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Amnesia in your pupils: decreased pupil size during autobiographical retrieval in a case of retrograde amnesia

El Haj M, Lamy E, Janssen SMJ, Boutoleau-Bretonnière C

Neurocase, 2021 04;27(2):155-159.
PMID: 33739239 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2021.1902539

We investigate whether retrograde-amnesia can be indexed with pupil activity. We present the case of L, 19-year-old, without neurological or psychiatric disorders except for retrograde-amnesia. We invited L to retrieve retrograde and anterograde memories while his pupil size was monitering with eye-tracking glasses. Results demonstrated impaired retrograde retrieval but successful anterograde retrieval in L. He also attributed lower emotional value and visual imagery to his retrograde compared to his anterograde memories. Critically, smaller pupils were observed during retrograde than during anterograde retrieval. Our study provides the first evidence on the value of pupillometry as a potential physiological marker of amnesia.

Matched MeSH terms: Amnesia*; Amnesia, Retrograde*
Views on Memory and Treatment of Cognitive Impairment in 17th-Century Spain: Juan Gutiérrez de Godoy's Work

Palma JA, Palma F

Neurology, 2022 Sep 05;99(10):424-427.
PMID: 35794022 DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000201025

Memory and its care were significant sociocultural and scientific topics in early modern Spain. Although a major interest in memory was related to its legal and rhetorical implications, medical treatises discussing memory, cognitive impairment, and its treatment began to appear in the 16th and 17th century. Among these treatises, Disputationes phylosophicæ ac medicæ super libros Aristotelis de memoria, et reminiscentia (Philosophical and medical arguments on Aristotle's "De memoria et reminiscentia"), published in 1629 by the physician Juan Gutiérrez de Godoy, is unique in that it is entirely devoted to the medical aspects of memory. Although many of its concepts are now superseded, the treatise is valuable to understand the views on memory and cognitive impairment in 17th-century Spain and their sources, as Gutiérrez quoted many classical, medieval, and contemporary scholars and physicians. The book, written in Latin, is exclusively devoted to memory from a physiologic and medical point of view, with chapters on the classification of memory loss, a description of its causes (including old age, something not widely recognized before), and several chapters on its prevention and treatment, with a fascinating emphasis on confectio anacardina, or anacardium, an intranasal concoction made with the "marking nut," the fruit of the Semecarpus anacardium tree (also known as Malacca bean), with alleged memory-enhancing properties. We review Gutiérrez's Disputationes phylosophicæ, putting it into the wider intellectual and social context in the Europe of its time, and discuss the relevance and purported neuropharmacologic effects of anacardina.

Matched MeSH terms: Amnesia
Fulltext Atenolol induced memory impairment: a case report

Ramanathan M

Singapore Med J, 1996 Apr;37(2):218-9.
PMID: 8942269

This report deals with a 54-year-old man with loss of memory. His impaired memory was found to be due to the atenolol he was on and he made a complete recovery on withdrawing the beta-blocker. This patient's experience stresses the need to consider beta-blockers as a potentially reversible cause of memory impairment.

Matched MeSH terms: Amnesia/chemically induced*; Amnesia/diagnosis
Memory Enhancing and Neurogenesis Activity of Honey Bee Venom in the Symptoms of Amnesia: Using Rats with Amnesia-like Alzheimer's Disease as a Model

Khleifat KM, Al-Tawarah NM, Al-Kafaween MA, Al-Ksasbeh W, Qaralleh H, Alqaraleh M, et al.

Curr Alzheimer Res, 2023;20(3):190-201.
PMID: 37317907 DOI: 10.2174/1567205020666230614143027

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is mainly characterized by amnesia that affects millions of people worldwide. This study aims to explore the effectiveness capacities of bee venom (BV) for the enhancement of the memory process in a rat model with amnesia-like AD.
METHODS: The study protocol contains two successive phases, nootropic and therapeutic, in which two BV doses (D1; 0.25 and D2: 0.5 mg/kg i.p.) were used. In the nootropic phase, treatment groups were compared statistically with a normal group. Meanwhile, in the therapeutic phase, BV was administered to scopolamine (1mg/kg) to induce amnesia-like AD in a rat model in which therapeutic groups were compared with a positive group (donepezil; 1mg/kg i.p.). Behavioral analysis was performed after each phase by Working Memory (WM) and Long-Term Memory (LTM) assessments using radial arm maze (RAM) and passive avoidance tests (PAT). Neurogenic factors; Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and Doublecortin (DCX) were measured in plasma using ELISA and Immunohistochemistry analysis of hippocampal tissues, respectively.
RESULTS: During the nootropic phase, treatment groups demonstrated a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in RAM latency times, spatial WM errors, and spatial reference errors compared with the normal group. In addition, the PA test revealed a significant (P < 0.05) enhancement of LTM after 72 hours in both treatment groups; D1 and D2. In the therapeutic phase, treatment groups reflected a significant (P < 0.05) potent enhancement in the memory process compared with the positive group; less spatial WM errors, spatial reference errors, and latency time during the RAM test, and more latency time after 72 hours in the light room. Moreover, results presented a marked increase in the plasma level of BDNF, as well as increased hippocampal DCX-positive data in the sub-granular zone within the D1 and D2 groups compared with the negative group (P < 0.05) in a dose-dependent manner.
CONCLUSION: This study revealed that injecting BV enhances and increases the performance of both WM and LTM. Conclusively, BV has a potential nootropic and therapeutic activity that enhances hippocampal growth and plasticity, which in turn improves WM and LTM. Given that this research was conducted using scopolamine-induced amnesia-like AD in rats, it suggests that BV has a potential therapeutic activity for the enhancement of memory in AD patients in a dose-dependent manner but further investigations are needed.

Matched MeSH terms: Amnesia/chemically induced; Amnesia/drug therapy
Total isoflavones from soybean and tempeh reversed scopolamine-induced amnesia, improved cholinergic activities and reduced neuroinflammation in brain

Ahmad A, Ramasamy K, Jaafar SM, Majeed AB, Mani V

Food Chem Toxicol, 2014 Mar;65:120-8.
PMID: 24373829 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.12.025

The present study was undertaken to compare the neuroprotective effects between total isoflavones from soybean and tempeh against scopolamine-induced cognitive dysfunction. Total isoflavones (10, 20 and 40mg/kg) from soybean (SI) and tempeh (TI) were administered orally to different groups of rats (n=6) for 15days. Piracetam (400mg/kg, p.o.) was used as a standard drug while scopolamine (1mg/kg, i.p.) was used to induce amnesia in the animals. Radial arm and elevated plus mazes served as exteroceptive behavioural models to measure memory. Brain cholinergic activities (acetylcholine and acetylcholinesterase) and neuroinflammatory activities (COX-1, COX-2, IL-1β and IL10) were also assessed. Treatment with SI and TI significantly reversed the scopolamine effect and improved memory with TI group at 40mg/kg, p.o. exhibiting the best improvement (p<0.001) in rats. The TI (10, 20 and 40mg/kg, p.o.) significantly increased (p<0.001) acetylcholine and reduced acetylcholinesterase levels. Meanwhile, only a high dose (40mg/kg, p.o.) of SI showed significant improvement (p<0.05) in the cholinergic activities. Neuroinflammation study also showed that TI (40mg/kg, p.o.) was able to reduce inflammation better than SI. The TI ameliorates scopolamine-induced memory in rats through the cholinergic neuronal pathway and by prevention of neuroinflammation.

Matched MeSH terms: Amnesia/chemically induced; Amnesia/prevention & control*
Fulltext Cognitive impairment and memory dysfunction after a stroke diagnosis: a post-stroke memory assessment

Al-Qazzaz NK, Ali SH, Ahmad SA, Islam S, Mohamad K

Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat, 2014;10:1677-91.
PMID: 25228808 DOI: 10.2147/NDT.S67184

Cognitive impairment and memory dysfunction following stroke diagnosis are common symptoms that significantly affect the survivors' quality of life. Stroke patients have a high potential to develop dementia within the first year of stroke onset. Currently, efforts are being exerted to assess stroke effects on the brain, particularly in the early stages. Numerous neuropsychological assessments are being used to evaluate and differentiate cognitive impairment and dementia following stroke. This article focuses on the role of available neuropsychological assessments in detection of dementia and memory loss after stroke. This review starts with stroke types and risk factors associated with dementia development, followed by a brief description of stroke diagnosis criteria and the effects of stroke on the brain that lead to cognitive impairment and end with memory loss. This review aims to combine available neuropsychological assessments to develop a post-stroke memory assessment (PSMA) scheme based on the most recognized and available studies. The proposed PSMA is expected to assess different types of memory functionalities that are related to different parts of the brain according to stroke location. An optimal therapeutic program that would help stroke patients enjoy additional years with higher quality of life is presented.

Matched MeSH terms: Amnesia
Amnesic effects of electroshock and anoxia on conditioned taste aversion learning in rats

Banerjee U, Das P

Behav Processes, 1977 Jun;2(2):175-86.
PMID: 24896436 DOI: 10.1016/0376-6357(77)90019-5

Albino Wistar rats of both sexes were given a conditioned taste aversion training (CTA). Saccharin was used as the conditional stimulus (CS) and apomorphine-induced illness as the unconditional stimulus (US) on day 4. Amnestic treatment with electroconvulsive shock (ECS) or nitrogen anoxia were given to the rats at various points within the 180-min long CS-US interval as well as after the US. They were reexposed to the CS on days 5 and 6 in order to evaluate CTA and its extinction respectively. Apomorphine injection alone produced significant CTA as long as the CS-US interval was less than 120 min but not beyond it. Saline injections, with or without amnestic treatments, produced only an adaptation to and preference for saccharin. ECS could prevent CTA when delivered within 85 min before or 110 min after the US. Anoxia was effective at a much shorter range of time than ECS. The results are discussed in the perspectives of neophobia, saccharin aversion, amnestic agents and the character as well as gradients of amnesia produced.

Matched MeSH terms: Amnesia
Fulltext Aggression following benzodiazepine ingestion in a forensic psychiatric patient: a case report

Ahmad Nabil Md Rosli, Singh, Suarn

ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 2015;16(2):241-244.
MyJurnal

The incidence of benzodiazepine paradoxical reaction is uncommon. It may be implicated with crime as will be described in this case report. Method: We report a 37 year-old schizophrenia patient who was detained by the authority under Section 392/397 of Penal Code assaulting a lady using sharp weapon. He had history of illicit substance abuse and benzodiazepine dependence with significant history of aggression associated with benzodiazepine. Just prior to the incident, he took a significant amount of various types of benzodiazepine and suffered from amnesia of that event. During the time of the offense, he was in remission as far as schizophrenia is concerned. Result: He was under the forensic psychiatric care and observation at Hospital Bahagia Ulu Kinta (HBUK). He developed withdrawal symptoms of benzodiazepine in the ward. Conclusion: He was found by the expert team to be under the influence of benzodiazepine during the offence. The role of benzodiazepine and relevant factors leading to aggression will be discussed in this manuscript.

Matched MeSH terms: Amnesia
Fulltext Anti N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor encephalitis with ovarian teratoma: a dilemma in diagnosis

Lee, CL, Zainuddin AA, Abdul Karim AK, Yulianty A, Law, ZK, Md.Isa N, et al.

Journal of Surgical Academia, 2016;6(1):66-69.
MyJurnal

We report a rare case of altered mental status in a young patient with immature ovarian teratoma. A 22-year-old woman presented with seizures, hallucination, amnesia and orofacial dyskinesia. Examination and investigation revealed an ovarian massand asalphing-oophorectomy was performed. The histopathological examination result showed an immature teratoma grade 2 with thepresence of immature primitive glial tissue. Her CSF N-Methyl-D-Aspartic acid receptor (Anti-NMDAR) antibodytest was positive. N-Methyl-D-Aspartic acid receptor antibody associated limbic encephalitis is an autoimmune antibody-mediated neuropsychiatric disorder. Resection of the tumour and immunotherapy resulted in full recovery.

Matched MeSH terms: Amnesia
Fulltext Mild paediatric head injury: the diagnostic value of physical examinations compared with computed tomographic scans

Farizal F, Mohd Haspani MS

Malays J Med Sci, 2012 Jul;19(3):64-8.
PMID: 23610551 MyJurnal

The study objective was to determine the diagnostic value of physical examinations for positive computer tomography (CT) scans in children with mild head injuries. Retrospective data of patients evaluated for mild head injuries with loss of consciousness (LOC) or amnesia were reviewed. Estimations of prevalence, sensitivity, specificity and predictive values were calculated. Agreement between the physical examinations and CT brain scans was calculated using the Kappa test. 225 patients were included in the study. Of this group, 19.56% of patients had positive CT scans and 7.56% had normal physical examinations. 15 underwent neurosurgical intervention. For positive CT scans, sensitivity and specificity were 61.36% and 60.22%, respectively. Agreement between physical examinations and CT scans was Kappa = 0.147 (P < 0.05), 95% CI (0.035, 0.259). The present study demonstrated that physical examinations were significantly associated with positive CT scans (P = 0.01). However, the calculated Kappa value showed only slight agreement between these 2 variables and the low sensitivity and specificity of the physical examinations suggest that intracranial pathology in children with mild head injuries and LOC or amnesia cannot be excluded based on physical examinations alone.

Matched MeSH terms: Amnesia
Fulltext Protective effect of mangiferin on memory impairment: A systematic review

Lum PT, Sekar M, Gan SH, Pandy V, Bonam SR

Saudi J Biol Sci, 2021 Jan;28(1):917-927.
PMID: 33424383 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.11.037

Memory impairment (MI) is one of the predominant criteria generally used to identify schizophrenia, dementia and amnesia that are associated with neurodegenerative disorders by evaluating patient's cognitive symptoms. To date, there is no available treatment that can completely mitigate MI. Currently, there is a trend in recent investigations towards symptomatic therapy approaches using a variety of natural compounds. Mangiferin is one of them that have been investigated extensively. Mangiferin is a naturally occurring potent glucoxilxanthone and is mainly isolated from the Mangifera indica (Mango) plant. This review is aimed at providing a comprehensive overview on the efficacy of mangiferin on MI, based on in-vivo animal studies. After screening through articles identified from Scopus and PubMed based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 11 articles between 2009 and 2019 were included. The minimum and maximum dose of mangiferin were 10 and 200 mg/kg respectively and administered over the period of 12-154 days. The results of 11 articles showed that mangiferin effectively improved spatial recognition, episodic aversive events, short- and long-term memories primarily occurring via its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The outcomes of the review revealed that mangiferin improves memory and cognitive impairment in different animal models, indicating that it has potential preventive and therapeutic roles in MI.

Matched MeSH terms: Amnesia
Fulltext A multi-disciplinary team approach to klüver-bucy syndrome: a case report

Kanchan Thadani, Chee Kok Yoon, Hanis Aminah John Mohamad, Norzaini Rose Mohd Zain, Chan Pek Har, Noor Jannah Ariffin

Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry, 2018;27(2):0-0.
MyJurnal

Klüver-Bucy syndrome was first diagnosed in humans in 1955, after a group
of people who had experienced temporal lobectomy. It is a rare
neuropsychiatry disease and of which little is understood about its
pathophysiological processes. Here we present a 60-year-old man seen in the
outpatient psychiatric department in a tertiary hospital in Kuala Lumpur
who presented to us with hyper sexuality, impulsivity, docility, amnesia and
hyperphagia for the past 10 months. He was diagnosed with Herpes Simplex
Virus with encephalitis 18 months ago and was shown to have bilateral
meningoencephalitis of his temporal lobes. Thus, a diagnosis of Klüver-Bucy
was made. We have taken a multi-disciplinary team approach to treat his
illness and specific goals has been laid out in each discipline. A written
consent has been taken by the patient and his family for the publication of
this report.

Matched MeSH terms: Amnesia
Fulltext Delayed neuropsychiatric sequelae of carbon monoxide poisoning: a case report

Nurul Azreen Hashim, Norley Shuib, Salina Mohamed, Ling SL, Khariah Mat Nor

Journal of Clinical and Health Sciences, 2016;1:64-68.

Delayed neuropsychiatric sequelae is an important condition which commonly occur during recovery from acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Typical presentation would be apathy, disorientation, amnesia, hypokinesia, bizarre behavior, insomnia and neurological manifestations such as gait disturbance, hypertonia and tremor. We report here a case of a man presented with delayed neuropsychiatric sequelae one month after the carbon monoxide poisoning in his suicidal attempt. He presented with the typical presentation and diagnosis confirmed with the MRI findings. His MRI showed abnormal signal in subcortical hemisphere white matter of both temporo-fronto-parietal-occipital regions along the insula and both globus pallidus. He was treated with Olanzapine, Fluvoxamine, Chlorpromazine and Levodopa and his condition slowly improved. It is important for clinicians to recognize the symptoms and risk factors to develop delayed neuropsychiatric sequelae in patients who previously had carbon monoxide poisoning.

Matched MeSH terms: Amnesia
Running amok

Schmidt K, Hill L, Guthrie G

Int J Soc Psychiatry, 1977;23(4):264-74.
PMID: 608813

This study examines twenty-four cases of amok, believed the largest number of cases ever collected. They were observed in Sarawak, East Malaysia. They occurred in all indigenous groups in Sarawak, excluding the Chinese, such as Malay, Sea Dayak, Land Dayak, Kayan, Punan and Melanau at frequencies more or less following the proportion of these groups in the total population. No differences were found according to religion, the Malay being Muslim and the other groups either predominantly Christian like the Iban or animistic. Only slight diminution in the frequency was observed from 1954 to 1968. The education level of the amok runners was much lower than that of the average population. The weapons used were those immediately at hand be it parang (short sword), ax, sticks, knives, guns, bare hands or a lorry. The classical four stages were largely present: (a) brooding and withdrawal, (b) homicidal paroxysm, (c) continuation of homicidal behaviour until killed, restrained or falling into stupor of exhaustion, (d) complete or partial amnesia. While in 14 no motive could be ascertained, insult, jealousy and paranoid ideation was present in the others. Both family history of mental illness and personal psychiatric history were predominant. All cases fell into accepted diagnostic categories from organic and endogenous psychosis to neurosis and behaviour disorder.

Matched MeSH terms: Amnesia

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