interaction between genes and the environment that affects various cellular pathways and neural networks. Several studies have suggested that environmental factors such as exposure to herbicides, pesticides, heavy metals, and other organic pollutants are significant risk factors for the development of PD. Among the herbicides, paraquat has been commonly used, although it has been banned in many countries due to its acute toxicity. Although the direct causational relationship between paraquat exposure and PD has not been established, paraquat has been demonstrated to cause the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The underlying mechanisms of the dopaminergic lesion are primarily driven by the generation of reactive oxygen species, decrease in antioxidant enzyme levels, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and ER stress, leading to a cascade of molecular crosstalks that result in the initiation of apoptosis. This review critically analyses the crucial upstream molecular pathways of the apoptotic cascade involved in paraquat neurotoxicity, including mitogenactivated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways.

Matched MeSH terms: Parkinson Disease*
Fulltext Socioecological Challenges of Polio Supplementary Immunization Activities (SIAs) in the Asia-Pacific Region: A Systematic Review

Ahmad H, Sanef SA, Shahabudin WZ, Mohtar N, Hassan MR, Jeffree MS, et al.

J Environ Public Health, 2023;2023:4801424.
PMID: 36747498 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4801424

BACKGROUND: Polio supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) are one of the polio eradication pillars in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) that increased the immunization coverage and made progress towards polio eradication. However, socioecological challenges faced during SIAs contribute to suboptimal campaign quality. The aim of this review is to identify the reported challenges during polio supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) and associated improvement strategies based on the socioecological model (SEM).
METHODS: Articles were searched from three databases which were WOS, Scopus, and PubMed. The systemic review identified the primary articles related to SIA that focused on the impact of immunization coverage, challenges, and improvement strategies. The inclusion criteria were open access English articles that were published between 2012 and 2021 and conducted in the Asia region.
RESULTS: There are nine articles described and explained regarding some form of supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) in their findings across Asia region. The majority of studies selected reported on post vaccination coverage and revealed a multifaceted challenge faced during SIAs which are widely diverse range from the microlevel of interpersonal aspects up to the macrolevel of government policy. Upon further analysis, the intervention at community level was the most dominant strategies reported during the SIA program.
CONCLUSIONS: An effective SIAs program provides the opportunity to increase the national capacity of the polio immunization program, reducing inequities in service delivery and offering additional public health benefits in controlling polio outbreaks in both endemic and nonendemic countries. Strengthening routine immunization (RI) programmes is also important for the sustainability of SIA's programs. Despite the challenges and hurdles, many Asian countries exhibited great political willingness to boost polio immunization coverage through SIA efforts.

Matched MeSH terms: Disease Eradication*

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