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  1. Taty Anna K, Elvy Suhana MR, Das S, Faizah O, Hamzaini AH
    Clin Ter, 2011;162(3):201-7.
    PMID: 21717043
    Curcuma longa (CL) or turmeric is an Ayurvedic herb that has been traditionally used to treat inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) is a well established experimental auto-immune mediated polyarthritis in susceptible strains of rodents. The main aim of the study was to observe the inflammatory, macroscopic and radiological changes in the arthritic ankle joints of experimentally collagen-induced arthritis animals treated with or without CL extract.
    Matched MeSH terms: Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy*
  2. Sharma JN, Srivastava KC, Gan EK
    Pharmacology, 1994 Nov;49(5):314-8.
    PMID: 7862743
    This study examined the effect of eugenol and ginger oil on severe chronic adjuvant arthritis in rats. Severe arthritis was induced in the right knee and right paw of male Sprague-Dawley rats by injecting 0.05 ml of a fine suspension of dead Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli in liquid paraffin (5 mg/ml). Eugenol (33 mg/kg) and ginger oil (33 mg/kg), given orally for 26 days, caused a significant suppression of both paw and joint swelling. These findings suggest that eugenol and ginger oil have potent antiinflammatory and/or antirheumatic properties.
    Matched MeSH terms: Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy*
  3. Paval J, Kaitheri SK, Potu BK, Govindan S, Kumar RS, Narayanan SN, et al.
    Clinics (Sao Paulo), 2009;64(4):357-62.
    PMID: 19488595
    OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the anti-arthritic potential of the plant Justicia gendarussa using two different rat models.

    MATERIALS AND METHOD: The anti-arthritic potential of the alcoholic extract of the plant Justicia gendarussa was evaluated using the Freund's adjuvant-induced and collagen-induced arthritic rat models. The rats were treated with the ethanolic extract of Justicia gendarussa and with standard aspirin.

    RESULTS: The ethanolic extract of Justicia gendarussa showed significant anti-arthritic activity that was statistically similar to that of aspirin. Our results suggest that the alcoholic extract of Justicia gendarussa exhibits significant anti-arthritic potential.

    Matched MeSH terms: Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy*
  4. Zainal Z, Rahim AA, Radhakrishnan AK, Chang SK, Khaza'ai H
    Sci Rep, 2019 11 14;9(1):16793.
    PMID: 31727971 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53424-7
    The tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) from palm oil contains vitamin E, which possesses potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic joint inflammatory disease characterised by severe joint pain, cartilage destruction, and bone erosion owing to the effects of various pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines. Here, we investigated the therapeutic effects of TRF in a rat model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Arthritis was induced by a single intradermal injection of collagen type II in Dark Agouti (DA) rats. Rats were then treated with or without TRF by oral gavage from day 28 after the first collagen injection. Arthritic rats supplemented with TRF showed decreased articular index scores, ankle circumferences, paw volumes, and radiographic scores when compared with untreated rats. The untreated arthritic rats showed higher plasma C-reactive protein levels (p 
    Matched MeSH terms: Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy*
  5. Haleagrahara N, Swaminathan M, Chakravarthi S, Radhakrishnan A
    Biomed Res Int, 2014;2014:539540.
    PMID: 25114906 DOI: 10.1155/2014/539540
    Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic, inflammatory disease primarily involving inflammation of the joints. Although the management of the disease has advanced significantly in the past three decades, there is still no cure for RA. The aim of this study was to determine the therapeutic efficacy of δ-tocotrienol, in the rat model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Arthritis was induced by intradermal injection of collagen type II emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant. CIA rats were orally treated with δ-tocotrienol (10 mg/kg) or glucosamine hydrochloride (300 mg/kg) from day 25 to 50. Efficacy was assessed based on the ability to reduce paw edema, histopathological changes, suppression of collagen-specific T-cells, and a reduction in C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. It was established that δ-tocotrienol had the most significant impact in lowering paw edema when compared to glucosamine treatment. Paw edema changes correlated well with histopathological analysis where there was a significant reversal of changes in groups treated with δ-tocotrienol. The results suggest that δ-tocotrienol is efficient in amelioration of collagen-induced arthritis. Vitamin E delta-tocotrienol may be of therapeutic value against rheumatoid arthritis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy*
  6. Lee KH, Chen YS, Judson JP, Chakravarthi S, Sim YM, Er HM
    Malays J Pathol, 2008 Dec;30(2):95-102.
    PMID: 19291918 MyJurnal
    The effect of water extracts of Euphorbia hirta on the histological features and expressions of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs) in the rat articular cartilage was investigated. Arthritis was induced in rats using Freund's Complete Adjuvant containing heat-killed M. tuberculosis, and treated with water extracts of E. hirta. Paraffin tissue sections of the arthritic joints were evaluated. The extent of cartilage degeneration was found to be greatest in rats treated with the highest dosage of E. hirta, followed by rats in the untreated group. Rats treated with the intermediary and low dosages of Euphorbia hirta showed improved histology. MMP-13 levels were found to be decreased with decreasing dosages of E. hirta. TIMP-1 levels were found to increase with decreasing dosages of E. hirta. MMP-3 levels fluctuated without any appreciable pattern. Low dosages of E. hirta seem to be beneficial in reducing cartilage degeneration in cases of arthritis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy*
  7. Alam J, Jantan I, Kumolosasi E, Nafiah MA, Mesaik MA
    Curr Pharm Biotechnol, 2018;19(14):1156-1169.
    PMID: 30539691 DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666181211124954
    BACKGROUND: Standardized extract of Phyllanthus amarus has been shown to possess inhibitory effects on cellular and humoral immune responses in Wistar-Kyoto rats and Balb/c mice.

    OBJECTIVE: In the present study, the standardized extract of P. amarus was investigated for its suppressive effects on type II collagen-induced rheumatoid arthritis (TCIA) in Sprague Dawley rats.

    METHOD: The major components of the extracts, lignans and phenolic compounds were analysed by using a validated reversed phase HPLC and LC-MS/MS. A rheumatoid arthritis rat model was induced by administering a bovine type II collagen emulsion subcutaneously at the base of tail, on day 0 and 7 of the experiment. Effects of the extract on severity assessment, changes in the hind paw volume, bone mineral density, body weight and body temperature were measured. Concentrations of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-1α, IL-6) released, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1, MMP-3 MMP-9) and their inhibitor (TIMP-1), haematological and biochemical changes were also measured. ELISA was used to measure the cytokines and proteinases in the rat serum and synovial fluid according to manufacturer's instructions.

    RESULTS: The extract dose-dependently modulated the progression in physical parameters (i.e. decrease in body weight, increase in body temperature, reduced hind paw volume, reduced the severity of arthritis), bone mineral density, haematological and biochemical perturbations, serum cytokines production and levels of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitor in the synovial fluid. Histopathological examination of the knee joint also revealed that the extract effectively reduced synovitis, pannus formation, bone resorption and cartilage destruction.

    CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the oral administration of a standardized extract of P. amarus was able to suppress the humoral and cellular immune responses to type II collagen, resulting in the reduction of the development of TCIA in the rats.

    Matched MeSH terms: Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy*
  8. Bokhari RA, Tantowi NACA, Lau SF, Mohamed S
    Inflammopharmacology, 2018 Aug;26(4):939-949.
    PMID: 29380171 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-017-0432-2
    The effect of Orthosiphon stamineus aqueous (OSA) extract against osteoarthritis (OA) was investigated in explant cartilage culture and in postmenopausal OA rat model. Female rats were bilaterally ovariectomized (OVX). Osteoarthritis was induced after surgical recovery, by intra-articular injection of monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) into the right knee. Rats were grouped (n = 8) into: healthy sham control; non-treated OA; OA + diclofenac (positive control 5 mg/kg); and two doses OSA (150-300 mg/kg). After 4 weeks' treatment, rats were evaluated for OA-related parameters and biomarkers. The OSA reduced proteoglycan and ROS release from the cartilage explants under inflammatory (IL-1b) conditions. In the OA-induced rats' cartilages, the OSA downregulated the mRNA expressions for IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, NF-κβ, NOS2, PTGS2, PTGER2, ACAN, COL2A1, MMP1, MMP13, ADAMTS4, ADAMTS5 and TIMP1, mostly dose-dependently. The OSA reduced the OA rats' serum levels for PGE2, CTX-II, TNF-α, MMP1, MMP13, PIINP, OPG, RANKL, OC and BALP, but not dose-dependently. The OSA contained polyphenols and flavonoids (tetramethoxyflavone). The OSA alleviated articular cartilage degradation, inflammation, collagenase/aggrecanase activities, to improve joint and subchondral bone structure. O. stamineus mitigated osteoarthritis by downregulating inflammation, peptidases and aggrecanases, at a dose equivalent to about 30 mg/kg for humans.
    Matched MeSH terms: Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy*
  9. Zainal Z, Longman AJ, Hurst S, Duggan K, Hughes CE, Caterson B, et al.
    Lipids, 2009 Jul;44(7):581-92.
    PMID: 19449050 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-009-3304-8
    Palm oil is one of the most important edible oils in the world. Its composition (rich in palmitate and oleate) make it suitable for general food uses but its utility could be increased if its fatty acid quality could be varied. In this study, we have modified a palm olein fraction by transesterification with the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, alpha-linolenate or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Evaluation of the potential nutritional efficacy of the oils was made using chondrocyte culture systems which can be used to mimic many of the degenerative and inflammatory pathways involved in arthritis. On stimulation of such cultures with interleukin-1alpha, they showed increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2, the inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-1alpha and IL-1beta and the proteinase ADAMTS-4. This increased expression was not affected by challenge of the cultures with palm olein alone but showed concentration-dependent reduction by the modified oil in a manner similar to EPA. These results show clearly that it is possible to modify palm oil conveniently to produce a nutraceutical with effective anti-inflammatory properties.
    Matched MeSH terms: Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy
  10. Cui X, Wang R, Bian P, Wu Q, Seshadri VDD, Liu L
    Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol, 2019 Dec;47(1):3391-3398.
    PMID: 31394949 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1649269
    Nimbolide, a triterpenoid isolated from flower of neem tree possess various therapeutic properties. The objective of the study was to assess the anti-arthritic activity of nimbolide in arthritis induced rats. Nimbolide (20 mg/kg per day) was given orally to arthritic rats induced with Complete Freund's Adjuvant and changes in paw volume, body weight, organ indices (thymus and spleen), arthritic score, biochemical parameters and proinflammatory cytokines levels were determined. Histopathological analysis was also performed. Western blot analysis was also performed. Rats treated with nimbolide displayed marked reduction in arthritic score, organ indices, volume of paw, edema formation, along with substantial enhancement in body weight. Histopathological findings showed significant reduction in destruction of joints and inflammation following nimbolide treatment. The protective action of arthritic rats treated with nimbolide was also substantiated by molecular and biochemical studies. The results of the study show that nimbolide treatment has markedly enhanced health and reduced inflammation via lessening the proinflammatory cytokines expression in arthritic rats. Hence, nimbolide may be used as a potent therapeutic drug in treating rheumatoid arthritis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy*
  11. Voon FL, Sulaiman MR, Akhtar MN, Idris MF, Akira A, Perimal EK, et al.
    Eur J Pharmacol, 2017 Jan 05;794:127-134.
    PMID: 27845065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.11.009
    Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf. had been traditionally used as herbs to treat pain and rheumatism. Cardamonin (2',4'-dihydroxy-6'-methoxychalcone) is a compound isolated from Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf.. Previous study had shown the potential of cardamonin in inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in vitro. Thus, the possible therapeutic effect of cardamonin in the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) joints is postulated. This study was performed to investigate the anti-arthritic properties of cardamonin in rat model of induced RA, particularly on the inflammatory and pain response of RA. Rheumatoid arthritis paw inflammation was induced by intraplantar (i.pl.) injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) in Sprague Dawley rats. Using four doses of cardamonin (0.625, 1.25, 2.5, and 5.0mg/kg), anti-arthritic activity was evaluated through the paw edema, mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia responses. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was carried out to evaluate the plasma level of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Histological slides were prepared from the harvested rat paws to observe the arthritic changes in the joints. Behavioral, biochemical, and histological studies showed that cardamonin demonstrated significant inhibition on RA-induced inflammatory and pain responses as well as progression of joint destruction in rats. ELISA results showed that there was significant inhibition in TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels in plasma of the cardamonin-treated RA rats. Overall, cardamonin possesses potential anti-arthritic properties in CFA-induced RA rat model.
    Matched MeSH terms: Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy*
  12. Ng SF, Tan LS, Buang F
    Drug Dev Ind Pharm, 2017 Jan;43(1):108-119.
    PMID: 27588411 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2016.1224893
    Previous studies have shown that hydroxytyrosol (HT) can be a potential alternative therapeutic agent for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, HT is extensively metabolized following oral administration, which leads to formulating HT in a topical vehicle to prolong drug action as well as to provide a localized effect. Hidrox-6 is a freeze-dried powder derived from fresh olives and contains a high amount of HT (∼3%) and other polyphenols. Alginate bilayer films containing 5% and 10% Hidrox-6 were formulated. The films were characterized with respect to their physical, morphology, rheological properties; drug content uniformity; and in vitro drug release. Acute dermal irritancy tests and a skin sensitization study were carried out in rats. An efficacy study of the bilayer films for RA was conducted using Freund's adjuvant-induced polyarthritis rats. Animal data showed that the bilayer film formulations did not cause skin irritancy. The efficacy in vivo results showed that the Hidrox-6 bilayer films lowered the arthritic scores, paw and ankle circumference, serum IL-6 level and cumulative histological scores compared with those measured for controls. The topical Hidrox-6 bilayer films improve synovitis and inflammatory symptoms in RA and can be a potential alternative to oral RA therapy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy*
  13. Abdel-Rahman RF, Abd-Elsalam RM, Amer MS, El-Desoky AM, Mohamed SO
    Food Funct, 2020 Sep 23;11(9):7960-7972.
    PMID: 32839804 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01297a
    Osteoarthritis (OA) is a joint disease characterized by degeneration of cartilage, intra-articular inflammation, remodeling of subchondral bone and joint pain. The present study was designed to assess the therapeutic effects and the possible underlying mechanism of action of Manjarix, a herbal combination composed of ginger and turmeric powder extracts, on chemically induced osteoarthritis in rats. An OA model was generated by intra-articular injection of 50 μL (40 mg mL-1) of monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) into the right knee joint of rats. After one week of osteoarthritis induction, a comparison of the anti-inflammatory efficacy of indomethacin at an oral dose of 2 mg kg-1 daily for 4 successive weeks versus five decremental dose levels of Manjarix (1000, 500, 250, 125, and 62.5 mg kg-1) was performed. Serum inflammatory cytokines, interleukin 6, interleukin 8, and tumor necrosis factor alpha; C-telopeptide of type II collagen (CTX-II) and hyaluronic acid (HA) were measured, along with weekly assessment of the knee joint swelling. Pain-like behavior was assessed and knee radiographic and histological examination were performed to understand the extent of pain due to cartilage degradation. Manjarix significantly reduced the knee joint swelling, decreased the serum levels of IL6, TNF-α, CTX-II and HA, and reduced the pathological injury in joints, with no evidence of osteo-reactivity in the radiographic examination. Manjarix also significantly prevented MIA-induced pain behavior. These results demonstrate that Manjarix exhibits chondroprotective effects and can inhibit the OA pain induced by MIA, and thus it can be used as a potential therapeutic product for OA.
    Matched MeSH terms: Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy
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