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  1. Fulltext A novel hybrid classification model of genetic algorithms, modified k-Nearest Neighbor and developed backpropagation neural network
    Salari N, Shohaimi S, Najafi F, Nallappan M, Karishnarajah I
    PLoS One, 2014;9(11):e112987.
    PMID: 25419659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112987
    Among numerous artificial intelligence approaches, k-Nearest Neighbor algorithms, genetic algorithms, and artificial neural networks are considered as the most common and effective methods in classification problems in numerous studies. In the present study, the results of the implementation of a novel hybrid feature selection-classification model using the above mentioned methods are presented. The purpose is benefitting from the synergies obtained from combining these technologies for the development of classification models. Such a combination creates an opportunity to invest in the strength of each algorithm, and is an approach to make up for their deficiencies. To develop proposed model, with the aim of obtaining the best array of features, first, feature ranking techniques such as the Fisher's discriminant ratio and class separability criteria were used to prioritize features. Second, the obtained results that included arrays of the top-ranked features were used as the initial population of a genetic algorithm to produce optimum arrays of features. Third, using a modified k-Nearest Neighbor method as well as an improved method of backpropagation neural networks, the classification process was advanced based on optimum arrays of the features selected by genetic algorithms. The performance of the proposed model was compared with thirteen well-known classification models based on seven datasets. Furthermore, the statistical analysis was performed using the Friedman test followed by post-hoc tests. The experimental findings indicated that the novel proposed hybrid model resulted in significantly better classification performance compared with all 13 classification methods. Finally, the performance results of the proposed model was benchmarked against the best ones reported as the state-of-the-art classifiers in terms of classification accuracy for the same data sets. The substantial findings of the comprehensive comparative study revealed that performance of the proposed model in terms of classification accuracy is desirable, promising, and competitive to the existing state-of-the-art classification models.
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetes Mellitus/pathology
  2. Women's cardiovascular health: perspectives from South-East Asia
    Rajadurai J, Lopez EA, Rahajoe AU, Goh PP, Uboldejpracharak Y, Zambahari R
    Nat Rev Cardiol, 2012 Aug;9(8):464-77.
    PMID: 22525668 DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2012.59
    Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is an under-recognized major health problem among women in South-East Asia. The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, physical inactivity, and being overweight or obese has shown a significantly increasing trend among women in the region, with the exception of Singapore. The problem is compounded by low awareness that CVD is a health problem for women as well as for men, by misconceptions about the disease, and by the lack of suitable, locally available health literature. Efforts have been made by the national heart associations and other organizations to increase heart health awareness and promote healthy lifestyles. Singapore initiated these prevention programs in the early 1990s and has been successful in reducing the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors. The governments of the region, in accordance with the Noncommunicable Disease Alliance, have begun implementing appropriate preventive strategies and improving health-delivery systems. However, psychological, social, and cultural barriers to cardiovascular health awareness in women need to be addressed before these programs can be fully and successfully implemented.
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetes Mellitus/pathology
  3. Thermoresponsive curcumin/DsiRNA nanoparticle gels for the treatment of diabetic wounds: synthesis and drug release
    Katas H, Wen CY, Siddique MI, Hussain Z, Mohd Fadhil FH
    Ther Deliv, 2017 01;8(3):137-150.
    PMID: 28145827 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2016-0075
    AIM: Chitosan (CS) has been extensively studied as drug delivery systems for wound healing. Results/methodology: CS nanoparticles were loaded with curcumin (Cur) and DsiRNA against prostaglandin transporter gene and they were incorporated into 20 and 25% w/v Pluronic F-127. The gels were later analyzed for their rheology, gelation temperature (Tgel), morphology, drug incorporation and in vitro drug release. The particle size was in the range of 231 ± 17-320 ± 20 nm, depending on CS concentration. The gels had Tgel of 23-28°C and exhibited sustained drug release with high accumulated amount of drugs over 48 h.

    CONCLUSION: A thermo-sensitive gel containing Cur/DsiRNA CS nanoparticles was successfully developed and has a great potential to be further developed.

    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetes Mellitus/pathology*
  4. Low-dose dipyridamole treatment partially prevents diabetes mellitus-induced vascular endothelial and renal abnormalities in rats
    Sharma AK, Khanna D, Balakumar P
    Int J Cardiol, 2014 Mar 15;172(2):530-2.
    PMID: 24495652 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.01.053
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetes Mellitus/pathology
  5. Oral mucosal lesions in non oral habit diabetic patients and association of diabetes mellitus with oral precancerous lesions
    Saini R, Al-Maweri SA, Saini D, Ismail NM, Ismail AR
    Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2010 Sep;89(3):320-6.
    PMID: 20488573 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2010.04.016
    AIMS: This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions (OML) in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and non-diabetic subjects without any oral habits and to investigate the association of DM with oral precancerous lesions.
    METHODS: This cross-sectional study involved 420 diabetic and 420 non-diabetic control subjects without any oral habits. Detailed oral examination was performed based on international criteria.
    RESULTS: A significantly greater proportion of subjects with DM (45%) had one or more OML in comparison to non-diabetics (38.3%). Patients with DM showed a significantly greater prevalence of geographic tongue, denture stomatitis and angular cheilitis than non-diabetics (p<0.05). The results also showed an association between occurrence of one or more OML and metabolic control of diabetic patients (p<0.05). For precancerous lesions, lichen planus was found in two diabetic patients while none of controls had any precancerous lesion (p>0.05).
    CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of OML was significantly higher in diabetic patients than non-diabetics and this prevalence was associated with the metabolic control of the patients. However, no association was observed between DM and oral precancerous lesions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetes Mellitus/pathology
  6. Fulltext KCNJ11: Genetic Polymorphisms and Risk of Diabetes Mellitus
    Haghvirdizadeh P, Mohamed Z, Abdullah NA, Haghvirdizadeh P, Haerian MS, Haerian BS
    J Diabetes Res, 2015;2015:908152.
    PMID: 26448950 DOI: 10.1155/2015/908152
    Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major worldwide health problem and its prevalence has been rapidly increasing in the last century. It is caused by defects in insulin secretion or insulin action or both, leading to hyperglycemia. Of the various types of DM, type 2 occurs most frequently. Multiple genes and their interactions are involved in the insulin secretion pathway. Insulin secretion is mediated through the ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel in pancreatic beta cells. This channel is a heteromeric protein, composed of four inward-rectifier potassium ion channel (Kir6.2) tetramers, which form the pore of the KATP channel, as well as sulfonylurea receptor 1 subunits surrounding the pore. Kir6.2 is encoded by the potassium inwardly rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 11 (KCNJ11) gene, a member of the potassium channel genes. Numerous studies have reported the involvement of single nucleotide polymorphisms of the KCNJ11 gene and their interactions in the susceptibility to DM. This review discusses the current evidence for the contribution of common KCNJ11 genetic variants to the development of DM. Future studies should concentrate on understanding the exact role played by these risk variants in the development of DM.
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetes Mellitus/pathology
  7. Fulltext Blood glucose control and diabetic microangiopathy
    Cheah JS
    Med J Malaysia, 1981 Dec;36(4):220-6.
    PMID: 7334957
    There is overwhelming evidence that the microangiopathic complications (retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy) of diabetes can be minimised, prevented or improved by optimal blood glucose control. There is little evidence to show otherwise. This paper reviews evidences to demonstrate that poor diabetic control predisposes to diabetic microangiopathy. The only way to minimise diabetic microangiopathy is to avoid hyperglycaemia and achieve euglycaemia for most part of the day. In doing so the dangers of hypoglycaemia must be clearly recognized and avoided.
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetes Mellitus/pathology
  8. Overview of key molecular and pharmacological targets for diabetes and associated diseases
    Shahcheraghi SH, Aljabali AAA, Al Zoubi MS, Mishra V, Charbe NB, Haggag YA, et al.
    Life Sci, 2021 Aug 01;278:119632.
    PMID: 34019900 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119632
    Diabetes epidemiological quantities are demonstrating one of the most important communities' health worries. The essential diabetic difficulties are including cardiomyopathy, nephropathy, inflammation, and retinopathy. Despite developments in glucose decreasing treatments and drugs, these diabetic complications are still ineffectively reversed or prohibited. Several signaling and molecular pathways are vital targets in the new therapies of diabetes. This review assesses the newest researches about the key molecules and signaling pathways as targets of molecular pharmacology in diabetes and diseases related to it for better treatment based on molecular sciences. The disease is not cured by current pharmacological strategies for type 2 diabetes. While several drug combinations are accessible that can efficiently modulate glycemia and mitigate long-term complications, these agents do not reverse pathogenesis, and in practice, they are not established to modify the patient's specific molecular profiling. Therapeutic companies have benefited from human genetics. Genome exploration, which is agnostic to the information that exists, has revealed tens of loci that impact glycemic modulation. The physiological report has begun to examine subtypes of diseases, illustrate heterogeneity and propose biochemical therapeutic pathways.
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetes Mellitus/pathology
  9. Insulin secreted from genetically engineered intestinal cells reduces blood glucose levels in diabetic mice
    Rasouli M, Allaudin ZN, Omar AR, Ahmad Z
    Curr Gene Ther, 2013 Aug;13(4):229-39.
    PMID: 23721205 DOI: 10.2174/15665232113139990002
    Poorly controlled diabetes mellitus can result in serious complications. Gene therapy is increasingly being considered as an alternative approach to treat diabetes, because of its ability to induce physiological insulin secretion and it allows patients to escape insulin injections. The properties of gut K and L-cells, including glucose sensitivity, the ability to process insulin and a regulated secretion pathway support their use as surrogate β-cells. Previous in vitro studies have provided sufficient evidence supporting the use of these cells for gene therapy studies. Therefore, we examined the ability of K and L-cells to produce insulin in diabetic mice. Chitosan nanoparticles were used to transfer the insulin gene into intestinal cells via oral administration. The efficiency of chitosan as a gene vehicle was investigated through the use of reporter gene. Insulin mRNA and protein expression levels were measured by RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. Blood glucose testing revealed that this treatment reduced glucose levels in diabetic mice. The decrease in blood glucose level in the first week of treatment was greater in mice with K-cell specific insulin expression compared with mice with L-cell-specific insulin expression. These results indicate that inducing insulin secretion in K-cells conferred a quicker response to gene therapy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetes Mellitus/pathology
  10. Exploring the mechanism of endothelial involvement in acidosis-induced vasodilatation of aortic tissues from normal and diabetic rats
    Yeo JL, Tan BT, Achike FI
    Eur J Pharmacol, 2010 Sep 10;642(1-3):99-106.
    PMID: 20553918 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.05.040
    Acidosis modulates physiologic and pathophysiologic processes but the mechanism of acidotic vasodilatation remains unclear. We therefore explored this in aortic rings from normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats. Phenylephrine (PE)-induced contraction in endothelium-intact and -denuded rings were recorded under normal and acidotic pH with or without drug probes. Acidosis exerted a relaxant effect in endothelium-intact and -denuded euglycaemic and diabetic tissues. l-NAME or methylene blue partially inhibited acidotic relaxation in these endothelium-intact but not the -denuded tissues, with greater inhibition in the diabetic tissues, indicating that acidosis induces relaxation by endothelium-dependent and -independent mechanisms, the former being EDNO-cGMP mediated. Indomethacin had no effect on the tissues, indicating that cyclooxygenase products are neither involved in acidosis-induced vasodilatation nor in the modulation of phenylephrine-contraction. In euglycaemic tissues under normal pH, no K(+) channel blocker altered phenylephrine-contraction, but all (except glibenclamide) enhanced diabetic tissue contraction, indicating that normally, these channels (K(ir), K(V), BK(Ca), K(ATP)) do not modulate phenylephrine-contraction, but they (except K(ATP)) are expressed in diabetes where they attenuate phenylephine-induced contraction and modulate acidosis. Only the K(ir) channel modulates acidotic relaxation in euglycaemic tissues. Only tetraethylammonium and iberiotoxin enhanced phenylephrine-induced contraction in endothelium-denuded diabetic tissues indicating that BK(Ca) attenuates phenylephrine-contraction and that acidotic relaxation in this condition is modulated by a tetraethylammonium-sensitive mechanism. In conclusion, acidosis causes vasodilatation in normal and diabetic tissues via endothelium-dependent and -independent mechanisms differentially modulated by a combination of a NO-cGMP process and K(+) channels, some of which are dormant in the normal state but activated in diabetes mellitus.
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetes Mellitus/pathology
  11. Fulltext Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2021 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
    Virani SS, Alonso A, Aparicio HJ, Benjamin EJ, Bittencourt MS, Callaway CW, et al.
    Circulation, 2021 Feb 23;143(8):e254-e743.
    PMID: 33501848 DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000950
    BACKGROUND: The American Heart Association, in conjunction with the National Institutes of Health, annually reports the most up-to-date statistics related to heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular risk factors, including core health behaviors (smoking, physical activity, diet, and weight) and health factors (cholesterol, blood pressure, and glucose control) that contribute to cardiovascular health. The Statistical Update presents the latest data on a range of major clinical heart and circulatory disease conditions (including stroke, congenital heart disease, rhythm disorders, subclinical atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, heart failure, valvular disease, venous disease, and peripheral artery disease) and the associated outcomes (including quality of care, procedures, and economic costs).

    METHODS: The American Heart Association, through its Statistics Committee, continuously monitors and evaluates sources of data on heart disease and stroke in the United States to provide the most current information available in the annual Statistical Update. The 2021 Statistical Update is the product of a full year's worth of effort by dedicated volunteer clinicians and scientists, committed government professionals, and American Heart Association staff members. This year's edition includes data on the monitoring and benefits of cardiovascular health in the population, an enhanced focus on social determinants of health, adverse pregnancy outcomes, vascular contributions to brain health, the global burden of cardiovascular disease, and further evidence-based approaches to changing behaviors related to cardiovascular disease.

    RESULTS: Each of the 27 chapters in the Statistical Update focuses on a different topic related to heart disease and stroke statistics.

    CONCLUSIONS: The Statistical Update represents a critical resource for the lay public, policy makers, media professionals, clinicians, health care administrators, researchers, health advocates, and others seeking the best available data on these factors and conditions.

    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetes Mellitus/pathology
  12. Fulltext Homalomena pineodora essential oil nanoparticle inhibits diabetic wound pathogens
    Rozman NAS, Tong WY, Leong CR, Anuar MR, Karim S, Ong SK, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2020 02 24;10(1):3307.
    PMID: 32094395 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60364-0
    Essential oil of Homalomena pineodora inhibits diabetic pathogens; however, the activity was not sustainable when applied as wound dressing. This study aims to synthesise the essential oil nanoparticle using chitosan. The nanoparticles were synthesised with ion gelation method, confirmed by spectroscopic analysis. The spherical nanoparticles display a size of 70 nm, with strong surface charge of +24.10 mV. The nanoparticles showed an initial burst release followed by a slow release pattern for 72 h, following the first order of kinetic. The release behaviour was ideal for wound dressing. The antimicrobial activity was broad spectrum. The formation of nanoparticle enhanced the antimicrobial efficacy of the essential oil. The nanoparticle also showed a concentration-dependent killing behaviour on time-kill assay. In the 3D collagen wound models, the nanoparticles reduced the microbial growth by 60-80%. In conclusion, H. pineodora nanoparticles showed pharmaceutical potential in inhibiting microbial growth on diabetic ulcers.
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetes Mellitus/pathology
  13. Fulltext Stratification of Acute Kidney Injury in COVID-19
    Mallhi TH, Khan YH, Adnan AS
    Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2020 Dec;103(6):2164-2167.
    PMID: 33124548 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0794
    Despite myriad improvements in the care of COVID-19 patients, atypical manifestations are least appreciated during the current pandemic. Because COVID-19 is primarily manifesting as an acute respiratory illness with interstitial and alveolar pneumonia, the possibility of viral invasions into the other organs cannot be disregarded. Acute kidney injury (AKI) has been associated with various viral infections including dengue, chikungunya, Zika, and HIV. The prevalence and risks of AKI during the course of COVID-19 have been described in few studies. However, the existing literature demonstrate great disparity across findings amid variations in methodology and population. This article underscores the propensity of AKI among COVID-19 patients, limitations of the exiting evidence, and importance of timely identification during the case management. The prevalence of AKI is variable across the studies ranging from 4.7% to 81%. Evidence suggest old age, comorbidities, ventilator support, use of vasopressors, black race, severe infection, and elevated levels of baseline serum creatinine and d-dimers are independent risk factors of COVID-19 associated with AKI. COVID-19 patients with AKI also showed unsatisfactory renal recovery and higher mortality rate as compared with patients without AKI. These findings underscore that AKI frequently occurs during the course of COVID-19 infection and requires early stratification and management.
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetes Mellitus/pathology
  14. Fulltext Blood Metabolic Signatures of Body Mass Index: A Targeted Metabolomics Study in the EPIC Cohort
    Carayol M, Leitzmann MF, Ferrari P, Zamora-Ros R, Achaintre D, Stepien M, et al.
    J Proteome Res, 2017 Sep 01;16(9):3137-3146.
    PMID: 28758405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b01062
    Metabolomics is now widely used to characterize metabolic phenotypes associated with lifestyle risk factors such as obesity. The objective of the present study was to explore the associations of body mass index (BMI) with 145 metabolites measured in blood samples in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Metabolites were measured in blood from 392 men from the Oxford (UK) cohort (EPIC-Oxford) and in 327 control subjects who were part of a nested case-control study on hepatobiliary carcinomas (EPIC-Hepatobiliary). Measured metabolites included amino acids, acylcarnitines, hexoses, biogenic amines, phosphatidylcholines, and sphingomyelins. Linear regression models controlled for potential confounders and multiple testing were run to evaluate the associations of metabolite concentrations with BMI. 40 and 45 individual metabolites showed significant differences according to BMI variations, in the EPIC-Oxford and EPIC-Hepatobiliary subcohorts, respectively. Twenty two individual metabolites (kynurenine, one sphingomyelin, glutamate and 19 phosphatidylcholines) were associated with BMI in both subcohorts. The present findings provide additional knowledge on blood metabolic signatures of BMI in European adults, which may help identify mechanisms mediating the relationship of BMI with obesity-related diseases.
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetes Mellitus/pathology
  15. Molecular mechanism of down-regulating adipogenic transcription factors in 3T3-L1 adipocyte cells by bioactive anti-adipogenic compounds
    Guru A, Issac PK, Velayutham M, Saraswathi NT, Arshad A, Arockiaraj J
    Mol Biol Rep, 2021 Jan;48(1):743-761.
    PMID: 33275195 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-06036-8
    Obesity is growing at an alarming rate, which is characterized by increased adipose tissue. It increases the probability of many health complications, such as diabetes, arthritis, cardiac disease, and cancer. In modern society, with a growing population of obese patients, several individuals have increased insulin resistance. Herbal medicines are known as the oldest method of health care treatment for obesity-related secondary health issues. Several traditional medicinal plants and their effective phytoconstituents have shown anti-diabetic and anti-adipogenic activity. Adipose tissue is a major site for lipid accumulation as well as the whole-body insulin sensitivity region. 3T3-L1 cell line model can achieve adipogenesis. Adipocyte characteristics features such as expression of adipocyte markers and aggregation of lipids are chemically induced in the 3T3-L1 fibroblast cell line. Differentiation of 3T3-L1 is an efficient and convenient way to obtain adipocyte like cells in experimental studies. Peroxisome proliferation activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and Cytosine-Cytosine-Adenosine-Adenosine-Thymidine/Enhancer-binding protein α (CCAAT/Enhancer-binding protein α or C/EBPα) are considered to be regulating adipogenesis at the early stage, while adiponectin and fatty acid synthase (FAS) is responsible for the mature adipocyte formation. Excess accumulation of these adipose tissues and lipids leads to obesity. Thus, investigating adipose tissue development and the underlying molecular mechanism is important in the therapeutical approach. This review describes the cellular mechanism of 3T3-L1 fibroblast cells on potential anti-adipogenic herbal bioactive compounds.
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetes Mellitus/pathology
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