Displaying publications 161 - 180 of 426 in total

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  1. The effects of maleic anhydride grafted PP (MAPP) on the mechanical properties of injection moulded kenaf/cnts/pp composites
    Zakaria Razak, Abu Bakar Sulong, Norhamidi Muhamad, Che Hassan Che Haron, Mohd Khairol Fadzly Md Radzi, Dulina Tholibon, et al.
    Sains Malaysiana, 2018;47:1285-1291.
    Composite materials have increasingly become crucial in manufacturing engineering products and producing commodity
    materials in the major industries including; automotive, aerospace, marine, construction, agriculture and health science.
    However, several improvements regarding the strength, dimensional stability and the cost of production are required.
    In this study, composite of Kenaf, multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and polypropylene (PP) with maleic anhydridegrafted
    polypropylene (MAPP) are examined. The results highlight that increasing MAPP loading, in turn, increases the
    value of the mechanical properties. The composites are produced by blending kenaf/MWCNT/PP using a Sigma blade
    mixer and injection moulding. Injection moulding is a significant operation used to produce plastic products. In the
    study, Kenaf core fibre was mixed with MWCNT and polypropylene, in addition to MAPP. The MAPP is added by applying
    different percentage (1, 2, 3 and 4 wt. %) during the blending process. The main objective of the study was to analyse the
    effects of MAPP concentrations on the mechanical properties of the Kenaf/MWCNT/PP composite. The results of the study
    established that MAPP 3 wt. % concentration with MWCNT 3 wt. % loading and Kenaf 30 wt. % filler provide optimum
    results for the composites. There was approximately, a 21% enhance in tensile strength of Kenaf 30 wt. %/MWCNT, 3 wt.
    %/MAPP, 3 wt. %/PP observed compared to the (without) MAPP composite. The composites with coupling agent stimulate
    better filler dispersion between Kenaf, MWCNT and PP observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and fieldemission
    scanning electron microscope (FESEM).
    Matched MeSH terms: Central Nervous System Stimulants
  2. Fulltext Accumulation of Mitochondrial DNA Microsatellite Instability in Malaysian Patients with Primary Central Nervous System Tumors
    Radzak S, Khair Z, Ahmad F, Idris Z, Yusoff A
    Turk Neurosurg, 2021;31(1):99-106.
    PMID: 33491172 DOI: 10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.27893-20.4
    AIM: To determine the mitochondrial microsatellite instability (mtMSI) status in a series of Malaysian patients with brain tumors. Furthermore, we analyzed whether the mtMSI status is associated with the clinicopathological features of the patients.

    MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty fresh frozen tumor tissues along with blood samples of brain tumor patients were analyzed for mtMSI by PCR amplification of genomic DNAs, and the amplicons were directly sequenced in both directions using Sanger sequencing.

    RESULTS: Microsatellite analysis revealed that 20% (8 out of 40) of the tumors were mtMSI positive with a total of 8 mtMSI changes. All mtMSI markers were detected in D310 and D16184 of the D-loop region. Additionally, no significant association was observed between mtMSI status and clinicopathological features.

    CONCLUSION: The variations, specifically the mtMSI, suggest that the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) can be targeted for genomic alteration in brain tumors. Therefore, the specific role of mtDNA alteration in brain tumor development and prognosis requires further investigation.

    Matched MeSH terms: Central Nervous System Neoplasms/diagnosis; Central Nervous System Neoplasms/genetics; Central Nervous System Neoplasms/epidemiology
  3. Fulltext The classification of motor imagery response: an accuracy enhancement through the ensemble of random subspace k-NN
    Rashid M, Bari BS, Hasan MJ, Razman MAM, Musa RM, Ab Nasir AF, et al.
    PeerJ Comput Sci, 2021;7:e374.
    PMID: 33817022 DOI: 10.7717/peerj-cs.374
    Brain-computer interface (BCI) is a viable alternative communication strategy for patients of neurological disorders as it facilitates the translation of human intent into device commands. The performance of BCIs primarily depends on the efficacy of the feature extraction and feature selection techniques, as well as the classification algorithms employed. More often than not, high dimensional feature set contains redundant features that may degrade a given classifier's performance. In the present investigation, an ensemble learning-based classification algorithm, namely random subspace k-nearest neighbour (k-NN) has been proposed to classify the motor imagery (MI) data. The common spatial pattern (CSP) has been applied to extract the features from the MI response, and the effectiveness of random forest (RF)-based feature selection algorithm has also been investigated. In order to evaluate the efficacy of the proposed method, an experimental study has been implemented using four publicly available MI dataset (BCI Competition III dataset 1 (data-1), dataset IIIA (data-2), dataset IVA (data-3) and BCI Competition IV dataset II (data-4)). It was shown that the ensemble-based random subspace k-NN approach achieved the superior classification accuracy (CA) of 99.21%, 93.19%, 93.57% and 90.32% for data-1, data-2, data-3 and data-4, respectively against other models evaluated, namely linear discriminant analysis, support vector machine, random forest, Naïve Bayes and the conventional k-NN. In comparison with other classification approaches reported in the recent studies, the proposed method enhanced the accuracy by 2.09% for data-1, 1.29% for data-2, 4.95% for data-3 and 5.71% for data-4, respectively. Moreover, it is worth highlighting that the RF feature selection technique employed in the present study was able to significantly reduce the feature dimension without compromising the overall CA. The outcome from the present study implies that the proposed method may significantly enhance the accuracy of MI data classification.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nervous System Diseases
  4. Fulltext Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Regenerative Potential and Challenges
    Fuloria S, Subramaniyan V, Dahiya R, Dahiya S, Sudhakar K, Kumari U, et al.
    Biology (Basel), 2021 Feb 25;10(3).
    PMID: 33668707 DOI: 10.3390/biology10030172
    Evidence suggests that stem cells exert regenerative potential via the release of extracellular vesicles. Mesenchymal stem cell extracellular vesicles (MSCEVs) offer therapeutic benefits for various pathophysiological ailments by restoring tissues. Facts suggest that MSCEV action can be potentiated by modifying the mesenchymal stem cells culturing methodology and bioengineering EVs. Limited clinical trials of MSCEVs have questioned their superiority, culturing quality, production scale-up and isolation, and administration format. Translation of preclinically successful MSCEVs into a clinical platform requires paying attention to several critical matters, such as the production technique, quantification/characterization, pharmacokinetics/targeting/transfer to the target site, and the safety profile. Keeping these issues as a priority, the present review was designed to highlight the challenges in translating preclinical MSCEV research into clinical platforms and provide evidence for the regenerative potential of MSCEVs in various conditions of the liver, kidney, heart, nervous system, bone, muscle, cartilage, and other organs/tissues.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nervous System
  5. Fulltext Neuro-enteric dysfunction in children with severe neurological impairment
    Fahisham Taib, Nik Zainal Abidin Nik Ismail
    Malaysian Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2019;25(1):1-5.
    MyJurnal
    Visceral hyperalgesia, intestinal dysfunction and unexplained irritability in neurological impaired children is a medical enigma for many healthcare professionals. The neuro-medical management can be challenging and difficult, due to poor understanding of the underlying aetiology and pathophysiology of the condition. Neuro-enteric axis has been proposed as emerging physiologic mechanism in the pathogenesis of many gastrointestinal diseases. The bidirectional connection between enteric and central nervous system may represent a direct relationship between neurological system and gut physiology. Insult to the brain indirectly contribute to the ongoing gut and brain axis sequalae. Microbiota has been an important modulator in the brain-gut axis. Irritability episodes in severe neurological impairment children has been commonly associated with pain originated from gastrointestinal pathology. Management of such condition requires a holistic approach to tackle multidimensional factors that has contributed to the ‘totality’ of the symptoms.
    Matched MeSH terms: Central Nervous System
  6. Parkinson's disease and the gastrointestinal microbiome
    Lubomski M, Tan AH, Lim SY, Holmes AJ, Davis RL, Sue CM
    J Neurol, 2020 Sep;267(9):2507-2523.
    PMID: 31041582 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09320-1
    Recently, there has been a surge in awareness of the gastrointestinal microbiome (GM) and its role in health and disease. Of particular note is an association between the GM and Parkinson's disease (PD) and the realisation that the GM can act via a complex bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain. Compelling evidence suggests that a shift in GM composition may play an important role in the pathogenesis of PD by facilitating the characteristic ascending neurodegenerative spread of α-synuclein aggregates from the enteric nervous system to the brain. Here, we review evidence linking GM changes with PD, highlighting mechanisms supportive of pathological α-synuclein spread and intestinal inflammation in PD. We summarise existing patterns and correlations seen in clinical studies of the GM in PD, together with the impacts of non-motor symptoms, medications, lifestyle, diet and ageing on the GM. Roles of GM modulating therapies including probiotics and faecal microbiota transplantation are discussed. Encouragingly, alterations in the GM have repeatedly been observed in PD, supporting a biological link and highlighting it as a potential therapeutic target.
    Matched MeSH terms: Enteric Nervous System
  7. Synthetic nanoparticle-conjugated bisindoles and hydrazinyl arylthiazole as novel antiamoebic agents against brain-eating amoebae
    Kanwal, Mungroo MR, Anwar A, Ali F, Khan S, Abdullah MA, et al.
    Exp Parasitol, 2020 Nov;218:107979.
    PMID: 32866583 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107979
    Balamuthia mandrillaris and Naegleria fowleri are free-living amoebae that can cause life-threatening infections involving the central nervous system. The high mortality rates of these infections demonstrate an urgent need for novel treatment options against the amoebae. Considering that indole and thiazole compounds possess wide range of antiparasitic properties, novel bisindole and thiazole derivatives were synthesized and evaluated against the amoebae. The antiamoebic properties of four synthetic compounds i.e., two new bisindoles (2-Bromo-4-(di (1H-indol-3-yl)methyl)phenol (denoted as A1) and 2-Bromo-4-(di (1H-indol-3-yl)methyl)-6-methoxyphenol (A2)) and two known thiazole (4-(3-Nitrophenyl)-2-(2-(pyridin-3-ylmethylene)hydrazinyl)thiazole (A3) and 4-(Biphenyl-4-yl)-2-(2-(1-(pyridin-4-yl)ethylidene)hydrazinyl)thiazole (A4)) were evaluated against B. mandrillaris and N. fowleri. The ability of silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) conjugation to enrich antiamoebic activities of the compounds was also investigated. The synthetic heterocyclic compounds demonstrated up to 53% and 69% antiamoebic activities against B. mandrillaris and N. fowleri respectively, while resulting in up to 57% and 68% amoebistatic activities, respectively. Antiamoebic activities of the compounds were enhanced by up to 71% and 51% against B. mandrillaris and N. fowleri respectively, after conjugation with AgNPs. These compounds exhibited potential antiamoebic effects against B. mandrillaris and N. fowleri and conjugation of synthetic heterocyclic compounds with AgNPs enhanced their activity against the amoebae.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nervous System
  8. Neonatal herpes simplex virus type-1 central nervous system disease with acute retinal necrosis
    Fong CY, Aye AM, Peyman M, Nor NK, Visvaraja S, Tajunisah I, et al.
    Pediatr Infect Dis J, 2014 Apr;33(4):424-6.
    PMID: 24378951 DOI: 10.1097/INF.0000000000000137
    We report a case of neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 central nervous system disease with bilateral acute retinal necrosis (ARN). An infant was presented at 17 days of age with focal seizures. Cerebrospinal fluid polymerase chain reaction was positive for HSV-1 and brain magnetic resonance imaging showed cerebritis. While receiving intravenous acyclovir therapy, the infant developed ARN with vitreous fluid polymerase chain reaction positive for HSV-1 necessitating intravitreal foscarnet therapy. This is the first reported neonatal ARN secondary to HSV-1 and the first ARN case presenting without external ocular or cutaneous signs. Our report highlights that infants with neonatal HSV central nervous system disease should undergo a thorough ophthalmological evaluation to facilitate prompt diagnosis and immediate treatment of this rapidly progressive sight-threatening disease.
    Matched MeSH terms: Central Nervous System Diseases/drug therapy; Central Nervous System Diseases/pathology*; Central Nervous System Diseases/virology
  9. Mycotoxins in Food and Feed: Present Status and Future Concerns
    Bhat R, Rai RV, Karim AA
    Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf, 2010 Jan;9(1):57-81.
    PMID: 33467806 DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2009.00094.x
      Disease outbreaks due to the consumption of contaminated food and feedstuff are a recurring problem worldwide. The major factor contributing to contamination are microorganisms, especially fungi, which produce low-molecular-weight compounds as secondary metabolites, with confirmed toxic properties referred to as mycotoxins. Several mycotoxins reported to date are cosmopolitan in distribution and incur severe health-associated risks (including cancer and neurological disorders). Hence, creating awareness among consumers, as well as developing new methods for detection and inactivation is of great importance for food safety. In this review, the focus is on the occurrence of various types of mycotoxins in food and feed associated with risks to humans and livestock, as well as legislation put forth by various authorities, and on presently practiced detoxification methods. Brief descriptions on recent developments in mycotoxin detection methodology are also inlcuded. This review is meant to be informative not only for health-conscious consumers but also for experts in the field to pave the way for future research to fill the existing gaps in our knowledge with regard to mycotoxins and food safety.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nervous System Diseases
  10. Fulltext Reassessment of functional dyspepsia: a topic review
    Chua AS
    World J Gastroenterol, 2006 May 07;12(17):2656-9.
    PMID: 16718748 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i17.2656
    Dyspepsia itself is not a diagnosis but stands for a constellation of symptoms referable to the upper gastrointestinal tract. It consists of a variable combination of symptoms including abdominal pain or discomfort, postprandial fullness, abdominal bloating, early satiety, nausea, vomiting, heartburn and acid regurgitation. Patients with heartburn and acid regurgitation invariably have gastroesophageal reflux disease and should be distinguished from those with dyspepsia. There is a substantial group of patients who do not have a definite structural or biochemical cause for their symptoms and are considered to be suffering from functional dyspepsia (FD). Gastrointestinal motor abnormalities, altered visceral sensation, dysfunctional central nervous system-enteral nervous system (CNS-ENS) integration and psychosocial factors have all being identified as important pathophysiological correlates. It can be considered as a biopsychosocial disorder with dysregulation of the brain-gut axis being central in origin of disease. FD can be categorized into different subgroups based on the predominant single symptom identified by the patient. This subgroup classification can assist us in deciding the appropriate symptomatic treatment for the patient.
    Matched MeSH terms: Central Nervous System/physiopathology; Enteric Nervous System/physiopathology
  11. Which somatic symptoms are associated with an unfavorable course in Chinese patients with major depressive disorder?
    Novick D, Montgomery WS, Aguado J, Peng X, Brugnoli R, Haro JM
    Asia Pac Psychiatry, 2015 Dec;7(4):427-35.
    PMID: 26047023 DOI: 10.1111/appy.12189
    This was an analysis of the impact of somatic symptoms on the severity and course of depression in Chinese patients treated for an acute episode of major depressive disorder (MDD).
    Matched MeSH terms: Autonomic Nervous System Diseases/epidemiology*; Central Nervous System Diseases/epidemiology*
  12. Fulltext Bilateral facial nerve palsy secondary to an atypical presentation of Gullain-Barré syndrome
    Azarisman, S.M.S., Shahrin, T.C.A., Marzuki, A.O., Fatnoon, N.N.A., Rathor, M.Y.
    International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2009;8(1):41-44.
    MyJurnal
    Bilateral simultaneous facial nerve palsy is an extremely rare clinical entity and may occur in association with a variety of neurological, infectious, neoplastic or degenerative disorders. We describe a patient, who presented with facial diplegia and normal reflexes on examination. During the entire hospitalization, he developed no motor weakness and remained ambulatory. Whether treatment is warranted for this and other milder variants of Gullain-Barré syndrome is also discussed. Atypical presentations with preserved or brisk reflexes, can be a diagnostic dilemma.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nervous System Diseases
  13. Fulltext The Feedback-Related Negativity and the P300 Brain Potential Are Sensitive to Price Expectation Violations in a Virtual Shopping Task
    Schaefer A, Buratto LG, Goto N, Brotherhood EV
    PLoS One, 2016 09 22;11(9):e0163150.
    PMID: 27658301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163150
    A large body of evidence shows that buying behaviour is strongly determined by consumers' price expectations and the extent to which real prices violate these expectations. Despite the importance of this phenomenon, little is known regarding its neural mechanisms. Here we show that two patterns of electrical brain activity known to index prediction errors-the Feedback-Related Negativity (FRN) and the feedback-related P300 -were sensitive to price offers that were cheaper than participants' expectations. In addition, we also found that FRN amplitude time-locked to price offers predicted whether a product would be subsequently purchased or not, and further analyses suggest that this result was driven by the sensitivity of the FRN to positive price expectation violations. This finding strongly suggests that ensembles of neurons coding positive prediction errors play a critical role in real-life consumer behaviour. Further, these findings indicate that theoretical models based on the notion of prediction error, such as the Reinforcement Learning Theory, can provide a neurobiologically grounded account of consumer behavior.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nervous System Physiological Phenomena
  14. Fulltext Antioxidant activity in children with ADHD – a comparison in untreated and treated subjects with normal children
    Ruchi, K., Anil Kumar, S., Sunil, G., Bashir, A., Prabhat, S.
    International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2011;10(1):31-35.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a frequently encountered clinical condition in children. Based on DSM IV-TR criteria it can be sub-classified into three distinct types namely hyperactiveimpulsive, inattentive and combined. Materials and Methods: In the present study, salivary antioxidant activity (AOA) in children with ADHD was compared with age-matched normal control subjects, both as a whole and also with regard to the three subtypes. Additionally, the effect of therapy on the altered AOA levels was investigated following short term (
    Matched MeSH terms: Nervous System Diseases
  15. Role of microglia in embryonic neurogenesis
    Tong CK, Vidyadaran S
    Exp Biol Med (Maywood), 2016 Sep;241(15):1669-75.
    PMID: 27555616 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216664430
    Microglia begin colonizing the developing brain as early as embryonic day 9, prior to the emergence of neurons and other glia. Their ontogeny is also distinct from other central nervous system cells, as they derive from yolk sac hematopoietic progenitors and not neural progenitors. In this review, we feature these unique characteristics of microglia and assess the spatiotemporal similarities between microglia colonization of the central nervous system and embryonic neurogenesis. We also infer to existing evidence for microglia function from embryonic through to postnatal neurodevelopment to postulate roles for microglia in neurogenesis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Central Nervous System
  16. Fulltext The Effectiveness and Safety of Topical Capsaicin in Postherpetic Neuralgia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
    Yong YL, Tan LT, Ming LC, Chan KG, Lee LH, Goh BH, et al.
    Front Pharmacol, 2016;7:538.
    PMID: 28119613 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00538
    In particular, neuropathic pain is a major form of chronic pain. This type of pain results from dysfunction or lesions in the central and peripheral nervous system. Capsaicin has been traditionally utilized as a medicine to remedy pain. However, the effectiveness and safety of this practice is still elusive. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to investigate the effect of topical capsaicin as a pain-relieving agent that is frequently used in pain management. In brief, all the double-blinded, randomized placebo- or vehicle-controlled trials that were published in English addressing postherpetic neuralgia were included. Meta-analysis was performed using Revman(®) version 5.3. Upon application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, only six trials fulfilled all the criteria and were included in the review for qualitative analysis. The difference in mean percentage change in numeric pain rating scale score ranges from -31 to -4.3. This demonstrated high efficacy of topical capsaicin application and implies that capsaicin could result in pain reduction. Furthermore, meta-analysis was performed on five of the included studies. All the results of studies are in favor of the treatment using capsaicin. The incidence of side effects from using topical capsaicin is consistently higher in all included studies, but the significance of safety data cannot be quantified due to a lack of p-values in the original studies. Nevertheless, topical capsaicin is a promising treatment option for specific patient groups or certain neuropathic pain conditions such as postherpetic neuralgia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Peripheral Nervous System
  17. Fulltext Isolated facial palsy due to intra-aural tick (ixodoidea) infestation
    Zamzil Amin, A., Baharudin, A., Shahid, H., Din Suhaimi, S., Nor Affendie, M.J.
    Archives of Orofacial Sciences, 2007;2(1):51-53.
    MyJurnal
    A tick in the ear is a very painful condition and removal is difficult because it grips firmly to the external auditory canal or tympanic membrane. Facial paralysis is a rarely reported localised neurological complication of an intra-aural tick infestation. The pathophysiology of localised paralysis is discussed, together with the safe way of handling patients with an intra-aural tick infestation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nervous System Diseases
  18. Fulltext A Case of Post-Stroke Mania
    Koh, O.H., Azreen Hashim, N., Gill, J.S., Pillai, S.K.
    Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry, 2010;19(1):1-5.
    MyJurnal
    It has been long known that affective disorders as a result of organic brain diseases are not uncommon. Neurological disorders seem to be significant as risk factors for newly diagnosed mania in the elderly. It has been theorized that lesions in the right cerebral hemisphere and limbic structures may produce symptoms suggestive of mania. Even though specific areas of involvement had not been determined, this case discussed below clearly reports a right sided lesion. One of the reasons why not much is known yet about this clinical entity is the rarity of this occurrence. In fact, in one large scale study, only 2 patients out of 700 were identified with mania.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nervous System Diseases
  19. Fulltext Comparative efficacy of biofeedback interventions in predicting improvements in bilateral soccer shooting performance
    Srilekha Saha, Nurfarrah Ezzaty Mohd Zahir, Foujia Huda, Soumendra Saha
    Movement Health & Exercise, 2015;4(1):27-38.
    MyJurnal
    The beneficial impact of the differential biofeedback intervention technique on modification in autonomic competence, as well as the ultimate impact on bilateral shooting ability, were studied on young and competitive male soccer players. A total of 45 young high-performing soccer players in the age range of 18 to 24 years were recruited. At first, the players were subjected to baseline evaluation of psychomotor (i.e., reaction time - RT), physiological (viz. resting heart-rate; VO2Max, electrical muscle potentiality, etc.), and psychobiological indices (such as skin conductance components - latency, amplitude and recovery time). Thereafter, they were equally categorized into: Control Group, Experimental Group I [who received skin conductance (Sc) biofeedback training], and Experimental Group II [who received electromyography (EMG) biofeedback intervention training]. Participants of the experimental groups were subjected to their respective interventions (Sc & EMG biofeedback intervention training), which were imparted for 24 sessions (15 mins/day; 2 days/week for 12 weeks). After six weeks of intervention, mid-term evaluation of all of the aforementioned parameters (assessed during baseline evaluation) was performed. Thereafter, intervention sessions continued following the identical protocol for six weeks. At the end of the 12th week, a post-intervention assessment on all of the psychological, psychomotor and psychobiological variables was carried out on all of the participants to verify the effect of training on dependent measures. Post-intervention analyses revealed improvements in physiological, psychobiological and performance parameters, which could be rationally attributed to the differential biofeedback therapeutic interventions introduced to the experimental groups. The outcome suggested that both interventions facilitated improvement in bilateral shooting ability, while indepth analyses clarified that a higher extent of autonomic recovery emerged as the most significant factor facilitating shooting ability in the experimental groups.
    Matched MeSH terms: Autonomic Nervous System
  20. Uncovering neural tube defects in humans through candidate gene expression patterns in mouse embryos
    Nor Linda Abdullah, Mustakiza Muslimin, Hoo, Wan Mun, Fahimah Noor Ngah, Sheikh Mohd Norhafiz Abdul Aziz, Nor Syazwani Yip, et al.
    Orient Neuron Nexus, 2010;1(1):2-6.
    MyJurnal
    Neural tube defects (NTDs) are the leading cause of disability in humans arising from the malformation of the central nervous system. The genes responsible and their involvement in causing neural tube defects in humans are poorly understood. Gene expression analysis in a whole organism enables the identification of the possible role of the gene being studied. If the gene is expressed in a particular tissue at a certain period of development, this spatiotemporal pattern of the gene of interest signals the possibility that the gene serves a function of being switched on in those tissues at that particular time. In this report, we have identified possible gene candidates in the mouse which may be required for the development of the neural tube, the precursor to the brain and the spinal cord. Development of the brain occurs by closure of the anterior neuropore (forms the cranial neural tube) while the spinal cord forms due to resolution of the posterior neuropore (forms the caudal neural tube). The genes Tiaml and T-cadherin were found to be likely candidate genes for the development of the spinal cord and may serve as potential human NTDs genes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Central Nervous System
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