Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 234 in total

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  1. Morphologic changes in red blood cells: An illustrated review of clinically important light microscopic findings
    Tyrrell L, Rose G, Shukri A, Kahwash SB
    Malays J Pathol, 2021 Aug;43(2):219-239.
    PMID: 34448787
    In this article, we provide an illustrated review that may serve as a microscope companion, as well as a reference for the diagnosis of red blood cells alterations and the interpretation of their significance. Beginners in the fields of clinical haematology and haematopathology may benefit from this manuscript's brevity and practical points, while the more advanced will find it useful as a teaching tool.
    Matched MeSH terms: Erythrocytes*
  2. An automated malaria cells detection from thin blood smear images using deep learning
    Sukumarran D, Hasikin K, Mohd Khairuddin AS, Ngui R, Wan Sulaiman WY, Vythilingam I, et al.
    Trop Biomed, 2023 Jun 01;40(2):208-219.
    PMID: 37650409 DOI: 10.47665/tb.40.2.013
    Timely and rapid diagnosis is crucial for faster and proper malaria treatment planning. Microscopic examination is the gold standard for malaria diagnosis, where hundreds of millions of blood films are examined annually. However, this method's effectiveness depends on the trained microscopist's skills. With the increasing interest in applying deep learning in malaria diagnosis, this study aims to determine the most suitable deep-learning object detection architecture and their applicability to detect and distinguish red blood cells as either malaria-infected or non-infected cells. The object detectors Yolov4, Faster R-CNN, and SSD 300 are trained with images infected by all five malaria parasites and from four stages of infection with 80/20 train and test data partition. The performance of object detectors is evaluated, and hyperparameters are optimized to select the best-performing model. The best-performing model was also assessed with an independent dataset to verify the models' ability to generalize in different domains. The results show that upon training, the Yolov4 model achieves a precision of 83%, recall of 95%, F1-score of 89%, and mean average precision of 93.87% at a threshold of 0.5. Conclusively, Yolov4 can act as an alternative in detecting the infected cells from whole thin blood smear images. Object detectors can complement a deep learning classification model in detecting infected cells since they eliminate the need to train on single-cell images and have been demonstrated to be more feasible for a different target domain.
    Matched MeSH terms: Erythrocytes
  3. Fulltext Invasion characteristics of a Plasmodium knowlesi line newly isolated from a human
    Amir A, Russell B, Liew JW, Moon RW, Fong MY, Vythilingam I, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2016 Apr 21;6:24623.
    PMID: 27097521 DOI: 10.1038/srep24623
    Plasmodium knowlesi is extensively used as an important malaria model and is now recognized as an important cause of human malaria in Malaysia. The strains of P. knowlesi currently used for research were isolated many decades ago, raising concerns that they might no longer be representative of contemporary parasite populations. We derived a new P. knowlesi line (University Malaya line, UM01), from a patient admitted in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and compared it with a human-adapted laboratory line (A1-H.1) derived from the P. knowlesi H strain. The UM01 and A1-H.1 lines readily invade human and macaque (Macaca fascicularis) normocytes with a preference for reticulocytes. Whereas invasion of human red blood cells was dependent on the presence of the Duffy antigen/receptor for chemokines (DARC) for both parasite lines, this was not the case for macaque red blood cells. Nonetheless, differences in invasion efficiency, gametocyte production and the length of the asexual cycle were noted between the two lines. It would be judicious to isolate and characterise numerous P. knowlesi lines for use in future experimental investigations of this zoonotic species.
    Matched MeSH terms: Erythrocytes/parasitology; Erythrocytes/pathology
  4. Fulltext First Report on Successful Triploidy Induction in Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) Using Electroporation
    Okomoda VT, Aminath L, Oladimeji SA, Abol-Munafi AB, Korede AI, Ikhwanuddin M, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2020 02 12;10(1):2425.
    PMID: 32051528 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59389-2
    This study investigated the use of electric-shock in inducing triploidy in African catfish Clarias gariepinus. To achieve this, three voltages (9, 12, 21 V) were applied for different durations (3, 5, 10 min). The shock was initiated approximately three minutes after fertilization followed by incubation in ambient temperature. After incubation, hatchability and survival rates were determined while ploidy status of the treatment fishes was confirmed in one-month-old fingerlings using the exclusive triploid range of the erythrocyte major axis previously reported for the same species (11.9-14.9 μm) and by cytogenetic analysis of the chromosome. The results showed triploidy were achieved in 10 to 85% of the treatment groups. A consistent trend of decrease in hatchability and an increase in triploidy rate was observed with increased electroporation voltages and shock durations. The mean erythrocyte major axis length of triploid progenies (3n = 84) was observed to be between 11.3-14.6 μm and was higher than the range of 7.0-10.5 μm recorded for diploid progenies (2n = 56). It was concluded that electric shock can be used to induce triploidy in African catfish C. gariepinus.
    Matched MeSH terms: Erythrocytes/cytology; Erythrocytes/metabolism
  5. Micronucleated erythrocytes as an assay to assess actions by physical and chemical genotoxic agents in Clarias gariepinus
    Bahari IB, Noor FM, Daud NM
    Mutat Res, 1994 Aug;313(1):1-5.
    PMID: 7519306
    An in vivo study on the effects of both physical (gamma-radiation) and chemical (mitomycin C) genotoxic agents was carried out with the catfish species, Clarias gariepinus. The fish were either exposed to gamma-radiation at doses of 0-9 Gy or injected intraperitoneally with mitomycin C at concentrations of 0-2 mg/kg. Micronucleated erythrocytes were sampled from 0 to 60 days post treatment. Data obtained showed a time-dependent response of the induction of micronucleated erythrocytes with both genotoxic agents. A linear dose-dependent increase was observed 2-4 days after treatment. These data show the importance of sampling time in the micronucleus assay with Clarias gariepinus.
    Matched MeSH terms: Erythrocytes/drug effects*; Erythrocytes/radiation effects*
  6. Two Plasmodium knowlesi-specific antigens on the surface of schizont-infected Rhesus monkey erythrocytes induce antibody production in immune hosts
    Schmidt-Ullrich R, Wallach DF, Lightholder J
    J. Exp. Med., 1979 Jul 01;150(1):86-99.
    PMID: 87490
    Purified schizonts (6--10 nuclei) and membranes of schizont-infected erythrocytes from the Malaysian and Philippine strain of Plasmodium knowlesi are analyzed immunochemically using immunoglobulin of rhesus monkey hyperimmune sera against schizonts and of sera from naturally immune monkeys. The anti-schizont Ig identifies less than 20 immune components in Triton X-100-solubilized schizonts and membranes of infected cells. Of these antigens, 9 (component 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 18, and 20) are common to parasites and membranes of infected erythrocytes, and 12 (2A,B, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13p, 14, 16A,B, 19 A,Bp, 21, 22p, and 23) are predominantly found in the parasite; 4 components (13i, 19A,Bi, 22A, B, and 24) are unique to the membrane of infected erythrocytes. Only three parasite-specific components (1, 13, and 19) are exposed on the surface of parasitized erythrocytes as revealed by both lactoperoxidase-catalyzed radioiodination and extensive absorption of anti-schizont Ig using intact infected erythrocytes. Two plasmodium-specific antigens (1 and 13) on the surface of infected erythrocytes are recognized by sera of rhesus monkeys rendered naturally immune against P. knowlesi infections and, therefore, represent antigens in vivo. Analyses of schizonts and membranes of parasitized erythrocytes of the two different strains of P. knowlesi yields only some minor quantitative, but no qualitative differences when analyzed with both types of antisera. Importantly, components 1 and 13 appear identical in both strains.
    Matched MeSH terms: Erythrocytes/immunology; Erythrocytes/parasitology*
  7. Fulltext Factors influencing phagocytosis of malaria parasites: the story so far
    Chua CLL, Ng IMJ, Yap BJM, Teo A
    Malar J, 2021 Jul 16;20(1):319.
    PMID: 34271941 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03849-1
    There are seven known species of Plasmodium spp. that can infect humans. The human host can mount a complex network of immunological responses to fight infection and one of these immune functions is phagocytosis. Effective and timely phagocytosis of parasites, accompanied by the activation of a regulated inflammatory response, is beneficial for parasite clearance. Functional studies have identified specific opsonins, particularly antibodies and distinct phagocyte sub-populations that are associated with clinical protection against malaria. In addition, cellular and molecular studies have enhanced the understanding of the immunological pathways and outcomes following phagocytosis of malaria parasites. In this review, an integrated view of the factors that can affect phagocytosis of infected erythrocytes and parasite components, the immunological consequences and their association with clinical protection against Plasmodium spp. infection is provided. Several red blood cell disorders and co-infections, and drugs that can influence phagocytic capability during malaria are also discussed. It is hoped that an enhanced understanding of this immunological process can benefit the design of new therapeutics and vaccines to combat this infectious disease.
    Matched MeSH terms: Erythrocytes/parasitology; Erythrocytes/physiology*
  8. Fulltext Plasmodium knowlesi Cytoadhesion Involves SICA Variant Proteins
    Peterson MS, Joyner CJ, Lapp SA, Brady JA, Wood JS, Cabrera-Mora M, et al.
    Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2022;12:888496.
    PMID: 35811680 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.888496
    Plasmodium knowlesi poses a health threat throughout Southeast Asian communities and currently causes most cases of malaria in Malaysia. This zoonotic parasite species has been studied in Macaca mulatta (rhesus monkeys) as a model for severe malarial infections, chronicity, and antigenic variation. The phenomenon of Plasmodium antigenic variation was first recognized during rhesus monkey infections. Plasmodium-encoded variant proteins were first discovered in this species and found to be expressed at the surface of infected erythrocytes, and then named the Schizont-Infected Cell Agglutination (SICA) antigens. SICA expression was shown to be spleen dependent, as SICA expression is lost after P. knowlesi is passaged in splenectomized rhesus. Here we present data from longitudinal P. knowlesi infections in rhesus with the most comprehensive analysis to date of clinical parameters and infected red blood cell sequestration in the vasculature of tissues from 22 organs. Based on the histopathological analysis of 22 tissue types from 11 rhesus monkeys, we show a comparative distribution of parasitized erythrocytes and the degree of margination of the infected erythrocytes with the endothelium. Interestingly, there was a significantly higher burden of parasites in the gastrointestinal tissues, and extensive margination of the parasites along the endothelium, which may help explain gastrointestinal symptoms frequently reported by patients with P. knowlesi malarial infections. Moreover, this margination was not observed in splenectomized rhesus that were infected with parasites not expressing the SICA proteins. This work provides data that directly supports the view that a subpopulation of P. knowlesi parasites cytoadheres and sequesters, likely via SICA variant antigens acting as ligands. This process is akin to the cytoadhesive function of the related variant antigen proteins, namely Erythrocyte Membrane Protein-1, expressed by Plasmodium falciparum.
    Matched MeSH terms: Erythrocytes/parasitology
  9. Severe thalassaemia intermedia: clinical problems in the absence of hypertransfusion
    Mohamed N, Jackson N
    Blood Rev, 1998 Sep;12(3):163-70.
    PMID: 9745886
    In many of the parts of the world where thalassaemia is common, the blood supply is inadequate or unsafe, and desferrioxamine is too expensive for routine use. We classify some patients as having 'severe thalassaemia intermedia', i.e. those with moderately severe thalassaemia who can survive without regular transfusions, but who are at risk of many complications which are reviewed here. These include bone deformity and fractures, extramedullary haemopoietic tumours, leg ulcers, autoimmune haemolysis and, especially after splenectomy, thromboembolism and infection. An increase in the quality and safety of the blood supply, and a cheaper and/or oral iron chelator, would enable more of these patients to be treated as thalassaemia major and have improved survival and quality of life.
    Matched MeSH terms: Erythrocytes/microbiology; Erythrocytes/pathology; Erythrocytes/virology
  10. Fulltext Urinary erythrocyte morphology as a diagnostic aid in haematuria
    Ahmad G, Segasothy M, Morad Z
    Singapore Med J, 1993 Dec;34(6):486-8.
    PMID: 8153706
    The value of urinary erythrocyte morphology in diagnosing glomerular and nonglomerular haematuria was studied using phase contrast microscopy in 105 patients with significant haematuria. Fifty-eight (93.6%) out of 62 patients with glomerulonephritis had dysmorphic erythrocytes and 40 (93.1%) out of the 43 patients with nonglomerular disease had isomorphic erythrocytes in the urine. A mixed picture of glomerular and nonglomerular haematuria was seen in 5 patients. The sensitivity was 93.6%, the specificity was 97.7% and the positive predictive value was 98.3% for glomerulonephritis in patients with dysmorphic haematuria. The positive predictive value for a nonglomerular source of bleeding was 96.7% with isomorphic haematuria. It is concluded that phase contrast microscopic examination of erythrocytes in urine is a simple, inexpensive and noninvasive technique that reliably distinguishes between glomerular and nonglomerular bleeding in patients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Erythrocytes/pathology*; Erythrocytes, Abnormal/pathology
  11. Salinity tolerance in Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822): insight on blood parameter variations and gill histological changes
    Okomoda VT, Isah S, Solomon SG, Ikhwanuddin M
    Fish Physiol Biochem, 2024 Apr;50(2):605-616.
    PMID: 38165562 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01293-3
    This study was designed to evaluate the tolerance of Clarias gariepinus juveniles to a gradual and abrupt increase in salinity over time. To this effect, C. gariepinus juveniles were exposed to three salinity incremental protocols namely 1 g L-1 day-1, 5 g L-1 day-1, and 10 g L-1 day-1. Changes in the hematological parameters and the gill histology of fish were analyzed to determine the impact of osmotic stress on the health status of the fish and its osmoregulatory ability. The result obtained showed that juveniles of C. gariepinus can tolerate salinity stress up to 14 g L-1. At 15 g L-1 and beyond, all samples died regardless of gradual (i.e., 1 g L-1 day-1 administered for 15 days) or abrupt salinity exposure (i.e., 5 g L-1 day-1 administered for three days and 10 g L-1 day-1 administered for two days). Interestingly, more than 90% of the fish survived a direct 10 g L-1 exposure for 24 h without prior acclimation. The hematological parameters accessed in the fish exposed to 10 g L-1 (either gradually or abruptly) showed a significant increase in the white blood cells and a decrease in the red blood cells, packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, and all derived blood parameters. The results of the serum biochemistry show a lower total protein and albumin in the salinity-treated fish compared to the control group. However, the serum glucose and the plasma electrolytes (i.e., K+, Na+, and Cl-) were higher in the former group than in the latter. Aside from the stress response expressed in the blood parameters, severe gill degenerations were seen in the histological micrograph obtained for the salinity-treated fish, while the control had a near-normal gill architecture. It was concluded that C. gariepinus could tolerate salinity exposure of 10 g L-1 day-1 (administered gradually or abruptly) and below without killing the fish within 24 h.
    Matched MeSH terms: Erythrocytes
  12. Fulltext Rheopathologic Consequence of Plasmodium vivax Rosette Formation
    Zhang R, Lee WC, Lau YL, Albrecht L, Lopes SC, Costa FT, et al.
    PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2016 08;10(8):e0004912.
    PMID: 27509168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004912
    Malaria parasites dramatically alter the rheological properties of infected red blood cells. In the case of Plasmodium vivax, the parasite rapidly decreases the shear elastic modulus of the invaded RBC, enabling it to avoid splenic clearance. This study highlights correlation between rosette formation and altered membrane deformability of P. vivax-infected erythrocytes, where the rosette-forming infected erythrocytes are significantly more rigid than their non-rosetting counterparts. The adhesion of normocytes to the PvIRBC is strong (mean binding force of 440pN) resulting in stable rosette formation even under high physiological shear flow stress. Rosetting may contribute to the sequestration of PvIRBC schizonts in the host microvasculature or spleen.
    Matched MeSH terms: Erythrocytes/parasitology*; Erythrocytes/pathology*; Erythrocytes/physiology; Erythrocytes/ultrastructure
  13. I-int phenotype among three individuals of a Parsi community from Mumbai, India
    Joshi SR
    Immunohematology, 2014;30(1):11-3.
    PMID: 25238244
    The red blood cells (RBCs) of most adult individuals display an I+i- phenotype, whereas those of newborns and some rare adult individuals are typed as I-i+. The phenotype in the latter category, designated as adult i, is under genetic influence as the RBCs of I+i+ individuals display strengths of I and i antigen expression intermediate to that of ordinary adults and ii-adults. As there was no information on the occurrence of adult i phenotype in the Indian population, the present study was undertaken. The RBCs of randomly selected subjects were screened with anti-I and anti-i reagents by a saline tube technique at 220C. Individuals with unusual I and i antigen reactivity patterns were further tested by a semi-quantitative method with a battery of anti-I and anti-i reagents, followed by family studies. Three of the 5864 donors tested showed an elevated strength of i antigen. Further study revealed an intermediate strength of both I and i antigens compared with those on RBCs from adult and cord blood samples. All three probands came from an ethnic Parsi community. The phenotype (referred to as I-int) was shown to be inherited, being passed through two generations, but none of the members of the families had displayed an adult i phenotype. The I-int phenotype detected showed an ethnic association because all three subjects belonged to an endogamous Parsi community that has migrated to India some centuries ago from Persia, the present-day Iran.
    Matched MeSH terms: Erythrocytes/chemistry
  14. Fulltext Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: three peripartum cases and diagnostic challenges
    Ab Rahman WS, Abdullah WZ, Mustaffa R, Ahmed SA, Hassan MN, Husin A
    Clin Med Insights Case Rep, 2013;6:141-6.
    PMID: 24093001 DOI: 10.4137/CCRep.S12122
    Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a medical emergency characterized by occlusive microangiopathy due to intravascular platelet aggregation. This event results in damage to the red blood cells (RBCs) known as microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA). Schistocytes are circulating fragments of damaged RBCs that have different morphological features including keratocytes, helmet cells, and spherocytes. It is critical to report even a small number of these abnormal RBCs in the peripheral blood and to be alert for the possible diagnosis of TTP, especially in unexplained anemia and thrombocytopenia. The application of pentad criteria in the diagnosis has been reviewed, and the challenges still remained on the hematologic evidence of this disorder. In the 3 cases discussed here, the red cell morphological diagnosis gave an impact on TTP diagnosis, but overdiagnosis might be encountered in obstetrical patients due to nonspecific diagnostic criteria.
    Matched MeSH terms: Erythrocytes; Erythrocytes, Abnormal
  15. Fulltext In Vitro Mean Red Blood Cell Volume Change Induced by Diode Pump Solid State Low-Level Laser of 405 nm
    Musawi MS, Jafar MS, Al-Gailani BT, Ahmed NM, Suhaimi FM, Suardi N
    Photomed Laser Surg, 2016 May;34(5):211-4.
    PMID: 26966989 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2015.4043
    OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of low-level laser (LLL) doses on human red blood cell volume. The effects of exposure to a diode pump solid state (DPSS) (λ = 405 nm) laser were observed.

    BACKGROUND DATA: The response of human blood to LLL irradiation gives important information about the mechanism of interaction of laser light with living organisms. Materials and methods Blood samples were collected into ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-containing tubes, and each sample was divided into two equal aliquots, one to serve as control and the other for irradiation. The aliquot was subjected to laser irradiation for 20, 30, 40, or 50 min at a fixed power density of 0.03 W/cm(2). Mean cell volume (MCV) and red blood cell (RBC) counts were measured immediately after irradiation using a computerized hemtoanalyzer.

    RESULTS: Significant decrease in RBC volume (p 

    Matched MeSH terms: Erythrocytes/radiation effects*
  16. Fulltext Haemoglobin E trait: microcytosis and erythrocytosis
    George E, Sivagengei K
    Med J Malaysia, 1982 Jun;37(2):102-3.
    PMID: 7132828
    Matched MeSH terms: Erythrocytes, Abnormal/pathology*
  17. Erythrocyte transketolase activity and anaemia
    Chong YH, Ho GS
    Med J Malaysia, 1973 Dec;28(2):113-4.
    PMID: 4276226
    Matched MeSH terms: Erythrocytes/enzymology*
  18. Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase in different racial groups in Malaysia. A variant in a Filipino
    Teng YS, Lie-Ingo LE
    Hum Genet, 1977 Apr 15;36(2):231-4.
    PMID: 870415
    A rare electrophoretic variant of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was found in one Filipino of 146 Filipinos, 1382 Malaysians and 816 Indonesians examined. The variant consists of two usual bands and two slower migrating bands similar to those reported earlier. Superoxide dismutase variants are common among people of certain localized regions in Europe, however, this is the first report of such a variant occurring in people of non-European origin.
    Matched MeSH terms: Erythrocytes/enzymology*
  19. Fulltext Effect of once weekly folic acid supplementation on erythrocyte folate concentrations in women to determine potential to prevent neural tube defects: a randomised controlled dose-finding trial in Malaysia
    Samson KLI, Loh SP, Khor GL, Mohd Shariff Z, Yelland LN, Leemaqz S, et al.
    BMJ Open, 2020 02 05;10(2):e034598.
    PMID: 32029499 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034598
    INTRODUCTION: Folic acid (0.4 mg) taken prior to and during early pregnancy reduces the risk of neural tube defects (NTDs). Because these birth defects occur early in pregnancy, before women may know they are pregnant, many countries have mandated the addition of folic acid to food staples. In countries where fortification is not possible, and weekly iron folic acid programmes exist to reduce anaemia, the WHO recommends that 2.8 mg (7×0.4 mg) folic acid be given instead of the current weekly practice of 0.4 mg. Currently, there is a lack of evidence to support if the 2.8 mg folic acid per week dose is sufficient to raise erythrocyte folate concentrations to a level associated with a reduced risk of a NTD-affected pregnancy. We aim to conduct a three-arm randomised controlled trial to determine the effect of weekly folic acid with iron on erythrocyte folate, a biomarker of NTD risk.

    METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We will recruit non-pregnant women (n=300; 18-45 years) from Selangor, Malaysia. Women will be randomised to receive either 2.8, 0.4 or 0.0 (placebo) mg folic acid with 60 mg iron weekly for 16 weeks, followed by a 4-week washout period. The primary outcome will be erythrocyte folate concentration at 16 weeks and the mean concentration will be compared between randomised treatment groups (intention-to-treat) using a linear regression model adjusting for the baseline measure.

    ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval was obtained from the University of British Columbia (H18-00768) and Universiti Putra Malaysia (JKEUPM-2018-255). The results of this trial will be presented at scientific conferences and published in peer-reviewed journals.

    TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERS: ACTRN12619000818134 and NMRR-19-119-45736.

    Matched MeSH terms: Erythrocytes/chemistry*
  20. Erythrocyte adenosine deaminase in Malaysians
    Welch QB, Lie-Injo LE, Ganesan J
    Hum. Hered., 1975;25(1):69-72.
    PMID: 1150296
    944 adenosine deaminase phenotypings of Malay, Chinese, and Indian blood donors and newborns at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, yielded ADA1 gene frequency estimates of 0.885 for the Malays, 0.939 for the Chinese, and 0.853 for the Indians.
    Matched MeSH terms: Erythrocytes/enzymology*
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