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Fulltext Euthyroid hyperthyroxinemia: a case report

Ramanathan M

Med J Malaysia, 1987 Mar;42(1):65-7.
PMID: 3431505

This report deals with the problems of a young man who was clinically euthyroid but biochemically hyperthyroid. The possibility of peripheral resistance to thyroid hormones to explain this paradoxical state is discussed. The importance of recognising this condition to avoid the erroneous diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis and inappropriate therapy is stressed.

Matched MeSH terms: Thyroid Hormones/blood*
Thyroid hormones and mortality risk in euthyroid individuals: the Kangbuk Samsung health study

Zhang Y, Chang Y, Ryu S, Cho J, Lee WY, Rhee EJ, et al.

J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2014 Jul;99(7):2467-76.
PMID: 24708095 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-3832

CONTEXT: Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, both overt and subclinical, are associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. The association between thyroid hormones and mortality in euthyroid individuals, however, is unclear.
OBJECTIVE: To examine the prospective association between thyroid hormones levels within normal ranges and mortality endpoints.
SETTING AND DESIGN: A prospective cohort study of 212 456 middle-aged South Korean men and women who had normal thyroid hormone levels and no history of thyroid disease at baseline from January 1, 2002 to December 31, 2009. Free T4 (FT4), free T3 (FT3), and TSH levels were measured by RIA. Vital status and cause of death ascertainment were based on linkage to the National Death Index death certificate records.
RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 4.3 years, 730 participants died (335 deaths from cancer and 112 cardiovascular-related deaths). FT4 was inversely associated with all-cause mortality (HR = 0.77, 95% confidence interval 0.63-0.95, comparing the highest vs lowest quartile of FT4; P for linear trend = .01), and FT3 was inversely associated cancer mortality (HR = 0.62, 95% confidence interval 0.45-0.85; P for linear trend = .001). TSH was not associated with mortality endpoints.
CONCLUSIONS: In a large cohort of euthyroid men and women, FT4 and FT3 levels within the normal range were inversely associated with the risk of all-cause mortality and cancer mortality, particularly liver cancer mortality.

Matched MeSH terms: Thyroid Hormones/blood*
Fulltext The relationships between thyroid hormones and thyroid-stimulating hormone with lipid profile in euthyroid men

Chin KY, Ima-Nirwana S, Mohamed IN, Aminuddin A, Johari MH, Ngah WZ

Int J Med Sci, 2014;11(4):349-55.
PMID: 24578612 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.7104

Alteration in lipid profile is a common observation in patients with thyroid dysfunction, but the current knowledge on the relationship between lipids and thyroid hormone levels in euthyroid state is insufficient. The current study aimed to determine the association between thyroid hormones and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) with lipid profile in a euthyroid male population.

Matched MeSH terms: Thyroid Hormones/blood*
Fulltext Determination of trimester specific reference intervals for thyroid hormones during pregnancy in Malaysian women

Thevarajah M, Chew YY, Lim SC, Sabir N, Sickan J

Malays J Pathol, 2009 Jun;31(1):23-7.
PMID: 19694310 MyJurnal

To establish trimester specific reference intervals for thyroid hormones during pregnancy in Malaysian women.

Matched MeSH terms: Thyroid Hormones/blood*
Thyroid hormones and autoantibodies in pregnant patients with thyroid diseases

Goh KH, Ng ML, Roslan BA, Tan TT, Nasri BN, Khalid BA

Ann Acad Med Singap, 1993 Jul;22(4):539-43.
PMID: 8257054

Serum concentrations of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid autoantibodies in pregnant patients with thyroid disease at various stages of pregnancy were determined by in-house ELISAs. In normal pregnancy, serum TSH levels were significantly elevated (p < 0.05) from 13 weeks of gestation. The normal reference ranges for TSH for the second (0.6-5.0 mIU/l) and third trimester (0.6-5.6 mIU/l) were significantly higher (p < 0.05; p < 0.01 respectively) compared to 0.4-4.5 mIU/l for the first trimester. In pregnant thyroid patients, serum TSH levels correlated highly (p < 0.001) to T4 (r = 0.740), FT4I (r = 0.683) and MicAb (microsomal antibodies) (r = 0.825) but weaker (p < 0.01) to T3 (r = -0.512), FT3I (r = 0.520) and TgAb (thyroglobulin antibodies) (r = 0.618). Thus, measurement of TSH with the highly sensitive ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) would form a useful first line test for thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy while measurement of thyroid autoantibodies would aid in the diagnosis of autoimmune hypothyroidism.

Matched MeSH terms: Thyroid Hormones/blood*
Fulltext The first frozen embryo donation pregnancy for hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism in Singapore--hormonal profile and obstetric outcome

Chan CLK, Kumar J, Ong ML, Ng SC, Bongso TA, Ratnam SS

Med J Malaysia, 1996 Dec;51(4):482-4.
PMID: 10968039

This is the first report in South East Asia of a singleton frozen embryo donation pregnancy for hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism. The hormonal profile was compared with that of a control group of normal uncomplicated singleton pregnancies in Singapore. The plasma beta hCG levels were lower compared to those of our normal uncomplicated singleton pregnancies at 2 to 3 weeks after the embryo transfer but became comparable at 4 to 5 weeks after embryo transfer. The successful vaginal delivery and the obstetric complications developed in this case are discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Hormones/blood
Fulltext Clinical and endocrine profiles of 62 Malaysian women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Tan TT, Lui SK, Satgunasingam N, Khalid BA

Med J Malaysia, 1989 Dec;44(4):302-6.
PMID: 2520038

62 cases of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCO) were reviewed with regards to their clinical and endocrine features. The subgroup of patients with acanthosis nigricans (AN) was further studied in detail. The prevalence of the syndrome was significantly higher in the Indian (35.5% of cases). Obesity, AN, hirsutism, non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and raised level of serum testosterone were present in 77.1%, 74%, 79%, 21% and 48% of the cases respectively. Patients with AN was associated with higher body mass index, serum testosterone level, and prevalence of hirsutism and NIDDM than patients without AN. These observations are in keeping with the hypothesis that hyperinsulinemia may be of importance in the pathogenesis of a sub-group of PCO associated with insulin resistant states.

Matched MeSH terms: Hormones/blood
Fulltext Chronic Social Defeat Stress Up-Regulates Spexin in the Brain of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Lim CH, Soga T, Levavi-Sivan B, Parhar IS

Sci Rep, 2020 05 06;10(1):7666.
PMID: 32376994 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64639-4

Spexin (SPX), a neuropeptide evolutionarily conserved from fish to mammals, is widely distributed in the brain and peripheral tissues and associated with various physiological functions. Recently SPX has been suggested to be involved in neurological mechanism of stress. The current study investigates the involvement of SPX in chronic social defeat stress, using male teleost, the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) as an animal model due to its distinct social hierarchy of dominant and subordinate relationship. The tilapia genome has SPX1a and SPX1b but has no SPX2. In the Nile tilapia, we localized SPX1a and SPX1b in the brain using in-situ hybridization. Next, using qPCR we examined gene expression of SPX1a and SPX1b in chronically stress (socially defeated) fish. SPX1a expressing cells were localized in the semicircular torus of the midbrain region and SPX1b expressing cells in the telencephalon. Chronically stress fish showed elevated plasma cortisol levels; with an upregulation of SPX1a and SPX1b gene expression in the brain compared to non-stress (control) fish. Since social defeat is a source of stress, the upregulated SPX mRNA levels during social defeat suggests SPX as a potentially inhibitory neuropeptide capable of causing detrimental changes in behaviour and physiology.

Matched MeSH terms: Peptide Hormones/blood
Eliminating iodine deficiency in rural Sarawak, Malaysia: the relevance of water iodization

Foo LC, Mahmud N, Satgunasingam N

Am J Public Health, 1998 Apr;88(4):680-1.
PMID: 9551019
Matched MeSH terms: Thyroid Hormones/blood*
Plasma sex steroid hormonal profile and gonad histology during the annual reproductive cycle of river catfish Hemibagrus nemurus (Valenciennes, 1840) in captivity

Adebiyi FA, Siraj SS, Harmin SA, Christianus A

Fish Physiol Biochem, 2013 Jun;39(3):547-57.
PMID: 23010937 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-012-9718-x

Plasma sex steroid hormonal profile and gonad histology were correlated to study the annual reproductive cycle of Hemibagrus nemurus. Hormones were measured by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Gonad tissues were observed by using light microscopy. The highest testosterone (T) value for male was observed in November and that of female was in October. 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) and 17β-estradiol (E2) levels were highest in June and November, respectively. Hormonal profiles of T, 11-KT and E2 showed several peaks which indicated a non-seasonal pattern. There were significant differences (p

Matched MeSH terms: Gonadal Steroid Hormones/blood*
Effects of Lugol's solution on thyroid function in normals and patients with untreated thyrotoxicosis

Tan TT, Morat P, Ng ML, Khalid BA

Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 1989 Jun;30(6):645-9.
PMID: 2591064

Thirty-eight normal volunteers and 10 patients with untreated thyrotoxicosis were each given 0.5 ml of Lugol's solution daily for 10 days. On days 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20, serum levels of T4, free T4, T3 and TSH (by sensitive immunoradiometric assay) were measured. In normal subjects, the serum concentrations of free T4 declined significantly at day 10 while TSH levels were significantly increased at days 5, 10 and 15. Serum levels of T4 and T3 did not change significantly. All the observed changes took place within the limits of normal ranges for the hormones mentioned. In contrast, in the thyrotoxic subjects, both T4 and T3 were significantly decreased at days 5 and 10, while serum TSH remained below detection limit (0.14 mU/l) throughout the study. Short exposure to excessive iodide in normal subjects affects T4 and T3 release and this effect could be partially overcome by compensatory increase in TSH. In thyrotoxicosis, lack of compensatory increase in TSH results in rapid decreases in T4 and T3 levels. The integrity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroidal axis may be effectively assessed by measuring TSH response to iodide suppression, using a highly sensitive immunoradiometric assay.

Matched MeSH terms: Thyroid Hormones/blood
The effect of iodized oil on goitre size, thyroid function and the development of the Jod Basedow phenomenon

Maberly GF, Corcoran JM, Eastman CJ

Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 1982 Sep;17(3):253-9.
PMID: 6299619
Matched MeSH terms: Thyroid Hormones/blood
Monosodium glutamate daily oral supplementation: study of its effects on male reproductive system on rat model

Jubaidi FF, Mathialagan RD, Noor MM, Taib IS, Budin SB

Syst Biol Reprod Med, 2019 Jun;65(3):194-204.
PMID: 30773941 DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2019.1573274

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is widely used in food preparation industry and has been consumed regularly. Previous studies had reported on effects of MSG when given at extremely high dosages, the results are not applicable to human equivalent intake. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of MSG on sperm quality and changes in reproductive organs of adult male rats when taken at average human daily intake (ADI). Twenty-four adult male rats were randomly assigned into three groups; NC (Normal control), MSG60 and MSG120 where MSG was given orally at 60 mg/kg and 120 mg/kg to each respective group. All treatments were conducted for 28 consecutive days. MSG at estimated ADI of 120 mg/kg body weight resulted in a significant drop in sperm quality (p

Matched MeSH terms: Hormones/blood
Orlistat attenuates obesity-induced decline in steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis by up-regulating steroidogenic genes

Suleiman JB, Nna VU, Othman ZA, Zakaria Z, Bakar ABA, Mohamed M

Andrology, 2020 09;8(5):1471-1485.
PMID: 32438512 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12824

BACKGROUND: Steroidogenesis decline is reported to be one of the mechanisms associated with obesity-induced male factor subfertility/infertility.
OBJECTIVES: We explored the possible preventive/therapeutic effects of orlistat (a medication prescribed for weight loss) on obesity-induced steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis decline.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-four adult male Sprague Dawley rats weighing 250-300 g were randomized into four groups (n = 6/group), namely; normal control, high-fat diet, high-fat diet plus orlistat preventive group and high-fat diet plus orlistat treatment group. Orlistat (10 mg/kg/b.w./d suspended in distilled water) was either concurrently administered with high-fat diet for 12 weeks (high-fat diet plus orlistat preventive group) or administered from week 7-12 post- high-fat diet feeding (high-fat diet plus orlistat treatment group). Thereafter, serum, testes and epididymis were collected for analyses.
RESULTS: Obesity increased serum leptin and decreased adiponectin levels, decreased serum and intra-testicular levels of follicle stimulating hormone, luteinising hormone and testosterone, sperm count, motility, viability, normal morphology and epididymal antioxidants, but increased epididymal malondialdehyde level and sperm nDNA fragmentation. Testicular mRNA transcript levels of androgen receptor, luteinizing hormone receptor, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP11A1), 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase were significantly decreased in the testes of the high-fat diet group. Further, the levels of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein protein and enzymatic activities of CYP11A1, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase were also significantly decreased in the testes of the high-fat diet group. Treatment with orlistat significantly decreased leptin and increased adiponectin levels, improved sperm parameters, decreased sperm DNA fragmentation, increased the levels of steroidogenic hormones, proteins and associated genes in high-fat diet-induced obese male rats, with the preventive group (high-fat diet plus orlistat preventive group) having better results relative to the treatment group (high-fat diet plus orlistat treatment group).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Orlistat attenuated impaired spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis decline by up-regulating steroidogenic genes. This may not be unconnected to its significant effect in lowering serum leptin levels, since the hormone is known to dampen fertility potential. Therefore, orlistat may improve fertility potential in overweight/obese men.

Matched MeSH terms: Gonadal Steroid Hormones/blood
Fulltext Primary thyroid lymphoma with elevated free thyroxine level

Yahaya N, Din SW, Ghazali MZ, Mustafa S

Singapore Med J, 2011 Sep;52(9):e173-6.
PMID: 21947158

Primary thyroid lymphoma (PTL) is a rare form of thyroid cancer that is known to be associated with Hashimoto thyroiditis. This association is supported by the presence of elevated titres of both antithyroglobulin and antimicrosomal antibodies in up to 95 percent of patients with PTL. Most patients with PTL present with a rapidly enlarging neck mass and compressive symptoms. The majority of thyroid cancer patients have normal levels of thyroid hormones; they are rarely hyperthyroid, with no obvious clinical features of thyrotoxicosis. We describe a patient who presented with minimal clinical features of thyrotoxicosis despite having markedly elevated serum free thyroxine and suppressed serum thyroid-stimulating hormone levels.

Matched MeSH terms: Thyroid Hormones/blood
Fulltext The effects of Tualang honey on female reproductive organs, tibia bone and hormonal profile in ovariectomised rats--animal model for menopause

Zaid SS, Sulaiman SA, Sirajudeen KN, Othman NH

BMC Complement Altern Med, 2010;10:82.
PMID: 21194469 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-10-82

Honey is a highly nutritional natural product that has been widely used in folk medicine for a number of therapeutic purposes. We evaluated whether Malaysian Tualang honey (AgroMas, Malaysia) was effective in reducing menopausal syndrome in ovariectomised female rats; an animal model for menopause.

Matched MeSH terms: Hormones/blood*
Fulltext A combined case of macroprolactinoma, growth hormone excess and Graves' disease

Hussein Z, Tress B, Colman PG

Med J Malaysia, 2005 Jun;60(2):232-6.
PMID: 16114168

Thyrotoxicosis due to Graves disease is a relatively common endocrine disorder. The occurrence of a prolactinoma with co-secretion of growth hormone (GH) is on the other hand, rare. We report the rare co-existence of Graves' disease in a patient with macroprolactinoma and GH hypersecretion and describe the successful response to medical therapy with dopamine agonist and antithyroid therapy. We hypothesize that hyperprolactinaemia played a role in promoting autoimmune thyroid disease in our patient and that treatment of hyperprolactinaemia may have been important in suppressing autoimmune disease activity in Graves' disease. This case also reflects on the close and complex interactions between thyroid hormones, prolactin (PRL), GH and testosterone (T).

Matched MeSH terms: Thyroid Hormones/blood
Fulltext Evaluating Crossbred Red Rice Variants for Postprandial Glucometabolic Responses: A Comparison with Commercial Varieties

Se CH, Chuah KA, Mishra A, Wickneswari R, Karupaiah T

Nutrients, 2016 May 20;8(5).
PMID: 27213446 DOI: 10.3390/nu8050308

Consumption of white rice predisposes some Asian populations to increased risk of type 2 diabetes. We compared the postprandial glucometabolic responses to three newly-developed crossbred red rice variants (UKMRC9, UKMRC10, UKMRC11) against three selected commercial rice types (Thai red, Basmati white, Jasmine white) using 50-g carbohydrate equivalents provided to 12 normoglycaemic adults in a crossover design. Venous blood was drawn fasted and postprandially for three hours. Glycaemic (GI) and insulin (II) indices, incremental areas-under-the-curves for glucose and insulin (IAUCins), indices of insulin sensitivity and secretion, lactate and peptide hormones (motilin, neuropeptide-Y, orexin-A) were analyzed. The lowest to highest trends for GI and II were similar i.e., UKMRC9 < Basmati < Thai red < UKMRC10 < UKMRC11 < Jasmine. Postprandial insulinaemia and IAUCins of only UKMRC9 were significantly the lowest compared to Jasmine. Crude protein and fiber content correlated negatively with the GI values of the test rice. Although peptide hormones were not associated with GI and II characteristics of test rice, early and late phases of prandial neuropeptide-Y changes were negatively correlated with postprandial insulinaemia. This study indicated that only UKMRC9 among the new rice crossbreeds could serve as an alternative cereal option to improve diet quality of Asians with its lowest glycaemic and insulinaemic burden.

Matched MeSH terms: Peptide Hormones/blood
Fulltext Effects of maternal diet and exercise during pregnancy on glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle and fat of weanling rats

Raipuria M, Bahari H, Morris MJ

PLoS One, 2015;10(4):e0120980.
PMID: 25853572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120980

Obesity during pregnancy contributes to the development of metabolic disorders in offspring. Maternal exercise may limit gestational weight gain and ameliorate these programming effects. We previously showed benefits of post-weaning voluntary exercise in offspring from obese dams. Here we examined whether voluntary exercise during pregnancy influences lipid and glucose homeostasis in muscle and fat in offspring of both lean and obese dams. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed chow (C) or high fat (F) diet for 6 weeks before mating. Half underwent voluntary exercise (CE/FE) with a running wheel introduced 10 days prior to mating and available until the dams delivered; others remained sedentary (CS/FS). Male and female pups were killed at postnatal day (PND)19 and retroperitoneal fat and gastrocnemius muscle were collected for gene expression. Lean and obese dams achieved similar modest levels of exercise. At PND1, both male and female pups from exercised lean dams were significantly lighter (CE versus CS), with no effect in those from obese dams. At PND19, maternal obesity significantly increased offspring body weight and adiposity, with no effect of maternal exercise. Exercise significantly reduced insulin concentrations in males (CE/FE versus CS/FS), with reduced glucose in male FE pups. In males, maternal obesity significantly decreased muscle myogenic differentiation 1 (MYOD1) and glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) mRNA expressions (FS vs CS); these were normalized by exercise. Maternal exercise upregulated adipose GLUT4, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1α) mRNA expression in offspring of dams consuming chow. Modest voluntary exercise during pregnancy was associated with lower birth weight in pups from lean dams. Maternal exercise appeared to decrease the metabolic risk induced by maternal obesity, improving insulin/glucose metabolism, with greater effects in male than female offspring.

Matched MeSH terms: Hormones/blood
High prevalence of thyroid function test abnormalities in chronic schizophrenia

Othman SS, Abdul Kadir K, Hassan J, Hong GK, Singh BB, Raman N

Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 1994 Dec;28(4):620-4.
PMID: 7794205

The thyroid status of 249 patients with chronic schizophrenia (males = 136, females = 113) with a median age of 36 years (range: 16 to 58 years) and a median duration of hospitalisation of 10 years (range: 1 to 30 years) was assessed. Thyroid antibodies (TAb) were found in 51 patients (20%). In female patients, 32 (28%) were TAb positive compared to 13% (n = 152, p = 0.01) in healthy female blood donors. In male patients, the prevalence of TAb was 14% compared to 7% (n = 449, p = 0.01) in healthy male blood donors. Of the 183 patients who had thyroid hormone measurements, 60% had normal test, 5% had elevated TSH and 17% had low TSH. The T4, FT41 and FT31 were significantly lower in those with low or high TSH (p < 0.001) compared to those with normal TSH. Of the 143 patients with normal TSH, 33 (23%) had low T3. In conclusion, there is a spectrum of thyroid function test abnormalities in chronic schizophrenia; this may be related to an abnormality in the central regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary thyroid axis as well as at the peripheral level. However the association between chronic schizophrenia and the presence of thyroid antibodies, and the clinical relevance of these biochemical abnormalities, are still not clear.

Matched MeSH terms: Thyroid Hormones/blood

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