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Fulltext A study of fatty acid composition and tocopherol content of lipid extracted from marine microalgae, Nannochloropsis oculata and Tetraselmis suecica, using solvent extraction and supercritical fluid extraction

Bong, S.C., Loh, S. P.

International Food Research Journal, 2013;20(2):721-729.
MyJurnal

This study was conducted to investigate and compare the fatty acids and tocopherols of lipid extracted from marine microalgae, Nannochloropsis oculata (NO) and Tetraselmis suecica (TS) using solvent extraction and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Fatty acids and tocopherols were determined in the extracted lipid as functions of the temperature (40, 80oC) and pressure (3000, 5000, 7000, 9000psi). Dichloromethane/methanol and hexane were the chosen conventional solvent for fatty acids and tocopherols extraction respectively. The results obtained showed that there were differences in the fatty acid composition of various lipid extracts of NO and TS. Extracts of NO were high in myristic acid (C14:0) (17-35%), palmitic acid (C16:0) (14-47%) and palmitoleic acid (C16:1) (11-42%) whereas extracts of TS were high in C14:0 (21-34%) and C16:0 (29-49%). Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) was detected only under certain SFE conditions in NO but was not detected in TS. α-, β- and γ-tocopherol were detected in various SFE extracts of NO but only α- and β-tocopherol were detected in TS. Hexane extraction of both NO and TS resulted in the detection of only α-tocopherol. In conclusion, the use of different extraction methods resulted in different compositions and concentrations of fatty acids and tocopherols in the microalgae studied.
Fulltext Iron intake and iron deficiency anaemia among young women in Kuala Lumpur

Loh, S. P., Khor, G. L.

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2010;6(1):63-70.
MyJurnal

Objective: To assess the prevalence of iron deficiency, anaemia and iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) in women aged 20-40 years and its association with iron intake. Methods: A total of 388 women were recruited from universities and work sites in Kuala Lumpur and its suburbs. The subjects comprised 135 Malays, 130 Chinese and 123 Indians. Dietary intake was estimated using a single 24-hour food recall and a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (hct), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and serum ferritin were determined. Results: The prevalence of anaemia (Hb
Fulltext Reliability and validity of the Pressure Management Inventory in a Malaysian population

Loh SY

Med J Malaysia, 2004 Jun;59(2):199-206.
PMID: 15559170 MyJurnal

There is a general lack of valid tools to measure work stress of Malaysian. This study examines the validity and reliability of the Pressure Management Inventory (PMI). Reliability was evaluated using test retest method, and its correlation coefficient was calculated using Pearson's r. Internal consistencies were examined using Cronbach's Alpha. For precision, the Intraclass coefficients (ICC) were calculated for all the scales. Face Validity and Content Validity were assessed using an open-ended questionnaire on 6 content experts (psychiatrists in HKL). The results show good internal consistencies (alpha < or = 0.7) for most subscales, with the best results in the 'Pressure Scale'. The weak scales are 'Individual-Differences' scale and 'Social Support' scale. The test-retest correlation coefficients were significant at the level of p<0.001 for all, except one scale. The ICC coefficients were high (>0.7) for most scales, particularly for Pressure, Health and Coping Scales. The PMI is a suitable, reliable and valid tool to measure stress of Malaysians. More in-depth study with a wider sampling needs to be carried out to add confidence of its usage on Malaysians.
Fulltext Epidural buprenorphine and bupivacaine in major gynaecological operations

Loh SP

Med J Malaysia, 1993 Jun;48(2):207-10.
PMID: 8350797

Eight patients underwent major gynaecological operations. Their post-operative analgesia was provided by epidural buprenorphine 0.15 mg and bupivacaine 0.5%. The efficacy and side-effects of this combination were assessed. All patients had satisfactory analgesia ranging in duration from 10 hours to greater than 36 hours after a single dose injection. No significant side-effect was noted.
Diluted glucose oxidase reagents adapted for use with Analox GM 7 Analyser for measuring plasma glucose

Loh SH

Ann. Clin. Biochem., 1989 Sep;26 ( Pt 5):453-4.
PMID: 2817758
Fulltext The effect of different milks and milk proteins on the growth of Bifidobacterium infantis ATCC 27920 in vitro

Loh S, Maznah I

Malays J Nutr, 1999 Dec;5(1):61-70.
PMID: 22692359

Bifidobacteria is a well known bacteria that is found in abundance in the intestine of infants which provides several health and nutritional benefits. Realizing the many benefits of bifidobacteria to human, this study has been conducted with the objective to determine the growth promotional effect of different types of milk and milk proteins on Bifidobacterium species. One strains of Bifiodobacterium species that is B. infantis was used to study the growth promoting effect of human milk, cow's milk, goat's milk, milk based infant formula, soy-based infant formula, lactoferrin (1 mg/ml), lactoperoxidase (1p~g/ml), lysozyme (1 mg/ml) and the mixture of these three proteins. The growth promotion assay was done using the 96-well culture plates which consists of 200 (1 Trypticase-Peptone-Yeast extract (TPY) medium, 50 4 sample and 10 1il of bacteria inoculum. Control consists of PBS instead of the samples. The assay was incubated anaerobically at 370C for 18 hours before being spread on the agar plate containing TPY medium with agar. Comparison was made between the mean count (log cfu/ml) of different types of milks, between infant formula and between milk proteins. From the results, Oneway ANOVA test at P<0.05 showed that there was significant differences in the mean counts (log cfu/ml) between the milks (P = 0.0000). A similar trend was observed in the mean count (log cfu/mI) between the infant formulas (P = 0.0 124) and also between the milk proteins (P = 0.0005). Duncan Multiple Range tests showed that there was significant differences between all the milks and control and among the milks themselves. There was however, no significant difference among the two types of infant formulas. The milk proteins also showed significant differences between the proteins and control and among themselves except for lysozyme which showed no significant differences with lactoferrin. This study showed that the growth of B. infantis could be promoted by different kinds of milks and milk proteins in vitro. Comparing the differences in growth promoting effect between samples and control indicated that human milk has the highest growth promoting effect followed by cow's milk and the mixture of the three milk prtoeins. Lysozyme showed the lowest in term of differences in percentage of growth promoting effect among all these samples. In conclusion the findings of this study supported that human milk ios the best milk choice for infant in comparison to other types of milk in promoting the growth of bifidobacteria. In additon, this tudy also found that milk protein when used in combination may show better growth promoiotive effect than when used singly.
Fulltext In vitro inhibitory potential of selected Malaysian plants against key enzymes involved in hyperglycemia and hypertension

Loh SP, Hadira O

Malays J Nutr, 2011 Apr;17(1):77-86.
PMID: 22135867 MyJurnal

This study was conducted to determine the inhibitory potential of selected Malaysian plants against key enzymes related to type 2 diabetes and hypertension.
Influence of testosterone on mean arterial pressure: A physiological study in male and female normotensive WKY and hypertensive SHR rats

Loh SY, Salleh N

Physiol Int, 2017 Mar 01;104(1):25-34.
PMID: 28361574 DOI: 10.1556/2060.104.2017.1.3

Introduction Testosterone plays an important role in the blood pressure regulation. However, information with regard to the effect of this hormone on blood pressure in normotensive and hypertensive conditions is limited. Therefore, in this study, the relationship between plasma testosterone level and mean arterial pressure (MAP) was investigated under these conditions. Methods Normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and hypertensive Spontaneous Hypertensive (SHR) male and female rats were gonadectomized with female rats treated with testosterone. Estrous cycle stages of intact female rats of both strains were identified by vaginal smear. Pressure in the carotid artery of anesthetized rats was measured via direct cannulation technique. The blood was withdrawn for plasma testosterone level measurement by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Treatment of ovariectomized female WKY and SHR rats with testosterone for 6-week duration has resulted in MAP to increase (P
Fulltext Bioaccessibility of apigenin from Mangifera indica (Water Lily Var.) during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion

Marina, Z., Amin, I., Loh, S. P., Fadhilah, J., Kartinee, K.

International Food Research Journal, 2019;26(5):1627-1634.
MyJurnal

The bioaccessibility property of apigenin from Mangifera indica (Water Lily var.) was
investigated using in vitro gastrointestinal digestion model. Two digestion stages were
simulated namely the gastric and small intestinal digestion by using different enzymes and
physiological conditions that mimicked the digestion process. Following digestion, the
bioaccessible apigenin was analysed using HPLD-DAD-MS. Results showed that the apigenin
fraction in intestinal phase was higher than in gastric phase with amounts 1.03 ± 0.35 mg/100
g DW and 0.50 ± 0.08 mg/100 g DW, respectively. After 1 h exposure to gastric juice, the
bioaccessibility of apigenin was 20.26 ± 3.06% with 79.74 ± 3.06% losses during the digestion,
whereas in intestinal phase, the percentage of bioaccessibility significantly increased to 41.53
± 13.99% and 58.47 ± 13.99% losses after 2 h treatment with pancreatin. It was concluded that
the apigenin in Water Lily mango became bioaccessible, suggesting the absorption possibility
of the compound in the upper part of intestine, which can lead to the health-related outcomes.
Fulltext Non-gestational choriocarcinoma of the ovary: A case report

Yee LS, Zakaria R, Mohamad N, Fong OW

J Taibah Univ Med Sci, 2021 Aug;16(4):632-636.
PMID: 34408618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2021.01.001

Non-gestational choriocarcinoma of the ovary is an extremely rare clinical condition. Very few cases of this high-grade malignancy of the ovary are reported in the literature worldwide. Given the rarity of the tumour, this disease is generally overlooked, which leads to delayed diagnosis and management. For the attending clinicians, the non-gestational choriocarcinoma of the ovary poses a diagnostic challenge due to its non-specific clinical presentations. A 16-year-old girl presented with pain in the right iliac fossa and with a positive urine pregnancy test. Despite being sexually inactive, the patient was diagnosed with an ectopic pregnancy and underwent emergency laparoscopic surgery. Six weeks later, the histopathological analysis revealed a diagnosis of non-gestational choriocarcinoma of the ovary. Further evaluations showed that her cancer had already advanced to stage IV. In this case report, the non-specific presentations of the disease, radiological features, current treatments, and possible safety strategies are discussed.
Quality of life and functional status in patients with advanced cancer admitted to hospice home care in Malaysia: a cross-sectional study

Shahmoradi N, Kandiah M, Loh SP

Eur J Cancer Care (Engl), 2012 Sep;21(5):661-6.
PMID: 22369227 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2354.2012.01338.x

Cancer patients more than often experience poor quality of life after diagnosis and treatment of cancer. As the disease progresses quality of life issues become important. This cross-sectional study assessed various features of quality of life among 61 (33 women and 28 men) patients with advanced cancer cared by selected hospices in Peninsular Malaysia. The Hospice Quality of Life Index was used to assess quality of life. The mean total Hospice Quality of Life Index score for all subjects was 189.9 ± 51.7. The possible scores range from 0 to 280. The most problem areas in these patients were in the domain of functional well-being, followed by psychophysiological and social/spiritual domain. Patients with advanced cancer have a diminished quality of life. These findings suggest that there is a need for improving quality of life in terminally ill cancer patients in hospice care.
Earnings among people with spinal cord injury

Ramakrishnan K, Loh SY, Omar Z

Spinal Cord, 2011 Sep;49(9):986-9.
PMID: 21556013 DOI: 10.1038/sc.2011.47

Secondary analysis of cross-sectional data.
A demographic profile of patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate for benign prostate hyperplasia and presenting in acute urinary retention

Loh SY, Chin CM

BJU Int, 2002 Apr;89(6):531-3.
PMID: 11942958

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate, in a prospective study, the demographic profile of patients with benign prostate enlargement who presented in acute urinary retention (AUR).
PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study comprised all patients admitted for transurethral resection of the prostate and categorised into two groups, i.e. those presenting in AUR or electively. The factors evaluated included the length of hospitalization, the patients' occupation, their duration of symptoms and reasons for not seeking treatment.
RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the mean age and occupational status of the two groups but those in AUR had more complications and a longer hospital stay after surgery; 60% of these men had had their urinary symptoms for > 1 year. When asked why they did not seek treatment earlier, 35% reported fear of surgery, while 41% thought that their symptoms were a normal part of ageing.
CONCLUSION: There is a need to raise the level of public awareness of benign prostatic enlargement because those who present with AUR incur excess morbidity and longer hospitalization that could otherwise be avoided through earlier treatment and elective surgery.
Fulltext Glucose: a reevaluation of its intraoperative use in paediatric surgery

Lim SK, Loh SP

Med J Malaysia, 1997 Mar;52(1):64-9.
PMID: 10968055

Blood glucose concentration was measured in 100 children immediately before and during surgery. These children were randomly assigned to receive either lactated Ringer's (LR) solution or 5% dextrose in lactated Ringer's (5%D/LR) intraoperatively as maintenance and replacement fluids. Blood samples were taken immediately after induction of anaesthesia and at 1/2, 1, 1.5, 2 and subsequent hours. Blood glucose concentration was assayed by a reflectance meter. None of the patients was noted to be hypoglycaemic pre- and intraoperatively. Intraoperative blood glucose concentration increased significantly (p < 0.05) from preoperative levels for both groups of children but the increase in those that received 5%D/LR was significantly greater (p < 0.05) than those who received LR. The number of children who were hyperglycaemic during surgery was also greater in those who received 5% dextrose in lactated Ringer's as their intraoperative fluid. These data suggest that lactated Ringer's alone is a safe and appropriate fluid for intraoperative fluid therapy in children.
Fulltext Ventricular tachycardia storm: a case series and literature review

Chia PL, Loh SY, Foo D

Med J Malaysia, 2012 Dec;67(6):582-4.
PMID: 23770949

INTRODUCTION: Ventricular tachycardia (VT) storm is an uncommon but life-threatening condition. We describe the incidence, causes and management of VT storm among patients admitted to the coronary care unit of a large tertiary hospital.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1 November 2009 and 30 April 2010, 198 patients were admitted to the coronary care unit and 7 (3.5%) presented with VT storm. A retrospective review of their records was conducted. The mean follow-up period was 268 (196 to 345) days.

RESULTS: The mean age was 67 years and 4 patients were male. One patient had a previous myocardial infarction. All had abnormal left ventricular ejection fraction, median of 30%. Acute myocardial infarction (4 patients) was the most common trigger, followed by decompensated heart failure (1), systemic inflammatory response syndrome on a background of non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (1) and bradycardia-induced polymorphic VT (1). Three patients had polymorphic VT and the rest had monomorphic VT. Intravenous amiodarone, lignocaine, overdrive pacing and intra-aortic balloon pump counterpulsation were useful in arrhythmia control. Three patients underwent coronary revascularization, 3 patients received implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, 1 had a permanent cardiac pacemaker, 1 died during the acute episode. Five out of the 6 survivors were prescribed oral beta-blockers upon discharge. On follow-up, none of the patients had a recurrence of the tachyarrhythmia.

CONCLUSION: Acute myocardial infarction was the main trigger of VT storm in our patients. Intravenous amiodarone, lignocaine, overdrive pacing and intra-aortic balloon pump counterpulsation were useful at suppressing VT storm.
Fulltext Childhood adversity and adult depressive disorder: a case-controlled study in Malaysia

Loh SF, Maniam T, Tan SM, Badi'ah Y

East Asian Arch Psychiatry, 2010 Jun;20(2):87-91.
PMID: 22351814

Objective: To describe the association between childhood adversity and depression in adult depressed patients in a Malaysian population.
Methods: Fifty-two patients, who met the criteria for major depressive disorder or dysthymia according to the Structured Clinical Interview based on the revised 3rd edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, were used as cases and compared with 52 controls matched for age and sex. Cases and controls were assessed using a sexual and physical abuse questionnaire and a Parental Bonding Instrument.
Results: There was a positive relationship between childhood abuse in general and childhood physical abuse with adult depressive disorder in particular. Nearly a quarter (23%) of depressed patients reported being abused in childhood compared with none in the control group. There was no significant association between childhood loss and depression in adulthood. Low level of parental care during childhood was significantly correlated with adult depressive disorder.
Conclusion: Clinicians should assiduously seek a history of childhood adversities in adult patients with depression. This information can influence clinical management by way of implementing secondary preventive measures. In all depressed patients, mental health professionals also need to look out for their poor attachment with parents during childhood. This may enable interventions directed at parenting skills and improved attachment relationships with their own children. These types of interventions together
with pharmacotherapy may provide the optimal approach to the management of depression in adults and help prevent the cycle of depression perpetuating itself in the next generation.
Key words: Child abuse; Depression; Maternal behavior
Fulltext Tarsometatarsal joint injuries--review of clinical presentation and surgical treatment

Loh SY, Soon JL, Verhoeven WJ

Med J Malaysia, 2005 Mar;60(1):71-5.
PMID: 16250283

The tarsometatarsal (Lisfranc) joint suffers a spectrum of injuries ranging from solely ligamentous injury to fracture dislocation. The authors evaluated eighteen consecutive patients who underwent surgery for tarsometatarsal joint injuries, utilising 4.5 mm cancellous screws and 1.6 mm K-wires. The outcome of function and anatomical reduction were assessed by AOFAS (American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society) midfoot score and radiography. Patients with only ligamentous injury scored poorer partly due to delay in diagnosis and the nature of the injury. The technique used maintained anatomical reduction at the time of review.
Dental epidemiological surveys of Sarawak school children

Yim KS, Loh SM, Koh JT

Dent J Malaysia Singapore, 1973 May;13(1):23-39.
PMID: 4149371
Fulltext Folate content and availability in Malaysian cooked foods

Chew SC, Khor GL, Loh SP

Malays J Nutr, 2012 Dec;18(3):383-91.
PMID: 24568079 MyJurnal

Data on folate availability of Malaysian cooked foods would be useful for estimation of dietary folate intake; however such information is scarce.
Fulltext Self management pilot study on women with breast cancer: lessons learnt in Malaysia

Loh SY, Yip CH, Packer T, Quek KF

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2010;11(5):1293-9.
PMID: 21198280

OBJECTIVE: With increasing survival rates, breast cancer is now considered a chronic condition necessitating innovative care to meet the long-term needs of survivors. This paper presents the findings of a pilot study on self-management for women diagnosed with breast cancer and their implications for Asian health care providers.

METHODS: A pre-test/ post-test pilot study was conducted to gain preliminary insights into program feasibility and barriers to participation, and to provide justification for a larger trial.

RESULTS: The study found the 4 week self-management program feasible and acceptable, with a favourable trend in quality of life. The recruitment barriers ranged from competing medical appointments, uncollaborative health providers, linguistic barriers and social-household concerns. Supporting facilitators identified were family, health professionals and fellow participants ("buddies"). Lessons from the study are discussed with regard to Asian health providers.

CONCLUSION: There is preliminary evidence that self management is a workable and potentially useful model even in an Asians entrenched-hierarchical medical model of care. The initial challenge was breaking down barriers in acceptancee of a collaborative stance. A clinical trial is now warranted to gather more evidence.

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