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Fulltext The enhancement of driver seat comfort for small size car: a preliminary study

Noor, N.S.M., Ghazalli, Z., Mamat, R., Kadirgama, K., Sani, M.S.M., Ahmad, Z., et al.

Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2016;16(10):0-0.
MyJurnal

Seating comfort is one of the important indicators while driving especially for a long hour drive. The objective of this study was to execute a preliminary study of survey and identify the discomfort of body while driving and after driving session by conducting a survey. The questionnaire developed was tested for its reliability. By using Cronbach’s Alpha, this paper’s contribution was found to be significant in which it provides a survey with acceptable test reliability in which the alpha (α) was 0.887. The survey was conducted on 30 students of University Malaysia Pahang (20 male and 10 female) with driving experience and valid driving license. The subjects should have experiences in driving small size car or mini car as well. The results showed that the body area that the drivers felt discomfort while driving and after driving should be known. The findings showed that the discomfort was intense at the neck, upper back, and lumbar while and after driving.
Fulltext Community perception on human health effect of the biodiesel as an alternative fuel

Leman, A.M., Amir Khalid, Dafit Feriyanto, Abdullah, N.H., Abdullah, A.A., Mamat, R.

Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, 2015;12(1):227-231.
MyJurnal

In this research, the biodiesel from WCO is used in order to reduce the exhaust emission and to investigate the
community perception regarding to the human health. Biodiesel production is conducted using trans-esterification
process with holding time of 2 hours, temperature of 60 oC and conventional frequency of 20 kHz and then followed
by washing process with holding time of 1 hours, temperature of 50 oC and the frequency of 5 kHz. Biodiesel can
reduce exhaust emission of NOx up to 55%, NO gas up to 57%, increase CO gas up to 25% and increase CO2 gas up
to 43.18% as compared to diesel fuel. In addition, biodiesel is achieve good responds from 35 respondents about the
biodiesel importance.
Fulltext Macroalgae farming for sustainable future: Navigating opportunities and driving innovation

Khan N, Sudhakar K, Mamat R

Heliyon, 2024 Apr 15;10(7):e28208.
PMID: 38560151 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28208

Seaweed cultivation has garnered significant interest, driven by its wide range of biomass benefits. However, comprehensive assessments from various perspectives are imperative to ensure the sustainable cultivation of seaweed. Biotic and Abiotic factors can significantly impact seaweed yield in complex commercial farming. Biotic factors include bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other algae, while abiotic factors include environmental conditions such as temperature, salinity, light intensity, and nutrient availability. Additionally, the susceptibility of seaweeds to pests and diseases further compounds the issue, leading to potential crop losses. This study endeavours to shed light on the immense potential of macroalgae cultivation and underscores the pressing need for scientific advancements in this field. The comprehensive review clearly explains the latest developments in seaweed cultivation and highlights significant advances from diverse seaweed research. Moreover, it provides insightful glimpses into possible future developments that could shape the trajectory of this promising industry.
Renewable energy in Southeast Asia: Policies and recommendations

Erdiwansyah, Mamat R, Sani MSM, Sudhakar K

Sci Total Environ, 2019 Jun 20;670:1095-1102.
PMID: 31018425 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.273

Southeast Asian countries stand at a crossroads concerning their shared energy future and heavily rely on fossil fuels for transport and electricity. Within Asia, especially India and China lead the world renewable energy generation undergoing a period of energy transition and economic transformation. Southeast Asian countries have huge potentials for sustainable energy sources. However they are yet to perform globally in renewable energy deployment due to various challenges. The primary objective of the study is to examine the renewable energy growth and analyse the government policies to scale up the deployment of renewables for power generation substantially. The study also offers policy recommendations to accelerate renewable energy exploitation sustainably across the region. To achieve the ambitious target of 23% renewables in the primary energy mix by 2025, ASEAN Governments should take proactive measures like removal of subsidies of fossil fuels, regional market integration and rapid implementation of the existing project. Eventually, each of this strategy will necessitate sustained leadership, political determination, and concrete actions from stakeholders, in particular, increased cooperation across the region.
An ultrasound-assisted system for the optimization of biodiesel production from chicken fat oil using a genetic algorithm and response surface methodology

Fayyazi E, Ghobadian B, Najafi G, Hosseinzadeh B, Mamat R, Hosseinzadeh J

Ultrason Sonochem, 2015 Sep;26:312-20.
PMID: 25870003 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2015.03.007

Biodiesel is a green (clean), renewable energy source and is an alternative for diesel fuel. Biodiesel can be produced from vegetable oil, animal fat and waste cooking oil or fat. Fats and oils react with alcohol to produce methyl ester, which is generally known as biodiesel. Because vegetable oil and animal fat wastes are cheaper, the tendency to produce biodiesel from these materials is increasing. In this research, the effect of some parameters such as the alcohol-to-oil molar ratio (4:1, 6:1, 8:1), the catalyst concentration (0.75%, 1% and 1.25% w/w) and the time for the transesterification reaction using ultrasonication on the rate of the fatty acids-to-methyl ester (biodiesel) conversion percentage have been studied (3, 6 and 9 min). In biodiesel production from chicken fat, when increasing the catalyst concentration up to 1%, the oil-to-biodiesel conversion percentage was first increased and then decreased. Upon increasing the molar ratio from 4:1 to 6:1 and then to 8:1, the oil-to-biodiesel conversion percentage increased by 21.9% and then 22.8%, respectively. The optimal point is determined by response surface methodology (RSM) and genetic algorithms (GAs). The biodiesel production from chicken fat by ultrasonic waves with a 1% w/w catalyst percentage, 7:1 alcohol-to-oil molar ratio and 9 min reaction time was equal to 94.8%. For biodiesel that was produced by ultrasonic waves under a similar conversion percentage condition compared to the conventional method, the reaction time was decreased by approximately 87.5%. The time reduction for the ultrasonic method compared to the conventional method makes the ultrasonic method superior.
Fulltext Development and Psychometric Validation of a Questionnaire to Evaluate Knowledge and Attitude Towards Medication Error Reporting Among Pharmacists

Mamat R, Awang SA, Ab Rahman AF

Drug Healthc Patient Saf, 2020;12:95-101.
PMID: 32523381 DOI: 10.2147/DHPS.S249104

Purpose: Assessment of medication errors (ME) is crucial to improving the quality of health care. A questionnaire that can be used to explore pharmacists' perspectives regarding ME would be very useful as part of an ongoing process of quality improvement in patient care. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a questionnaire to measure perceived causes of ME and attitude towards ME reporting among pharmacists.
Methods: The questionnaire was developed from the literature together with outcomes from focus group discussions. It was divided into two domains which are knowledge on ME and attitude towards ME reporting. Content validity index (I-CVI), exploratory factor analysis (EFA), Cronbach alpha and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) to assess test-retest reliability were obtained during the validation process.
Results: Overall Cronbach alpha for internal consistency was good (0.742), where subscale of the questionnaire demonstrated adequate internal consistency, with Cronbach alpha value 0.83 for knowledge and 0.70 for reporting behaviour attitude. The I-CVI showed good scores (knowledge=0.88) and (attitude=0.81), while ICC was moderately accepted with a value of 0.77. Two factors were extracted from the 16 items in EFA.
Conclusion: The questionnaire to assess knowledge on ME and attitude towards ME reporting among pharmacists is valid and reliable. It demonstrates good psychometric properties.
Fulltext The Complexity of the Root Canal Anatomy and Its Influence on Root Canal Debridement in the Apical Region: A Review

Mamat R, Nik Abdul Ghani NR

Cureus, 2023 Nov;15(11):e49024.
PMID: 38111413 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49024

The main goal of root canal treatment is to eliminate the infection in the complex root canal system for the long-term preservation of a functional tooth. Proper debridement of the root canal system, especially in the apical portion, is essential for successful root canal treatment. The complexity of the canal anatomy in the apical region plays a crucial role in reducing the microbial load. Therefore, clinicians must have a thorough knowledge of the anatomy of the root canal system and its variations, especially in the apical portion. Root canal configurations in cross-section have been classified as round, oval, long oval, flattened, or irregularly shaped. Treating oval, long oval, flattened, or irregularly shaped canals is challenging and should be approached differently than a circular canal. Recognizing the root canal shape and apical anatomy determines the different strategies to be used in cleaning, shaping, and obturation to achieve the best result of root canal treatment. The recent development of the instrumentation system improves the treatment outcome for clinicians and patients. This review aimed to discuss the definition, prevalence, and instrumentation for cleaning and shaping in the apical area with the complexity of root canal systems. Therefore, with the aid of this review, we can better understand the variations in the anatomy of the root canal, especially at the apical portion.
Performance enhancement and optimization of residential air conditioning system in response to the novel FAl2O3-POE nanolubricant adoption

Nugroho A, Mamat R, Xiaoxia J, Bo Z, Jamlos MF, Ghazali MF

Heliyon, 2023 Oct;9(10):e20333.
PMID: 37822631 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20333

This paper aims to evaluate residential air conditioning systems' performance enhancement and optimization by adopting a novel functionalized Al2O3 (FAl2O3)-Polyolester (POE) nanolubricant. Comprehensive discussions were conducted on key performance parameters, including heat absorption, compressor work, cooling capacity, coefficient of performance (COP), and power consumption. Novel FAl2O3 nanoparticles were dispersed into the POE lubricant using a two-step method. The findings reveal that FAl2O3-POE nanolubricant exhibits superior heat absorption compared to pure POE. Heat absorption decreases with an increased initial refrigerant charge, while cooling capacity performance improves with an increased initial refrigerant charge. The COP shows an increasing trend at all concentrations of FAl2O3-POE nanolubricant when operating with R32. FAl2O3-POE/R32 demonstrates an enhanced range of 3.12%-32.26% for COP. The results suggest that applying novel FAl2O3-POE nanolubricant with R32 can reduce electrical power consumption by 13.79%-19.35%. The central composite design (CCD) offers an optimal condition for FAl2O3-POE nanolubricant with a concentration of 0.11 vol%, an initial refrigerant charge of 0.442 kg, resulting in a COP of 3.982, a standard error of 0.019, and a desirability of 1.0.
Prediction of power generation and rotor angular speed of a small wind turbine equipped to a controllable duct using artificial neural network and multiple linear regression

Siavash NK, Ghobadian B, Najafi G, Rohani A, Tavakoli T, Mahmoodi E, et al.

Environ Res, 2021 05;196:110434.
PMID: 33166537 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110434

Wind power is one of the most popular sources of renewable energies with an ideal extractable value that is limited to 0.593 known as the Betz-Joukowsky limit. As the generated power of wind machines is proportional to cubic wind speed, therefore it is logical that a small increment in wind speed will result in significant growth in generated power. Shrouding a wind turbine is an ordinary way to exceed the Betz limit, which accelerates the wind flow through the rotor plane. Several layouts of shrouds are developed by researchers. Recently an innovative controllable duct is developed by the authors of this work that can vary the shrouding angle, so its performance is different in each opening angle. As a wind tunnel investigation is heavily time-consuming and has a high cost, therefore just four different opening angles have been assessed. In this work, the performance of the turbine was predicted using multiple linear regression and an artificial neural network in a wide range of duct opening angles. For the turbine power generation and its rotor angular speed in different wind velocities and duct opening angles, regression and an ANN are suggested. The developed neural network model is found to possess better performance than the regression model for both turbine power curve and rotor speed estimation. This work revealed that in higher ranges of wind velocity, the turbine performance intensively will be a function of shrouding angle. This model can be used as a lookup table in controlling the turbines equipped with the proposed mechanism.
Psychosocial Risk Factors Associated with Lifetime Amphetamine-Type Stimulants (ATS) Dependence in Drug Detention Centres: Perspectives from the Multiethnicity Study

Mamat R, Rashid RA, Sim MS, Ibrahim B, Wahab S, Ahmad A

J Psychoactive Drugs, 2023 Mar 20.
PMID: 36940284 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2023.2190331

ATS dependence in Malaysia is growing tremendously across multiracial Malaysian groups, increasing concerns among public health experts and the community. This study highlighted the chronicity of ATS dependence and factors associated with ATS use. Interviewer-administered questionnaires were administered using ASSIST 3.0. A total of N = 327 multiracial people who use ATS were enrolled in this study. The study findings show that 190/327 (58.1%) respondents were ATS dependent. Malays reported the highest number of ATS-dependent (55.8%), followed by Bajau (21.6%) and Kadazan-Dusun (16.8%) ethnic. Across all races, three factors were significantly associated with the ATS dependence: respondents who had a lifetime history of needle sharing aOR = 0.023 (95% CI: 0.003, 0.183) and a lifetime history of heroin use aOR = 0.192 (95% CI: 0.093, 0.396) were at a reduced odd of ATS dependent. Meanwhile, being married reduced the likelihood of becoming dependent on ATS with aOR = 0.378 (95% CI: 0.206, 0.693) compared to being single or divorced. This study revealed that the use of ATS among multiracial Malaysians is alarmingly high, including those in detention centers. Comprehensive harm reduction strategies are urgently needed to prevent the spreading of infectious diseases and other negative health consequences associated with ATS use.
Knowledge and Attitude toward Medication Error among Pharmacists

Mamat R, Awang SA, Mohd Ariffin SA, Zakaria Z, Che Zam MH, Ab Rahman AF

Hosp Pharm, 2021 Dec;56(6):765-771.
PMID: 34732936 DOI: 10.1177/0018578720965414

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate knowledge and attitude toward medication error (ME) among pharmacists working in public health care institutions. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among pharmacists working in public health care institutions. Respondents were randomly recruited from 5 hospitals and 25 primary healthcare clinics in the state of Pahang, Malaysia. A set of self-administered questionnaires was used to assess their knowledge and attitude, distributed as a web-based survey. Knowledge and attitude toward ME reporting were assessed using five-point Likert-scale. This study was conducted between May and July 2019. Results: A total of 186 respondents participated in the study. A majority of respondents were female (n = 144). About 90% of the respondents had good score on knowledge on ME. Only 25.4% of the respondents had favorable attitude toward ME reporting. Female pharmacists (P = .001), more experienced pharmacists (P = .012) and those working in primary health clinics (P = .014) were associated with more favorable attitude. Knowledge did not correlate well with attitude toward ME reporting (r = 0.08, P = .29). Conclusion: Despite having good knowledge on ME, the attitude toward ME reporting was still very poor among the pharmacists.
Conversion of polypropylene-derived crude pyrolytic oils using hydrothermal autoclave reactor and ni/aceh natural zeolite as catalysts

Husin H, Mahidin M, Marwan M, Nasution F, Erdiwansyah E, Ahmadi A, et al.

Heliyon, 2023 Apr;9(4):e14880.
PMID: 37025822 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14880

The accumulation of plastic waste has urged researchers to develop methods of waste conversion into valuable products, which is fuel. This study aimed to synthesize Ni embedded onto Aceh natural zeolite (Ni/Aceh-zeolite) as a cheap catalyst which could be used in the reforming process to improve the quality of oil produced from polypropylene (PP) pyrolysis. Ni/Aceh-zeolite was synthesized from Ni(NO3)2·6H2O and acid-activated natural zeolite through impregnation and calcination. The catalyst was found to have particle sizes ranging from 100 to 200 nm of 20 wt% Ni content. The reforming process using Ni/Aceh natural zeolite with Ni loading of 15 wt% yielded the highest amounts of liquid product (yield = 65%) and gasoline fractions (C5-C12, 96.71%). However, the highest high heating value of 45.467 MJ/kg was found in the liquid product obtained with 20% Ni/Aceh-zeolite. In conclusion, Ni/Aceh-zeolite could be used in the reforming process of PP pyrolysis-derived oil, which could reach a quality similar to that of commercial gasoline.
Prevalence of psilocybin use in vaping and associated factors: a study among amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) use disorder in Malaysia

Mamat R, Rashid RA, Shin SM, Ibrahim B, Wahab S, Ahmad A

J Addict Dis, 2023 Aug 04.
PMID: 37540000 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2023.2240932

BACKGROUND: The emergence of New Psychoactive Substances (NPS), including synthetic psilocybin, has raised concern among health experts due to the numerous health and socioeconomic consequences. The current trend is shifting to the hazardous use of synthetic psilocybin in vaping, and little is known about the prevalence of use, specifically among amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) users.
METHODS: Interviewer-administered questionnaires were conducted in drug detention centers between March and October 2022. The study was conducted using ASSIST 3.0 and obtained information on the respondents' socio-demographic characteristics and clinical profiles. N = 355 ATS users were enrolled in this study.
RESULTS: The results show a high prevalence of psilocybin vaping among ATS users (182/355, 53.1%). Most of the respondents were males (85.1%) and unmarried (69.3%), with a mean age of 29.2 (SD = 7.3). Across all respondents, five factors were associated with psilocybin vaping: tobacco smoking, aOR =5.790 (95% CI: 1.723, 8.183); cannabis uses, aOR= 9.152 (95% CI: 2.693, 10.396); and alcohol use, aOR= 3.137 (95% CI: 1.461, 5.817). Respondents of the Malay race had higher odds of being involved in psilocybin vaping compared to other races, with aOR= 1.638 (0.043, 2.459). Meanwhile, a reduction in age by 1.9 will increase the likelihood of involvement in psilocybin vaping with aOR = 1.897 (95% CI: 0.857, 1.938).
CONCLUSION: Psilocybin in vaping is growing among ATS users and across all populations. Unfortunately, knowledge regarding the long-term effects on health is limited. Further studies should highlight the harmful effects of psilocybin and the potential risk of psilocybin vaping among the younger population.
Review - Plant nutritional status analysis employing the visible and near-infrared spectroscopy spectral sensor

Zahir SADM, Jamlos MF, Omar AF, Jamlos MA, Mamat R, Muncan J, et al.

Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc, 2024 Jan 05;304:123273.
PMID: 37666099 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123273

Experiments demonstrated that visible and near-infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy is a highly reliable tool for determining the nutritional status of plants. Although numerous studies on various kinds of plants have been conducted, there are only a few summaries of the research findings regarding the absorbance bands in the visible and near-infrared region and how they relate to the nutritional status of plants. This article will discuss the application of Vis-NIR spectroscopy for monitoring the nutrient conditions of plants, with a particular emphasis on three major components required by plants, namely nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), or NPK. Each section discussed different topics, for instance, the essential nutrients needed by plants, the application of Vis-NIR spectroscopy in nutrient status analysis, chemometrics tools, and absorbance bands related to the nutrient status, respectively. Deduction made concluded that factors affecting the plant's structure are contributed by several circumstances like the age of leaves, concentration of pigments, and water content. These factors are intertwined, strongly correlated, and can be observed in the visible and near-infrared regions. While the visible region is commonly utilised for nutritional analysis in plants, the literature review performed in this paper shows that the near-infrared region as well contains valuable information about the plant's nutritional status. A few wavelengths related to the direct estimation of nutrients in this review explained that information on nutrients can be linked with chlorophyll and water absorption bands such that N and P are the components of chlorophyll and protein; on the other hand, K exists in the form of cationic carbohydrates which are sensitive to water region.
Assessment of body fluid status in hemodialysis patients using the body composition monitor measurement technique

Mamat R, Kong NC, Ba'in A, Shah SA, Cader R, Wong V, et al.

J Clin Nurs, 2012 Oct;21(19-20):2879-85.
PMID: 22646855 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2012.04091.x

The main objective of the study was to correlate the target dry weight in haemodialysis (HD) patients as assessed clinically by nephrologists to those measured by the Body Composition Monitor (BCM - Fresenius) machine. The second objective was to compare pre and postdialysis changes of extracellular fluid and clinical parameters.

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