Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 27 in total

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  1. Aishah AB, Foo YN
    Med J Malaysia, 1995 Sep;50(3):246-9.
    PMID: 8926903
    A retrospective six-month study of serum calcium and albumin in patients treated at the Kuala Lumpur Hospital was carried out. There were 19,291 subjects, of which the prevalences of hypocalcemia (corrected serum calcium of < or = 2.1 mmol/l) and hypercalcemia (corrected serum calcium of > 2.7 mmol/l) were 18.0% (3460 subjects) and 2.4% (468 subjects) respectively. Persistent hypocalcemia (a minimum of first two consecutive corrected serum calcium of < or = 2.1 mmol/l) was found in 408/19,291 subjects 2.1%). Serum calcium values of < 2.00 mmol/l were found in 98.5% of this group. Persistent hypercalcemia (a minimum of first two consecutive corrected serum calcium of > 2.7 mmol/l) was found in 108/19,291 subjects (0.5%) and 52/108 subjects (48.1%) had serum calcium values of > or = 3.0 mmol/l. 2902/3460 subjects (83.8%) and 313/468 subjects (66.9%) the hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia groups respectively failed to be retested (singletons). In the hypocalcemia group, 1115/2902 (38.4%) showed corrected serum calcium values of < 2.00 mmol/l), whilst 100/313 subjects (31.9%) of the hypercalcemia group had corrected serum calcium values of > or = 3.00 mmol/l. There were no significant differences between the mean corrected serum calcium between 3 age groups of the test population, namely in childhood ( < or = 65 years).
    Matched MeSH terms: Calcium/blood*
  2. Abdullah M
    Med J Malaysia, 2003 Oct;58(4):600-3.
    PMID: 15190638
    The cause and effect relationship between acute pancreatitis and primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) still evokes controversy. Our paper reviews the debate in the medical literature. In this controversy we add a case of a 49-year old non-alcoholic man presenting with recurrent attacks of acute pancreatitis. His raised serum calcium was realized rather late. Eventually, high intact parathyroid hormone levels led to open neck exploration and finding of a solitary parathyroid adenoma. Post-surgery, serum calcium returned to normal and abdominal symptoms disappeared. The case report and the accompanying literature review support our belief, that acute pancreatitis is one of the symptoms of pHPT often caused by a parathyroid adenoma and curable by its excision.
    Matched MeSH terms: Calcium/blood
  3. Chng SL, Krishnan MM, Ramachandran, Chan CH, Zain Z
    Singapore Med J, 1990 Feb;31(1):83-4.
    PMID: 2333552
    A 31-year old male presented with bone pain, polyuria and a palpable nodule in the neck. Radiological examination showed generalised osteopenia, subperiosteal erosion and presence of bilateral renal stones. The essential chemical pathological changes were increased plasma calcium, mid-molecule immuno-reactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH), human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) levels. Surgical excision of the nodule revealed a parathyroid carcinoma. The uniqueness of this case is the steroid-suppressible plasma calcium, iPTH, and hCG levels. The diagnostic implications of the findings are discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Calcium/blood*
  4. Tong CV, Hussein Z, Noor NM, Mohamad M, Ng WF
    QJM, 2015 Jan;108(1):49-50.
    PMID: 25099611 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcu166
    Matched MeSH terms: Calcium/blood
  5. Loke SC, Kanesvaran R, Yahya R, Fisal L, Wong TW, Loong YY
    Ann Acad Med Singap, 2009 Dec;38(12):1074-80.
    PMID: 20052443
    INTRODUCTION: Intravenous calcium gluconate has been used to prevent postoperative hypocalcaemia (POH) following parathyroidectomy for secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic kidney disease (CKD).

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective data were obtained for 36 patients with CKD stage 4 and 5 after parathyroid surgery, correlating albumin-corrected serum calcium with the infusion rate of calcium gluconate. Calcium flux was characterised along with excursions out of the target calcium range of 2 to 3 mmol/L. With this data, an improved titration regimen was constructed.

    RESULTS: Mean peak efflux rate (PER) from the extracellular calcium pool was 2.97 mmol/h occurring 26.6 hours postoperatively. Peak calcium efflux tended to occur later in cases of severe POH. Eighty-one per cent of patients had excursions outside of the target calcium range of 2 to 3 mmol/L. Mean time of onset for hypocalcaemia was 2 days postoperatively. Hypocalcaemia was transient in 25% and persistent in 11% of patients.

    CONCLUSION: A simple titration regimen was constructed in which a 10% calcium gluconate infusion was started at 4.5 mL/h when serum calcium was <2 mmol/L, then increased to 6.5 mL/h and finally to 9.0 mL/h if calcium continued falling. Preoperative oral calcium and calcitriol doses were maintained. Blood testing was done 6-hourly, but when a higher infusion rate was needed, 4-hourly blood testing was preferred. Monitoring was discontinued if no hypocalcaemia developed in the fi rst 4 days after surgery. If hypocalcaemia persisted 6 days after surgery, then the infusion was stopped with further monitoring for 24 hours.

    Matched MeSH terms: Calcium/blood*
  6. Singh HJ, Mohammad NH, Nila A
    J Matern Fetal Med, 1999 May-Jun;8(3):95-100.
    PMID: 10338062
    To ascertain the calcium status in normal pregnant Malay women.
    Matched MeSH terms: Calcium/blood*
  7. Mohd Ariffin ZA, Jamaluddin FA
    Malays J Pathol, 2020 Dec;42(3):395-400.
    PMID: 33361720
    INTRODUCTION: One commonly used equation which continues to be widely mentioned in text books and hence familiar to clinical people is total calcium + 0.02 (40 - albumin). This equation was derived using cresophthalein complexone and bromocresol green (BCG) methods for measuring serum total calcium and serum albumin respectively. However this equation maybe invalid when applied to calcium and albumin results generated by alternative assays. Hence we aim to derive an albumin-adjusted calcium equation specific to our laboratory's total calcium and albumin methodologies.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 3,175 adult University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC) patients deemed free of any calcium metabolism disorders were selected and divided into two groups for derivation and validation. Simple linear regression associating total calcium and albumin was constructed from the data in the derivation group. The new albumin-adjusted calcium equation was validated in the validation group. Differences in calcium status classification following adjustments based on existing and new albumin-adjusted calcium equation was compared in a 469 hypoalbuminaemic patients.

    RESULT: The new albumin adjusted calcium equation was: total calcium + 0.014 x (39-albumin). Of the 469 hypoalbuminemic patients, 78 were classified differently based on new equation. Based on the new equation, 55 normocalcemic patients were classified as hypocalcemic and 22 were classified as normocalcemic instead of hyperclacaemic.

    CONCLUSION: Based on the newly derived albuminadjusted calcium equation 17% of patients had different adjusted calcium classifications. This could potentially impact in the management. It is recommended that laboratories derive equations specific to their calcium/albumin methods and analytical platforms.

    Matched MeSH terms: Calcium/blood*
  8. Zulkufli NS, Jamaluddin FA, Tengku Yazid TN
    Malays J Pathol, 2020 Dec;42(3):385-394.
    PMID: 33361719
    INTRODUCTION: Ionised calcium is a good prognostic and diagnostic tool as opposed to total calcium in critical patients but is not available in most central laboratories and non-intensive care units. To date, four equations to calculate ionised calcium in critical patients have been published.

    OBJECTIVES: (1) Evaluate the four published equations' performance in estimating ionised calcium; (2) Determine the accuracy of calculated ionised and adjusted total calcium in classifying patients according to calcium states; and (3) Identify factors associated with hypocalcaemia in the critically ill population.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study involving 281 critically ill patients aged 18-80 years of both genders in a Malaysian tertiary intensive care unit. Performance of the four equations was analysed using Bland-Altman difference plot and Passing Bablok regression analysis. Crosstabulation was conducted to assess classification accuracy. Mann-Whitney U or Pearson Chi-Square tests were performed to identify variables associated with hypocalcaemia.

    RESULTS: Calculated ionised calcium using all four equations significantly overestimated ionised calcium. Calculated ionised and adjusted total calcium had poor accuracies in classifying hypocalcaemic patients. pH was significantly higher in hypocalcaemics.

    CONCLUSION: Calculated ionised and adjusted total calcium significantly overestimate ionised calcium in the critically ill. In this specific population, calcium status should only be confirmed with ionised calcium measured by direct ion-selective electrode (ISE).

    Matched MeSH terms: Calcium/blood*
  9. Abdul Gafor AH, Saidin R, Loo CY, Mohd R, Zainudin S, Shah SA, et al.
    Nephrology (Carlton), 2009 Aug;14(5):488-92.
    PMID: 19298641 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2008.01058.x
    Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is common among haemodialysis patients. Intensive treatment with calcitriol is often complicated by hypercalcaemia, hyperphosphataemia and elevated calcium phosphorus (Ca X PO(4)) product. Paricalcitol is a vitamin D analogue developed to overcome some of the limitations of calcitriol therapy. The study objectives were to compare the response of intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and the incidence of hypercalcaemia, hyperphosphataemia and elevated Ca X PO(4) product in patients with severe SHPT treated with either i.v. calcitriol or i.v. paricalcitol.
    Matched MeSH terms: Calcium/blood
  10. Liam CK, Lim KH, Srinivas P, Poi PJ
    Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 1998 Oct;2(10):818-23.
    PMID: 9783529
    University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Calcium/blood
  11. Davis TM, Singh B, Choo KE, Ibrahim J, Sulaiman SA, Kadir ZA, et al.
    J Intern Med, 1998 May;243(5):349-54.
    PMID: 9651556
    OBJECTIVES: To investigate the dynamic parathyroid response to rapidly induced, sustained hypocalcaemia in patients with acute malaria and in healthy volunteers.

    DESIGN: Serum intact parathormone (PTH) concentrations were measured on samples taken before and during a variable-rate tri-sodium citrate infusion designed to 'clamp' the whole blood ionised calcium concentration 0.20 mmol L-1 below baseline for 120 min.

    SUBJECTS: Six Malaysian patients aged 17-42 years with acute malaria, four of whom were restudied in convalescence, and 12 healthy controls aged 19-36 years.

    MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Whole-blood ionised calcium and serum intact PTH concentrations.

    RESULTS: The mean (SD baseline ionised calcium was lower in the malaria patients than in controls (1.09 +/- 0.06 vs. 1.18 +/- 0.03 mmol L-1, respectively; P = 0.01) but PTH concentrations were similar (3.0 +/- 1.8 vs. 3.3 +/- 1.3 pmol L(-1); P = 0.33). Target whole-blood ionised calcium concentrations were achieved more rapidly in the controls than the patients (within 15 vs. 30 min) despite significantly more citrate being required in the patients (area under the citrate infusion-time curve 0.95 (0.25 vs. 0.57 +/- 0.09 mmol kg-1; P < 0.01). The ratio of the change in serum PTH to that in ionised calcium (delta PTH/ delta Ca2+), calculated to adjust for differences in initial rate of fall of ionised calcium, was similar during the first 5 min of the clamp (132 +/- 75 x 10(-6) vs. 131 +/- 43 x 10(-6) in patients and controls, respectively, P > 0.05), as were steady-state serum PTH levels during the second hour (7.0 +/- 2.2 pmol L-1 in each case). Convalescent patients had normal basal ionised calcium levels but the lowest serum intact PTH levels before and during the clamp, consistent with an increase in skeletal PTH sensitivity after treatment.

    CONCLUSIONS: There is a decreased ionised calcium 'set point' for basal PTH secretion but a normal PTH response to acute hypocalcaemia in malaria. Skeletal resistance may attenuate the effects of the PTH response but patients with malaria appear relatively resistant to the calcium chelating effects of citrated blood products.

    Matched MeSH terms: Calcium/blood*
  12. Sulaiman S, Adeeb N, Muslim N, Adeeb N, Ho CM
    Singapore Med J, 1995 Dec;36(6):637-40.
    PMID: 8781637
    Determinations of total calcium, total magnesium, calcium ion, parathyroid hormone and 6-keto-prostaglandin-F1 alpha levels were carried out on 84 blood samples from 4 groups of women categorised as non-pregnant normotensive (NNP), pregnant normotensive (NP), pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) and pre-eclampsia (PE). PIH was clinically diagnosed when the diastolic pressure was more than 90 mmHg and was only hypertensive during pregnancy while PE was with additional proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. Compared to NNP women, total calcium and parathyroid hormone levels were of lower levels (p < 0.05) in NP women while in PIH women, total calcium and 6-keto-prostaglandin-F1 alpha levels were also lowered (p < 0.05). Compared to NNP women, PE women's levels of total calcium, calcium ion and 6-keto-prostaglandin-F1 alpha decreased (p < 0.05) while parathyroid hormone level increased (p < 0.05). When compared to the NP women, PE women had decreased levels (p < 0.05) of total calcium as well as calcium ion and increased level (p < 0.05) of parathyroid hormone. Calcium ion was found to be negatively correlated (NNP : r = -0.883, p = 0.008/NP : r = -0.931, p = 0.000) while parathyroid hormone was positively correlated (NNP : r = 0.904, p = 0.013/NP : r = 0.913, p = 0.000) with mean arterial pressure.
    Matched MeSH terms: Calcium/blood
  13. Osman A, Khalid BA, Tan TT, Wan Nazaimoon WM, Wu LL, Ng ML
    Singapore Med J, 1993 Jun;34(3):225-8.
    PMID: 8266178
    This is a report of a cross sectional study involving 3 groups of children, moderately malnourished (BMI < 15), mildly malnourished (BMI 15-18) and well nourished (BMI > 18) to determine the differences in hormonal and biochemical parameters between the groups. The children were of age range from 7-17 years old. The children were from the same area with exposure to the same food, drinking water and environment. There were significant differences in the nutritional indices between the three groups. No differences were observed in levels of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and T3:T4 ratio. Significant difference however was found in the TSH levels using highly sensitive IRMA TSH assays. Moderately malnourished children had higher TSH levels (p < 0.05) compared to mildly malnourished and well-nourished children. No difference was found between the mildly malnourished and well-nourished groups. There were no significant differences in serum cortisols done at similar times, fasting growth hormone and calcium. Serum alanine transminase (ALT) however was higher in moderately malnourished than in well-nourished children. Thus using highly sensitive IRMA TSH assays, we were able to detect differences in TSH levels even though T3, T4 and T3:T4 ratio, cortisol, growth hormone and calcium were normal, implying in moderately malnourished children, a higher TSH drive to maintain euthyroid state.
    Matched MeSH terms: Calcium/blood
  14. Sabow AB, Goh YM, Zulkifli I, Sazili AQ, Kaka U, Kadi MZAA, et al.
    Meat Sci, 2016 Nov;121:148-155.
    PMID: 27317849 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.05.009
    The study compared changes in blood biochemistry, hormonal and electroencephalographic indices associated with possible noxious stimuli following neck cut slaughter in conscious, non-anaesthetized versus minimally-anaesthetized goats. Ten male Boer crossbreed goats were assigned into two groups and subjected to either slaughter conscious without stunning (SWS) or slaughter following minimal anaesthesia (SMA). Hormonal responses and changes in electroencephalographic (EEG) parameters were not influenced by slaughter method. The SWS goats had higher glucose and lactate than did SMA goats. It can be concluded that the noxious stimulus from the neck cut is present in both conscious and minimally anaesthetized goats. The application of slaughter without stunning causes changes in the EEG activities that are consistent with the presence of post slaughter noxious sensory input associated with tissue damage and would be expected to be experienced as pain in goats.
    Matched MeSH terms: Calcium/blood
  15. Loh HH, Yee A, Loh HS
    Minerva Endocrinol., 2019 Dec;44(4):387-396.
    PMID: 30482008 DOI: 10.23736/S0391-1977.18.02867-5
    INTRODUCTION: Recent studies showed a possible association between hyperaldosteronism and secondary hyperparathyroidism leading to reduced bone health, however results are conflicting.

    EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the relationship between primary aldosteronism (PA) with bone biochemical markers and to assess bone mineral density in patients with primary aldosteronism.

    EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: A total of 939 subjects were examined (37.5% with PA). Patients with PA had significantly higher serum parathyroid hormone, lower serum calcium, higher urine calcium excretion and higher serum alkaline phosphatase compared to patients without PA, with no significant difference in serum vitamin D between both groups. Bone mineral density of lumbar spine, femoral neck and total neck of femur were similar between two groups. With PA treatment, there was a significant increment in serum calcium and reduction in serum parathyroid hormone.

    CONCLUSIONS: PA is associated with hypercalciuria with subsequent secondary hyperparathyroidism. This potentially affects bone health. We recommend this to be part of complication screening among patients with PA.

    Matched MeSH terms: Calcium/blood
  16. Mohamad NV, Che Zulkepli MAA, May Theseira K, Zulkifli N, Shahrom NQ, Ridzuan NAM, et al.
    Int J Med Sci, 2018;15(4):300-308.
    PMID: 29511366 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.22732
    Introduction: Orchidectomy is currently the preferred method to induce bone loss in preclinical male osteoporosis model. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists used in prostate cancer treatment can induce testosterone deficiency but its effects on bone in preclinical male osteoporosis model are less studied. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the skeletal effect of buserelin (a GnRH agonist) in male rats and compare it with orchidectomy. Methods: Forty-six three-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three experimental arms. The baseline arm (n=6) was sacrificed at the onset of the study. In the buserelin arm, the rats received a daily subcutaneous injection of either normal saline (n=8), buserelin acetate at 25 µg/kg (n=8) or 75 µg/kg (n=8). In the orchidectomy arm, the rats were either sham-operated (n=8) or orchidectomized (n=8). All groups underwent in-vivo X-ray micro-computed tomography scanning at the left proximal tibia every month. Blood was collected at the beginning and the end of the study for testosterone level evaluation. The rats were euthanized after the three-month treatment. The femurs were harvested for biomechanical strength and bone calcium determination. Results: The results showed that buserelin at both doses caused a significant decline in testosterone level and deterioration in bone microstructure (p<0.05), but did not affect bone calcium content (p>0.05). Buserelin at 25 µg/kg decreased displacement and strain of the femur significantly (p<0.05). Similar changes were observed in the orchidectomized group compared to the sham-operated group but without any significant changes in biomechanical strength (p>0.05). Conclusion: Buserelin can induce testosterone deficiency and the associated deterioration of bone microarchitecture similar to orchidectomy in three months. However, it may require a longer time to show significant effects on bone strength and mineral content.
    Matched MeSH terms: Calcium/blood
  17. Che Kadir S, Mustaffa BE, Ghazali Z, Hasan Z, Imisairi AH, Mustafa S
    Singapore Med J, 2011 Apr;52(4):e70-4.
    PMID: 21552777
    Primary hyperparathyroidism due to ectopic parathyroid adenomas can pose diagnostic and management challenges, especially when imaging studies have localised the lesions to different sites. We report a case of symptomatic hypercalcaemia due to a mediastinal parathyroid adenoma. Ultrasonography identified a nodule posterior to the right thyroid gland. However, computed tomography and technetium-99m sestamibi scintigraphy revealed an ectopic parathyroid adenoma located in the anterior mediastinum. The adenoma was successfully removed through a median sternotomy. However, postoperatively, the patient developed prolonged symptomatic hypocalcaemia, possibly due to suppression of the normal parathyroid gland function, although the presence of concomitant hungry bone syndrome was possible. The histopathology of the mediastinal mass was consistent with a parathyroid adenoma.
    Matched MeSH terms: Calcium/blood
  18. Chin KY, Soelaiman IN, Mohamed IN, Ngah WZ
    Clinics (Sao Paulo), 2012 Aug;67(8):911-6.
    PMID: 22948459
    OBJECTIVES: Variations in sex hormones and the calcium balance can influence bone health in men. The present study aimed to examine the relationship between the calcaneal speed of sound and biochemical determinants of bone mass, such as sex hormones, parathyroid hormones and serum calcium.

    METHODS: Data from 549 subjects from the Malaysian Aging Male Study, which included Malay and Chinese men aged 20 years and older residing in the Klang Valley, were used for analysis. The subjects' calcaneal speed of sound was measured, and their blood was collected for biochemical analysis. Two sets of multiple regression models were generated for the total/bioavailable testosterone and estradiol to avoid multicollinearity.

    RESULTS: The multiple regression results revealed that bioavailable testosterone and serum total calcium were significant predictors of the calcaneal speed of sound in the adjusted model. After adjustment for ethnicity and body mass index, only bioavailable testosterone remained significant; the total serum calcium was marginally insignificant. In a separate model, the total testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin were significant predictors, whereas the total serum calcium was marginally insignificant. After adjustment for ethnicity and body mass index (BMI), the significance persisted for total testosterone and SHBG. After further adjustment for age, none of the serum biochemical determinants was a significant predictor of the calcaneal speed of sound.

    CONCLUSION: There is a significant age-dependent relationship between the calcaneal speed of sound and total testosterone, bioavailable testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin in Chinese and Malay men in Malaysia. The relationship between total serum calcium and calcaneal speed of sound is ethnicity-dependent.

    Matched MeSH terms: Calcium/blood*
  19. Wee CL, Mokhtar SS, Banga Singh KK, Rasool AHG
    Microvasc Res, 2021 Nov;138:104227.
    PMID: 34324883 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2021.104227
    This study examined the effects of vitamin D deficiency on vascular function and tissue oxidative status in the microcirculation; and whether or not these effects can be ameliorated with calcitriol, the active vitamin D metabolite. Three groups (n = 10 each) of male Sprague Dawley rats were fed for 10 weeks with control diet (CR), vitamin D-deficient diet without (DR), or with oral calcitriol supplementation (0.15 μg/kg) for the last four weeks (DSR). After 10 weeks, rats were sacrificed; mesenteric arterial rings were studied using wire myograph. Oxidative stress biomarkers malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were measured in the mesenteric arterial tissue. Vascular protein expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) was determined by Western blotting. Acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation of DR was lower than CR. eNOS expression and SOD activity were lower in mesenteric arterial tissue of DR compared to CR. Calcitriol supplementation to DSR did not ameliorate the above parameters; in fact, augmented endothelium-dependent contraction was observed. Serum calcium was higher in DSR compared to CR and DR. In conclusion, vitamin D deficiency impaired microvascular vasodilation, associated with eNOS downregulation and reduced antioxidant activity. Calcitriol supplementation to vitamin D-deficient rats at the dosage used augmented endothelium-dependent contraction, possibly due to hypercalcaemia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Calcium/blood
  20. Ngai M, Lin V, Wong HC, Vathsala A, How P
    Clin. Nephrol., 2014 Oct;82(4):231-9.
    PMID: 25161115 DOI: 10.5414/CN108182
    BACKGROUND: Vitamin D deficiency is associated with secondary hyperparathyroidism and mineral and bone disorder (MBD) in chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study aimed to determine the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency, and the association between vitamin D status and MBD in a multi-ethnic CKD population in Southeast Asia.

    METHODS: Predialysis CKD patients were included in this cross-sectional study. Patient demographics, medical/medication histories, and laboratory parameters (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), creatinine, phosphate (P), calcium, albumin, and intact-PTH (i-PTH)) were collected and compared among patients with various CKD stages. The association between 25(OH)D and these parameters was determined by multiple linear regression.

    RESULTS: A total of 196 patients with mean ± SD eGFR of 26.4 ± 11.2 mL/min/1.73 m2 was included. Vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D concentration < 15 ng/mL) and insufficiency (25(OH)D concentration 16 - 30 ng/mL) was found in 29.1% and 57.7% of the patients, respectively. Mean ± SD serum 25(OH)D was 20.8 ± 9.3 ng/mL. Female patients had lower vitamin D concentrations than males (16.9 ng/mL vs. 23.9 ng/mL; p < 0.001). Vitamin D levels were also higher in Chinese (22.3 ng/mL) than Malay (17.3 ng/mL) and Indian (13.1 ng/mL) patients (p < 0.05). Nonadjusted analyses showed higher i-PTH concentration in vitamin D deficient patients (p < 0.05).

    CONCLUSION: Despite being a sun-rich country all year round, the majority (86.8%) of predialysis CKD patients in Singapore have suboptimal vitamin D status. Lower vitamin D concentrations were found in females and in those with darker skin tone. Vitamin D deficient patients also tended to have higher i-PTH levels.

    Matched MeSH terms: Calcium/blood
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