Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 103 in total

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  1. Exosome-mediated viral nucleic acid presentation in a crustacean expounds innate immunity from a novel perspective
    Gong Y, Hu H, Zhao X, Wei W, Zhang M, Tran NT, et al.
    J Virol, 2024 Dec 17;98(12):e0151924.
    PMID: 39545727 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01519-24
    As an enduring hot topic in the field of innate immunity, apoptosis is widely considered an effective approach to eliminate pathogenic microbes and plays a crucial role during host-pathogen interactions. Recently, researchers have found that the virus-containing host cells could transmit apoptotic signals to the surrounding uninfected cells during infection, but the mechanism remains unclear. Here, we found that exosomes secreted by WSSV-infected mud crab hemocytes contain viral nucleic acid wsv277, which could be transported to the recipient cells and further expressed viral protein with phosphokinase activity. Besides, by using transcriptome, proteome, ChIP-seq, and coIP techniques, the results revealed that wsv277 could activate the transcription and translation of apoptotic genes via interacting with CBF and EF-1α so as to suppress the spread of virus infection by inducing apoptosis of the surrounding cells. Therefore, for the first time, our study proved that the components of DNA virus could be encapsulated into exosomes and elucidated the mechanism of apoptotic signal transduction between cells from the perspective of exosomes.

    IMPORTANCE: Our study revealed that the components of DNA virus could be packaged and transmitted through the exosomes of lower invertebrates, which strongly demonstrated the diversity of exosome-mediated viral immunity and its universality in animals. Furthermore, we elucidated the mechanism of apoptotic signal transduction between cells from the perspective of exosomes and revealed a novel strategy for the host to cope with viral infection.

    Matched MeSH terms: Immunity, Innate*
  2. Phage cocktail therapy against multidrug-resistant luminescent Vibrio harveyi infection in Pacific white shrimp Penaeus vannamei induces indirect immunostimulatory effect
    Wan Ibrahim WN, Lee KL, Nadirah M, Danish-Daniel M, Zainathan SC, Pan H, et al.
    Fish Shellfish Immunol, 2026 Dec;179:111726.
    PMID: 42790722 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111726
    Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei is an economically important aquaculture species, however, production is frequently constrained by luminescent vibriosis caused by Vibrio harveyi. Phage therapy has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional antibiotics in shrimp aquaculture, helping to mitigate the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria. This study evaluated the lytic phage cocktail of five Caudoviricetes phages against multidrug-resistant V. harveyi and examined its effects on associated immune responses in P. vannamei. Six experimental treatments were established, comprising a negative control, an infected positive control and four phage cocktail treatments with different phage-bacteria pre-incubation periods. Total Vibrio count (TVC), total haemocyte count (THC), total differential count (TDC), cell viability (CV), phenoloxidase (PO) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, survival, and histopathological changes were evaluated. Phage-treated groups generally showed lower TVC than the infected positive control, together with favourable changes in THC, TDC, CV, and PO activity. SOD activity varied among treatments but did not differ significantly, indicating that the antioxidant response was not consistently affected by treatments. The percentage of survival was higher, and hepatopancreatic damage was reduced in phage-treated shrimp compared with the infected control. Because the phage cocktail was pre-incubated with V. harveyi before shrimp exposure, these beneficial outcomes may partly reflect a reduced viable bacterial challenge rather than direct immunostimulation. Overall, the phage cocktail suppressed V. harveyi, improved survival and was associated with favourable changes in selected host defence parameters, supporting its potential as a biocontrol strategy against luminescent vibriosis in shrimp aquaculture.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunity, Innate*
  3. Fulltext Editorial: Emerging Concepts in Dengue Pathogenesis and Host Innate Immune Response
    Kumar B, Yong YK, Sood V
    Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2021;11:708484.
    PMID: 34249783 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.708484
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunity, Innate
  4. Current status in cellular-based therapies for prevention and treatment of COVID-19
    Hattab D, Amer MFA, Mohd Gazzali A, Chuah LH, Bakhtiar A
    Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci, 2023 Aug;60(5):321-345.
    PMID: 36825325 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2023.2177605
    Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the pathogen responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreaks that resulted in a catastrophic threat to global health, with more than 500 million cases detected and 5.5 million deaths worldwide. Patients with a COVID-19 infection presented with clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic to severe symptoms, resulting in acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and even death. Immune dysregulation through delayed innate immune response or impairment of the adaptive immune response is the key contributor to the pathophysiology of COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2-induced cytokine storm. Symptomatic and supportive therapy is the fundamental strategy in treating COVID-19 infection, including antivirals, steroid-based therapies, and cell-based immunotherapies. Various studies reported substantial effects of immune-based therapies for patients with COVID-19 to modulate the over-activated immune system while simultaneously refining the body's ability to destroy the virus. However, challenges may arise from the complexity of the disease through the genetic variance of the virus itself and patient heterogeneity, causing increased transmissibility and heightened immune system evasion that rapidly change the intervention and prevention measures for SARS-CoV-2. Cell-based therapy, utilizing stem cells, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and T cells, among others, are being extensively explored as other potential immunological approaches for preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2-affected patients the similar process was effectively proven in SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV infections. This review provides detailed insights into the innate and adaptive immune response-mediated cell-based immunotherapies in COVID-19 patients. The immune response linking towards engineered autologous or allogenic immune cells for either treatment or preventive therapies is subsequently highlighted in an individual study or in combination with several existing treatments. Up-to-date data on completed and ongoing clinical trials of cell-based agents for preventing or treating COVID-19 are also outlined to provide a guide that can help in treatment decisions and future trials.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunity, Innate
  5. Fulltext MicroRNA (miRNA): A New Dimension in the Pathogenesis of Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS)
    Kotyla PJ, Islam MA
    Int J Mol Sci, 2020 Mar 18;21(6).
    PMID: 32197340 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062076
    MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded, endogenous RNA molecules that play a significant role in the regulation of gene expression as well as cell development, differentiation, and function. Recent data suggest that these small molecules are responsible for the regulation of immune responses. Therefore, they may act as potent modulators of the immune system and play an important role in the development of several autoimmune diseases. Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune systemic disease characterized by venous and/or arterial thromboses and/or recurrent fetal losses in the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs). Several lines of evidence suggest that like other autoimmune disorders, miRNAs are deeply involved in the pathogenesis of APS, interacting with the function of innate and adaptive immune responses. In this review, we characterize miRNAs in the light of having a functional role in the immune system and autoimmune responses focusing on APS. In addition, we also discuss miRNAs as potential biomarkers and target molecules in treating APS.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunity, Innate*
  6. Dietary administration of Bacillus thuringiensis on the cellular innate immune response of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) against Aeromonas hydrophila
    Reneshwary C, Rajalakshmi M, Marimuthu K, Xavier R
    Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 2011 Jan;15(1):53-60.
    PMID: 21381499
    An experiment was conducted to evaluate the use of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) as a probiotic to enhance the cellular innate immune response of the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) challenged with a bacterial fish pathogen, Aeromonas hydrophila.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunity, Innate*
  7. Fulltext Pattern recognition receptors and cytokines in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection--the double-edged sword?
    Hossain MM, Norazmi MN
    Biomed Res Int, 2013;2013:179174.
    PMID: 24350246 DOI: 10.1155/2013/179174
    Tuberculosis, an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains a major cause of human death worldwide. Innate immunity provides host defense against Mtb. Phagocytosis, characterized by recognition of Mtb by macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), is the first step of the innate immune defense mechanism. The recognition of Mtb is mediated by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), expressed on innate immune cells, including toll-like receptors (TLRs), complement receptors, nucleotide oligomerization domain like receptors, dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN), mannose receptors, CD14 receptors, scavenger receptors, and FCγ receptors. Interaction of mycobacterial ligands with PRRs leads macrophages and DCs to secrete selected cytokines, which in turn induce interferon-γ- (IFNγ-) dominated immunity. IFNγ and other cytokines like tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) regulate mycobacterial growth, granuloma formation, and initiation of the adaptive immune response to Mtb and finally provide protection to the host. However, Mtb can evade destruction by antimicrobial defense mechanisms of the innate immune system as some components of the system may promote survival of the bacteria in these cells and facilitate pathogenesis. Thus, although innate immunity components generally play a protective role against Mtb, they may also facilitate Mtb survival. The involvement of selected PRRs and cytokines on these seemingly contradictory roles is discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunity, Innate/immunology
  8. Fulltext Emergence of mRNA vaccines in the management of cancer
    Mohamad Razif MI, Nizar N, Zainal Abidin NH, Muhammad Ali SN, Wan Zarimi WNN, Khotib J, et al.
    Expert Rev Vaccines, 2023;22(1):629-642.
    PMID: 37401128 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2232450
    INTRODUCTION: mRNA vaccines have been developed as a promising cancer management. It is noted that specification of the antigen sequence of the target antigen is necessary for the design and manufacture of an mRNA vaccine.

    AREAS COVERED: The steps involved in preparing the mRNA-based cancer vaccines are isolation of the mRNA cancer from the target protein using the nucleic acid RNA-based vaccine, sequence construction to prepare the DNA template, in vitro transcription for protein translation from DNA into mRNA strand, 5' cap addition and poly(A) tailing to stabilize and protect the mRNA from degradation and purification process to remove contaminants produced during preparation.

    EXPERT OPINION: Lipid nanoparticles, lipid/protamine/mRNA nanoparticles, and cell-penetrating peptides have been used to formulate mRNA vaccine and to ensure vaccine stability and delivery to the target site. Delivery of the vaccine to the target site will trigger adaptive and innate immune responses. Two predominant factors of the development of mRNA-based cancer vaccines are intrinsic influence and external influence. In addition, research relating to the dosage, route of administration, and cancer antigen types have been observed to positively impact the development of mRNA vaccine.

    Matched MeSH terms: Immunity, Innate
  9. Replication and innate immune responses of two chikungunya virus genotypes in human monocyte-derived macrophages
    Lau JZH, Chua CL, Chan YF, Nadarajan VS, Lee CLL, Sam IC
    J Gen Virol, 2023 Apr;104(4).
    PMID: 37043371 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001842
    Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a re-emerging mosquito-borne virus, which causes epidemics of fever, joint pain and rash. There are three genotypes: West African, East/Central/South/Africa (ECSA) and Asian, with the latter two predominant globally. Genotype-specific differences in clinical presentations, virulence and immunopathology have been described. Macrophages are key cells in immune responses against CHIKV. Circulating blood monocytes enter tissue to differentiate into monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) in response to CHIKV infection at key replication sites such as lymphoid organs and joints. This study analyses differences in replication and induced immune mediators following infection of MDMs with Asian and ECSA CHIKV genotypes. Primary human MDMs were derived from residual blood donations. Replication of Asian (MY/06/37348) or ECSA (MY/08/065) genotype strains of CHIKV in MDMs was measured by plaque assay. Nineteen immune mediators were measured in infected cell supernatants using multiplexed immunoassay or ELISA. MY/08/065 showed significantly higher viral replication at 24 h post-infection (h p.i.) but induced significantly lower expression of proinflammatory cytokines (CCL-2, CCL-3, CCL-4, RANTES and CXCL-10) and the anti-inflammatory IL-1Ra compared to MY/06/37348. No differences were seen at later time points up to 72 h p.i. During early infection, MY/08/065 induced lower proinflammatory immune responses in MDMs. In vivo, this may lead to poorer initial control of viral infection, facilitating CHIKV replication and dissemination to other sites such as joints. This may explain the consistent past findings that the ECSA genotype is associated with greater viremia and severity of symptoms than the Asian genotype. Knowledge of CHIKV genotype-specific immunopathogenic mechanisms in human MDMs is important in understanding of clinical epidemiology, biomarkers and therapeutics in areas with co-circulation of different genotypes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunity, Innate
  10. Fulltext From defense to offense: Modulating toll-like receptors to combat arbovirus infections
    Lani R, Thariq IM, Suhaimi NS, Hassandarvish P, Abu Bakar S
    Hum Vaccin Immunother, 2024 Dec 31;20(1):2306675.
    PMID: 38263674 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2306675
    Arboviruses are a significant threat to global public health, with outbreaks occurring worldwide. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in the innate immune response against these viruses by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns and initiating an inflammatory response. Significantly, TLRs commonly implicated in the immune response against viral infections include TLR2, TLR4, TLR6, TLR3, TLR7, and TLR8; limiting or allowing them to replicate and spread within the host. Modulating TLRs has emerged as a promising approach to combat arbovirus infections. This review summarizes recent advances in TLR modulation as a therapeutic target in arbovirus infections. Studies have shown that the activation of TLRs can enhance the immune response against arbovirus infections, leading to increased viral clearance and protection against disease. Conversely, inhibition of TLRs can reduce the excessive inflammation and tissue damage associated with arbovirus infection. Modulating TLRs represents a potential therapeutic strategy to combat arbovirus infections.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunity, Innate
  11. Fulltext Probiotics and Paraprobiotics in Viral Infection: Clinical Application and Effects on the Innate and Acquired Immune Systems
    Kanauchi O, Andoh A, AbuBakar S, Yamamoto N
    Curr Pharm Des, 2018;24(6):710-717.
    PMID: 29345577 DOI: 10.2174/1381612824666180116163411
    Recently, the risk of viral infection has dramatically increased owing to changes in human ecology such as global warming and an increased geographical movement of people and goods. However, the efficacy of vaccines and remedies for infectious diseases is limited by the high mutation rates of viruses, especially, RNA viruses. Here, we comprehensively review the effectiveness of several probiotics and paraprobiotics (sterilized probiotics) for the prevention or treatment of virally-induced infectious diseases. We discuss the unique roles of these agents in modulating the cross-talk between commensal bacteria and the mucosal immune system. In addition, we provide an overview of the unique mechanism by which viruses are eliminated through the stimulation of type 1 interferon production by probiotics and paraprobiotics via the activation of dendritic cells. Although further detailed research is necessary in the future, probiotics and/or paraprobiotics are expected to be among the rational adjunctive options for the treatment of various viral diseases.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunity, Innate/drug effects*; Immunity, Innate/immunology
  12. Flavonoids of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. heartwood inhibit the innate immune responses of human phagocytes
    Septama AW, Jantan I, Panichayupakaranant P
    J Pharm Pharmacol, 2018 Sep;70(9):1242-1252.
    PMID: 29943393 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12952
    OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of flavonoids isolated from Artocarpus heterophyllus. heartwood on chemotaxis, phagocytosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity of human phagocytes.

    METHODS: Chemotaxis was evaluated using a modified Boyden chamber and phagocytosis was determined by flowcytometer. Respiratory burst was investigated by luminol-based chemiluminescence assay while MPO activity was determined by colorimetric assay.

    KEY FINDINGS: Artocarpanone and artocarpin strongly inhibited all steps of phagocytosis. Artocarpanone and artocarpin showed strong chemotactic activity with IC50 values of 6.96 and 6.10 μm, respectively, which were lower than that of ibuprofen (7.37 μm). Artocarpanone was the most potent compound in inhibiting ROS production of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and monocytes with IC50 values comparable to those of aspirin. Artocarpin at 100 μg/ml inhibited phagocytosis of opsonized bacteria (28.3%). It also strongly inhibited MPO release with an IC50 value (23.3 μm) lower than that of indomethacin (69 μm). Structure-activity analysis indicated that the number of hydroxyl group, the presence of prenyl group and variation of C-2 and C-3 bonds might contribute towards their phagocytosis.

    CONCLUSIONS: Artocarpanone and artocarpin were able to suppress strongly the phagocytosis of human phagocytes at different steps and have potential to be developed into potent anti-inflammatory agents.

    Matched MeSH terms: Immunity, Innate/drug effects*; Immunity, Innate/immunology
  13. Fulltext Environmental immune disruptors, inflammation and cancer risk
    Thompson PA, Khatami M, Baglole CJ, Sun J, Harris SA, Moon EY, et al.
    Carcinogenesis, 2015 Jun;36 Suppl 1:S232-53.
    PMID: 26106141 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv038
    An emerging area in environmental toxicology is the role that chemicals and chemical mixtures have on the cells of the human immune system. This is an important area of research that has been most widely pursued in relation to autoimmune diseases and allergy/asthma as opposed to cancer causation. This is despite the well-recognized role that innate and adaptive immunity play as essential factors in tumorigenesis. Here, we review the role that the innate immune cells of inflammatory responses play in tumorigenesis. Focus is placed on the molecules and pathways that have been mechanistically linked with tumor-associated inflammation. Within the context of chemically induced disturbances in immune function as co-factors in carcinogenesis, the evidence linking environmental toxicant exposures with perturbation in the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory responses is reviewed. Reported effects of bisphenol A, atrazine, phthalates and other common toxicants on molecular and cellular targets involved in tumor-associated inflammation (e.g. cyclooxygenase/prostaglandin E2, nuclear factor kappa B, nitric oxide synthesis, cytokines and chemokines) are presented as example chemically mediated target molecule perturbations relevant to cancer. Commentary on areas of additional research including the need for innovation and integration of systems biology approaches to the study of environmental exposures and cancer causation are presented.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunity, Innate/drug effects; Immunity, Innate/immunology
  14. The effects of a polystyrene nanoplastic on the immune response and gut microbiota of Eriocheir sinensis and its post-recovery state
    Han M, Zhu C, Tang S, Liang J, Li D, Guo Y, et al.
    Aquat Toxicol, 2023 Sep;262:106644.
    PMID: 37549485 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106644
    Although there is increasing concern about the toxicity of nanoplastics, the effects of nanoplastic exposure and subsequent recovery on immune responses, as well as antioxidant responses and gut microbiota, in crustaceans are rarely reported. In this study, the nonspecific immunity and antioxidant defense of Eriocheir sinensis were evaluated after acute exposure to various concentrations (0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 mg/L) of 75-nm polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) for 48 h, as well as after 7 days of recovery from the nanoplastic environment. The results showed that, after 48 h of exposure, nanoplastics were observed in the gills, hepatopancreas and gut. However, no nanoplastics were found in the gut after 7 days of recovery. Under nanoplastic-induced stress, Hc, Relish, proPO, and LITAF mRNA levels increased in the gills and hepatopancreas for 48 h. Expression of the myd88, Hc, Relish and proPO genes decreased in the gills during the 7-day recovery period. Exposure to nanoplastics for 48 h and recovery for 7 days significantly decreased the activities of lysozyme (LZM) alkaline phosphatase (AKP), total superoxide dismutase (SOD) and phenoloxidase (POD) and, glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in the hepatopancreas. Meanwhile, the relative abundance of pathogens exposed to 10 mg/L nanoplastics for 48 h increased at the species level, and these pathogens decreased significantly in the 7-day recovery period. These results suggested that exposure to nanoplastics for 48 h affected the activities of immune system enzymes and expression of immune-related genes in Eriocheir sinensis and altered the diversity and composition of their gut microbiota. E. sinensis could not recover from damage to the hepatopancreas within a 7-day recovery period. The results of this study provided insight into the effects of nanoplastics on crustaceans and it filled a gap in research on crustacean recovery after exposure to nanoplastics.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunity, Innate
  15. Fulltext Transcriptome profiling of monocytes from XLA patients revealed the innate immune function dysregulation due to the BTK gene expression deficiency
    Mirsafian H, Ripen AM, Leong WM, Chear CT, Bin Mohamad S, Merican AF
    Sci Rep, 2017 07 28;7(1):6836.
    PMID: 28754963 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06342-5
    X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is a rare genetic disorder, caused by mutations in BTK (Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase) gene. Deep high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) approach was utilized to explore the possible differences in transcriptome profiles of primary monocytes in XLA patients compared with healthy subjects. Our analysis revealed the differences in expression of 1,827 protein-coding genes, 95 annotated long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and 20 novel lincRNAs between XLA patients and healthy subjects. GO and KEGG pathway analysis of differentially expressed (DE) protein-coding genes showed downregulation of several innate immune-related genes and upregulation of oxidative phosphorylation and apoptosis-related genes in XLA patients compared to the healthy subjects. Moreover, the functional prediction analysis of DE lncRNAs revealed their potential role in regulating the monocytes cell cycle and apoptosis in XLA patients. Our results suggested that BTK mutations may contribute to the dysregulation of innate immune system and increase susceptibility to apoptosis in monocytes of XLA patients. This study provides significant finding on the regulation of BTK gene in monocytes and the potential for development of innovative biomarkers and therapeutic monitoring strategies to increase the quality of life in XLA patients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunity, Innate*
  16. Immunosuppressive effects of the standardized extract of Zingiber zerumbet on innate immune responses in Wistar rats
    Ghazalee NS, Jantan I, Arshad L, Haque MA
    Phytother Res, 2019 Apr;33(4):929-938.
    PMID: 30618097 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6285
    Zingiber zerumbet rhizome has been used in traditional medicine mainly for the treatment of various immune-inflammatory related ailments and has been shown to exhibit a wide spectrum of biological effects especially antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The present study was aimed to investigate the immunosuppressive effects of the standardized 80% ethanol extract of Z. zerumbet at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg on the innate immune responses in male Wistar rats. The immune parameters determined were chemotaxis of neutrophils, Mac-1 expression, engulfment of Escherichia coli by neutrophils, reactive oxygen species production, and plasma lysozyme and ceruloplasmin levels. Zerumbone was qualitatively and quantitatively determined in the extract by using a validated reversed-phase HPLC, whereas liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC -MS/MS) was used to profile the secondary metabolites. Z. zerumbet significantly inhibited the migration of neutrophils, expressions of CD11b/CD18 integrin, phagocytic activity, and production of reactive oxygen species in a dose-dependent manner. The extract also dose-dependently inhibited the expressions of lysozyme and ceruloplasmin in the rat plasma. Z. zerumbet extract possessed strong inhibitory effects on the innate immune responses and has potential to be developed into an effective immunosuppressive agent.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunity, Innate/drug effects*
  17. Sensing Self and Non-Self DNA by Innate Immune Receptors and Their Signaling Pathways
    Sok SPM, Ori D, Nagoor NH, Kawai T
    Crit. Rev. Immunol., 2018;38(4):279-301.
    PMID: 30806244 DOI: 10.1615/CritRevImmunol.2018026540
    The innate immune system serves as the first line of defense to protect the host from pathogen infection. As a first step, the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as non-self DNA derived from pathogens, and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), such as self DNA released from damaged or injured cells. Sensing of such DNAs elicits innate immune responses through the production of type I interferons (IFNs) and proinflammatory cytokines resulting from the activation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), respectively. These cytokines are key players in interlinking innate and adaptive immune responses. However, defects in DNA sensors and their signaling cascades lead to dysregulation of immune responses, autoimmune diseases, and cancer progression. Here we provide an update on DNA signaling pathways in response to pathogen infection and cell injury, and on the roles of regulators in governing the immune system and maintaining host homeostasis. We also discuss the evasion of immunosurveillance by pathogens.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunity, Innate/immunology*
  18. Transcriptome analysis in the skin of Carassius auratus challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila
    Wang R, Hu X, Lü A, Liu R, Sun J, Sung YY, et al.
    Fish Shellfish Immunol, 2019 Nov;94:510-516.
    PMID: 31541778 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.09.039
    Skin plays an important role in the innate immune responses of fish, particularly towards bacterial infection. To understand the molecular mechanism of mucosal immunity of fish during bacterial challenge, a de novo transcriptome assembly of crucian carp Carassius auratus skin upon Aeromonas hydrophila infection was performed, the latter with Illumina Hiseq 2000 platform. A total of 118111 unigenes were generated and of these, 9693 and 8580 genes were differentially expressed at 6 and 12 h post-infection, respectively. The validity of the transcriptome results of eleven representative genes was verified by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. A comparison with the transcriptome profiling of zebrafish skin to A. hydrophila with regards to the mucosal immune responses revealed similarities in the complement system, chemokines, heat shock proteins and the acute-phase response. GO and KEGG enrichment pathway analyses displayed the significant immune responses included TLR, MAPK, JAK-STAT, phagosome and three infection-related pathways (ie., Salmonella, Vibrio cholerae and pathogenic Escherichia coli) in skin. To our knowledge, this study is the first to describe the transcriptome analysis of C. auratus skin during A. hydrophila infection. The outcome of this study contributed to the understanding of the mucosal defense mechanisms in cyprinid species.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunity, Innate/genetics*
  19. Fulltext Can complementary and alternative medicines be beneficial in the treatment of COVID-19 through improving immune system function?
    Nilashi M, Samad S, Yusuf SYM, Akbari E
    J Infect Public Health, 2020 Jun;13(6):893-896.
    PMID: 32451258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.05.009
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunity, Innate/physiology
  20. Peculiarities of innate immune memory in crustaceans
    Low CF, Chong CM
    Fish Shellfish Immunol, 2020 Sep;104:605-612.
    PMID: 32619624 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.06.047
    Classical characteristic of the innate immune system is the lack of ability to build up immunological memory, contrast to the adaptive immune system that is capable of "remembering" antigens, and rapidly mount a greater magnitude of immune response upon subsequent exposure to the same antigens. Peculiarly, immunological memory of innate immunity is evidenced in invertebrates. At least three different memory phenomena have been described, namely sustained unique response, recalled response, and immune shift. Studies attended to decipher the mechanistic biology of the innate immune memory reveals the role of epigenetics, which modulates the response of immune memory, and the heritability of immune memory to subsequent generations. A parthenogenetic Artemia model demonstrated successful transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of resistance trait against Vibrio campbellii. Following, the role of invertebrate hemocytes and Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (Dscam) in innate immune memory is reviewed. While there is no vertebrate antibody homolog found in invertebrates, Dscam was found to resemble the functionality of vertebrate antibody. Insight of Dscam as immune factor was illustrated further in the current review.
    Matched MeSH terms: Immunity, Innate*
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