Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 125 in total

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  1. Ross I, Abraham T
    Med J Malaysia, 1986 Mar;41(1):51-2.
    PMID: 3796350
    Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever/diagnosis*
  2. Gurdeep PS
    Family Practitioner, 1984;7:20-22.
    Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever
  3. Smith CE
    Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever
  4. Ross IN, Abraham T
    Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1987;81(3):374-7.
    PMID: 3686631
    We used Bayes' theorem to calculate the probability of enteric fever in 260 patients presenting with undiagnosed fever, without recourse to blood or stool culture results. These individuals were divided into 110 patients with enteric fever (63 culture positive, 47 culture negative) and 150 patients with other causes of fever. Comparison of the frequencies of occurrence of 19 clinical and laboratory events, said to be helpful in the diagnosis of enteric fever, in the two groups revealed that only 8 events were significantly more frequent in enteric fever. These were: a positive Widal test at a screening dilution of 1:40; a peak temperature greater than = 39 degrees C; previous treatment for the fever; a white blood cell count less than 9 X 10(6)/litre; a polymorphonuclear leucocyte count less than 3.5 X 10(6)/litre; splenomegaly; fever duration greater than 7 d; and hepatomegaly. When the probability of enteric fever was determined prospectively in 110 patients, using only 6 of these discriminating events, the probability of patients with a positive prediction having enteric fever (diagnostic specificity) was 0.80 (95% confidence interval: 0.68 to 0.91) and the probability of those with a negative prediction not having enteric fever (diagnostic sensitivity) was 0.92 (0.85 to 0.99). Using all 19 events did not alter the diagnostic specificity or diagnostic sensitivity. This study shows that a small number of clinical and laboratory features can objectively discriminate enteric fever from other causes of fever in the majority of patients. Calculating the probability of enteric fever can aid in diagnosis, when culturing for salmonella is either unavailable or is negative.
    Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever/diagnosis*
  5. Woodward TE, Smadel JE, Ley HL, Green R, Mankikar DS
    Ann Intern Med, 1948;29:131-4.
    DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-29-1-131
    A NEW antibiotic Chloromycetin has been clinically tested in the treatment of typhoid fever and has been found to exhibit significant chemotherapeutic effects. A description of the results in 10 cases is submitted as a preliminary report.
    Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever/drug therapy
  6. Lewthwaite R
    Proc. R. Soc. Med., 1950 Oct;43(10):762-5.
    PMID: 14786313
    Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever*
  7. Merican I
    Med J Malaysia, 1997 Sep;52(3):299-308; quiz 309.
    PMID: 10968104
    Typhoid fever (TF), a systemic prolonged febrile illness, continues to be a worldwide health problem especially in developing countries where there is poor sanitation and poor standards of personal hygiene. The worldwide incidence of TF is estimated to be approximately 16 million cases annually with 7 million cases occurring annually in SE Asia alone. More than 600,000 people die of the disease annually. The pathogenesis of TF is beginning to be understood. The clinical features and diagnosis of TF are well known. New diagnostic methods have yet to gain universal acceptance. Traditional treatment with the first-line antibiotics (i.e. chloramphenicol, ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole) though still being used in most developing countries are gradually being replaced with shorter courses of treatment with third generation cephalosporins or fluoroquinolones especially with the growing incidence of multi-drug resistant S typhi strains (MDR-ST). MDR-ST strains are particularly common in the Indian subcontinent; Pakistan and China. The presently available vaccines are far from satisfactory in terms of safety, efficacy and costs. Newer vaccines have been developed and are presently undergoing clinical trials in human volunteers.
    Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever/diagnosis; Typhoid Fever/drug therapy*; Typhoid Fever/epidemiology
  8. Green R, Mankikar DS
    Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever
  9. Douglas ASM, Norris VH
    Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever
  10. Lowson JMA
    Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever
  11. Suleiman A, Amir KM, Fadzilah K, Ahamad J, Noorhaida U, Marina K, et al.
    Med J Malaysia, 2012 Feb;67(1):12-6.
    PMID: 22582542 MyJurnal
    Typhoid fever continues to pose public health problems in Selangor where cases are found sporadically with occasional outbreaks reported. In February 2009, Hospital Tengku Ampuan Rahimah (HTAR) reported a cluster of typhoid fever among four children in the pediatric ward. We investigated the source of the outbreak, risk factors for the infection to propose control measures. We conducted a case-control study to identify the risk factors for the outbreak. A case was defined as a person with S. typhi isolated from blood, urine or stool and had visited Sungai Congkak recreational park on 27th January 2010. Controls were healthy household members of cases who have similar exposure but no isolation of S. typhi in blood, urine or stool. Cases were identified from routine surveillance system, medical record searching from the nearest clinic and contact tracing other than family members including food handlers and construction workers in the recreational park. Immediate control measures were initiated and followed up. Twelve (12) cases were identified from routine surveillance with 75 household controls. The Case-control study showed cases were 17 times more likely to be 12 years or younger (95% CI: 2.10, 137.86) and 13 times more likely to have ingested river water accidentally during swimming (95% CI: 3.07, 58.71). River water was found contaminated with sewage disposal from two public toilets which effluent grew salmonella spp. The typhoid outbreak in Sungai Congkak recreational park resulted from contaminated river water due to poor sanitation. Children who accidentally ingested river water were highly susceptible. Immediate closure and upgrading of public toilet has stopped the outbreak.
    Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever/etiology; Typhoid Fever/epidemiology*
  12. Cheong BM
    Med J Malaysia, 2008 Mar;63(1):77-8.
    PMID: 18935745 MyJurnal
    Typhoid fever being a systemic infection can present in a multitude of ways, involving various systems. Here we describe a case of typhoid fever presenting with acute cerebellar ataxia and marked thrombocytopenia. This atypical presentation is not common in typhoid fever and can lead to misdiagnosis as well as a delay in the initiation of appropriate therapy. Prompt clinical improvement and the return of platelet counts to normal were noted after the patient was started on IV Ceftriaxone.
    Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever/complications*; Typhoid Fever/diagnosis
  13. Cheong YM, Jegathesan M
    Med J Malaysia, 1992 Dec;47(4):331.
    PMID: 1303490
    Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever/microbiology; Typhoid Fever/epidemiology*
  14. Pang T, Puthucheary SD
    J Clin Pathol, 1983 Apr;36(4):471-5.
    PMID: 6833514
    The diagnostic value of the Widal test was assessed in an endemic area. The test was done on 300 normal individuals, 297 non-typhoidal fevers and 275 bacteriologically proven cases of typhoid. Of 300 normal individuals, 2% had an H agglutinin titre of 1/160 and 5% had an O agglutinin titre of 1/160. On the basis of these criteria a significant H and/or O agglutinin titre of 1/320 or more was observed in 93-97% of typhoid cases and in only 3% of patients with non-typhoidal fever. Of the sera from typhoid cases which gave a significant Widal reaction, the majority (79.9%) showed increases in both H and O agglutinins and 51 of 234 (21.8%) of these sera were collected in the first week of illness. The significance and implications of these findings are discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever/diagnosis*; Typhoid Fever/immunology
  15. Choo KE, Razif AR, Oppenheimer SJ, Ariffin WA, Lau J, Abraham T
    J Paediatr Child Health, 1993 Feb;29(1):36-9.
    PMID: 8461177
    Data are presented for 2382 children investigated for fever in a Malaysian hospital between 1984 and 1987 when Widal tests and blood cultures were a routine part of every fever screen. There were 145 children who were culture positive (TYP-CP) for Salmonella typhi, while 166 were culture negative but were diagnosed as having typhoid (TYP-CN). Analyses of the sensitivity and specificity of combinations of initial Widal titres in predicting a positive S. typhi culture in a febrile child (culture positive vs the rest) showed the best model to be an O- and/or H-titre of > or = 1 in 40 (sensitivity 89%; specificity 89%). While the negative predictive value of the model was high (99.2%) the positive predictive value remained below 50% even for very high titres of O and H (> 1 in 640), at which point the specificity was 98.5%, supporting the clinical view that a high proportion of the TYP-CN patients really were typhoid but were missed by culture. The TYP-CN patients showed a very similar clinical and age profile to TYP-CP patients. The length of history of fever did not affect the initial Widal titre in culture positive cases. The Widal test in children remains a sensitive and specific 'fever screen' for typhoid although it will not identify all cases. In children, lower cut-off points for O- and H-titres should be used than are generally recommended.
    Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever/blood; Typhoid Fever/diagnosis*; Typhoid Fever/immunology; Typhoid Fever/microbiology; Typhoid Fever/epidemiology
  16. Jasmi AY, Rohaizak, Meah FA, Sulaiman BT
    Med J Malaysia, 1998 Mar;53(1):109-11.
    PMID: 10968149
    Acute suppurative thyroiditis in a 62 year old lady with enteric fever is reported. Plain radiography of the neck showed a distinct localised abscess cavity with air fluid level. A rare causative agent Salmonella typhi was isolated. Needle aspiration and antibiotics resulted in complete recovery.
    Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever/complications*
  17. Chye GH, Hong ST
    Med J Malaysia, 1975 Mar;30(3):219-22.
    PMID: 1160682
    Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever/complications*
  18. Lim Teong Wah
    Med J Malaya, 1965 Mar;19(3):188-90.
    PMID: 4220471
    Matched MeSH terms: Paratyphoid Fever/immunology*; Typhoid Fever/immunology*
  19. Malik AS, Malik RH
    Med J Malaysia, 2001 Dec;56(4):478-90.
    PMID: 12014769
    A prospective study of 102 children with bacteriologically confirmed typhoid fever, admitted to Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia over 5 years was conducted. The average age at presentation was 91.3 (range 6 - 159) months. Fever (900%), abdominal pain (56%) and diarrhoea (44%) were common symptoms. Findings included: hepatomegaly (85.3%), splenomegaly (27.5%), anaemia (31%), leukopenia (15%). thrombocytopenia (26%), positive Widal (62.5%) and Typhidot test (96%). Patients were treated with ampicillin (n = 54) or chloramphenicol (n = 49) and 1/3 developed complications like hepatitis (n = 19), bone marrow suppression (n = 8) and paralytic ileus (n = 7). A patient with splenomegaly, thrombocytopenia or leukopenia was at higher risk of developing complications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever/complications; Typhoid Fever/epidemiology*; Typhoid Fever/therapy
  20. Koay AS, Jegathesan M, Rohani MY, Cheong YM
    PMID: 9322288
    Strains of Salmonella typhi implicated in two separate cases of laboratory acquired infection from patients and the medical laboratory technologists who processed the patients' samples were analysed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Although all four isolates were of bacteriophage type E1, PFGE was able to demonstrate that the strains responsible for the two laboratory acquired cases were not genetically related. The PFGE patterns of the isolates from the MLTs were found to be identical to those of the corresponding patients after digestion with restriction enzyme AvrII. This provided genetic as well as epidemiological evidence for the source of the laboratory acquired infections.
    Matched MeSH terms: Typhoid Fever/diagnosis; Typhoid Fever/microbiology; Typhoid Fever/epidemiology*
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