Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 37 in total

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  1. Chin YP, Mohamad S, Abas MR
    Int J Mol Sci, 2010 Sep 20;11(9):3459-71.
    PMID: 20957106 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11092459
    The removal of four parabens, methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, and benzyl-paraben, by β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) polymer from aqueous solution was studied. Different β-CD polymers were prepared by using two cross-linkers, i.e., hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI) and toluene-2,6-diisocyanate (TDI), with various molar ratios of cross-linker. β-CD-HMDI polymer with molar ratio of 1:7 and β-CD-TDI polymer with ratio 1:4 gave the highest adsorption of parabens among the β-CD-HMDI and β-CD-TDI series, and were subsequently used for further studies. The adsorption capacity of β-CD-HMDI is 0.0305, 0.0376, 0.1854 and 0.3026 mmol/g for methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, and benzyl-paraben, respectively. β-CD-TDI have higher adsorption capacities compared with β-CD-HMDI, the adsorption capacity are 0.1019, 0.1286, 0.2551, and 0.3699 mmol/g methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, and benzyl-paraben respectively. The parameters studied were adsorption capacity, water retention, and reusability. Role of both cross-linker in adsorption, hydrophobicity of polymers, and adsorption capacity of different parabens were compared and discussed. All experiments were conducted in batch adsorption technique. These polymers were applied to real samples and showed positive results.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Linking Reagents/chemistry*
  2. Sulaiman S, Mokhtar MN, Naim MN, Baharuddin AS, Sulaiman A
    Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2015 Feb;175(4):1817-42.
    PMID: 25427594 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1417-x
    Nanobiocatalysis is a new frontier of emerging nanosized material support in enzyme immobilization application. This paper is about a comprehensive review on cellulose nanofibers (CNF), including their structure, surface modification, chemical coupling for enzyme immobilization, and potential applications. The CNF surface consists of mainly -OH functional group that can be directly interacted weakly with enzyme, and its binding can be improved by surface modification and interaction of chemical coupling that forms a strong and stable covalent immobilization of enzyme. The knowledge of covalent interaction for enzyme immobilization is important to provide more efficient interaction between CNF support and enzyme molecule. Enzyme immobilization onto CNF is having potential for improving enzymatic performance and production yield, as well as contributing toward green technology and sustainable sources.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Linking Reagents/chemistry
  3. Jailani N, Jaafar NR, Rahman RA, Illias RM
    Enzyme Microb Technol, 2023 Sep;169:110283.
    PMID: 37433237 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110283
    One of the potentials of carrier-free cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEA) immobilization is the ability to be separated and reuse. Yet, it might be impeded by the poor mechanical stability resulting low recyclability. CLEA of CGTase from Bacillus lehensis G1 (CGTase G1-CLEA) using chitosan (CS) as a cross-linker demonstrated high activity recovery however, displayed poor reusability. Therefore, the relationship between mechanical strength and reusability is studied by enhancing the CS mechanical properties and applying a new co-aggregation approach. Herein, CS was chemically cross-linked with glutaraldehyde (GA) and GA was introduced as a co-aggregant (coGA). CGTase G1-CLEA developed using an improved synthesized chitosan-glutaraldehyde (CSGA) cross-linker and a new coGA technique showed to increase its mechanical stability which retained 63.4% and 52.2%, respectively compared to using CS that remained 33.1% of their initial activity after stirred at 500 rpm. The addition of GA impacted the morphology and interaction consequently stabilizing the CLEAs durability in production of cyclodextrins. As a result, the reusability of CGTase G1-CLEA with CSGA and coGA increased by 56.6% and 42.8%, respectively compared to previous CLEA after 5 cycles for 2 h of reaction. This verifies that the mechanical strength of immobilized enzyme influences the improvement of its operational stability.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Linking Reagents/chemistry
  4. Liew KH, Loh PL, Juan JC, Yarmo MA, Yusop RM
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:796196.
    PMID: 25054185 DOI: 10.1155/2014/796196
    Cross-linked resin-captured palladium (XL-QPPd) was readily prepared by simple physical adsorption onto the high loading QuadraPure macroporous resin and a subsequent reduction process. To enhance the mechanical stability, entrapped palladium nanocatalysts were cross-linked with succinyl chloride. Both transmission electron microscopy images and X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the palladium nanoparticles were well dispersed with diameters ranging in 4-10 nm. The catalyst performed good catalytic activity in microwave-promoted Suzuki cross-coupling reactions in water under aerobic condition with mild condition by using various aryl halides and phenylboronic acid. In addition, the catalyst showed an excellent recyclability without significant loss of catalytic activity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Linking Reagents/chemistry
  5. Oladoja NA, Adelagun RO, Ahmad AL, Unuabonah EI, Bello HA
    Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces, 2014 May 1;117:51-9.
    PMID: 24632030 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.02.006
    A novel adsorbent, magnetic, macro-reticulated cross-linked chitosan (MRC) was synthesised for the removal of tetracycline (TC) from water using a source of biogenic waste (gastropod shells) as a pore-forming agent. The insertion of crosslinks into the chitosan frame was confirmed by FTIR analysis, while the stability of the MRC was demonstrated via a stability test performed in an acidic solution. The enhanced porosity of the MRC was confirmed by the evaluation of its porosity, a swelling test and the determination of its specific surface area. The time-concentration profile of the sorption of TC onto the MRC demonstrated that equilibrium was attained relatively quickly (120 min), and the data obtained fitted a pseudo second order (r(2)>0.99) kinetic equation better than a pseudo first order or reversible first order kinetic equation. The optimisation of process variables indicated that the sorption of TC onto the MRC was favoured at a low solution pH and that the presence of organics (simulated by the addition of humic acid) negatively impacted the magnitude of TC removal. The area of coverage of TC on the MRC (2.51 m(2)/g) was low compared to the specific surface area of the MRC (47.95 m(2)/g). The value of the calculated energy of adsorption of TC onto the MRC was 100 kJ/mol, which is far above the range of 1-16 kJ/mol stipulated for physical adsorption.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Linking Reagents/chemistry*
  6. Manickam B, Sreedharan R, Elumalai M
    Curr Drug Deliv, 2014;11(1):139-45.
    PMID: 24041312
    One of the popular approaches in controlling drug delivery from the polymeric carriers is suitably achieved by the inclusion of crosslinking agents into the formulations at different concentrations. Nevertheless, addition of the chemical crosslinkers such as glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde etc, used in the drug delivery systems causes very serious cytotoxic reactions. These chemical crosslinking agents did not offer any significant advantageous effects when compared to the natural crosslinking agents for instance genipin, which is quite less toxic, biocompatible and offers very stable crosslinked products. Based on the earlier reports the safety of this particular natural crosslinker is very well established, since it has been widely used as a Chinese traditional medicine for long-time, isolated from fruits of the plant Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. This concise article largely portrayed the value of this unique natural crosslinker, utilized in controlling the drug delivery from the various formulations.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Linking Reagents/chemistry*
  7. Hezaveh H, Muhamad II
    Carbohydr Polym, 2012 Jun 5;89(1):138-45.
    PMID: 24750615 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.02.062
    In this article, silver and magnetite nanofillers were synthesized in modified κ-carrageenan hydrogels using the in situ method. The effect of metallic nanoparticles in gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) release of a model drug (methylene blue) has been investigated. The effect of nanoparticles loading and genipin cross-linking on GIT release of nanocomposite is also studied to finally provide the most suitable drug carrier system. In vitro release studies revealed that using metallic nanocomposites hydrogels in GIT studies can improve the drug release in intestine and minimize it in the stomach. It was found that cross-linking and nanofiller loading can significantly improve the targeted release. Therefore, applying metallic nanoparticles seems to be a promising strategy to develop GIT controlled drug delivery.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Linking Reagents/chemistry
  8. Azlan K, Wan Saime WN, Lai Ken L
    J Environ Sci (China), 2009;21(3):296-302.
    PMID: 19634439
    The capabilities of chitosan and chitosan-EGDE (ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether) beads for removing Acid Red 37 (AR 37) and Acid Blue 25 (AB 25) from aqueous solution were examined. Chitosan beads were cross-linked with EGDE to enhance its chemical resistance and mechanical strength. Experiments were performed as a function of pH, agitation period and concentration of AR 37 and AB 25. It was shown that the adsorption capacities of chitosan for both acid dyes were comparatively higher than those of chitosan-EGDE. This is mainly because cross-linking using EGDE reduces the major adsorption sites -NH3+ on chitosan. Langmuir isotherm model showed the best conformity compared to Freundlich and BET. The kinetic experimental data agreed very well to the pseudo second-order kinetic model. The desorption study revealed that after three cycles of adsorption and desorption by NaOH and HCl, both adsorbents retained their promising adsorption abilities. FT-IR analysis proved that the adsorption of acid dyes onto chitosan-based adsorbents was a physical adsorption. Results also showed that chitosan and chitosan-EGDE beads were favourable adsorbers and could be employed as low-cost alternatives for the removal of acid dyes in wastewater treatment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Linking Reagents/chemistry
  9. Gan CY, Alkarkhi AF, Easa AM
    J Biosci Bioeng, 2009 Apr;107(4):366-72.
    PMID: 19332294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2008.12.007
    D-optimal design was employed to optimize the mixture of cross-linking agents formulation: microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) and ribose, and the processing parameters (i.e. incubation and heating time) in the mixture in order to obtain combined-cross-linked bovine serum albumin gels that have high gel strength, pH close to neutral and yet medium in browning. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the contribution of quadratic term to the model over the linear was significant for pH and L* value, whereas linear model was significant for gel strength. Optimization study using response surface methodology (RSM) was performed to the mixture components and process variables and the optimum conditions obtained were: MTGase of 1.34-1.43 g/100 mL, ribose of 1.07-1.16 g/100 mL, incubation time of 5 h at 40 degrees C and heating time of 3 h at 90 degrees C.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Linking Reagents/chemistry*
  10. Tang KF, Abdullah MP, Yusoff K, Tan WS
    J Med Chem, 2007 Nov 15;50(23):5620-6.
    PMID: 17918821
    The core protein (HBcAg) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been shown to interact with the large surface antigen during HBV morphogenesis, and these interactions can be blocked by small peptides selected from either linear or constrained phage display peptide libraries. The association of HBcAg with peptide inhibitors was quantitatively evaluated by isothermal titration calorimetry. The thermodynamic data show that the interaction between HBcAg and peptide MHRSLLGRMKGA is enthalpy-driven and occurs at a 3:1 stoichiometry and dissociation constant (Kd) value of 79.4 muM. However, peptide WSFFSNI displays a higher binding affinity for HBcAg with a Kd value of 18.5 muM when compared to peptide MHRSLLGRMKGA. A combinatorial approach using chemical cross-linking and surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry shows that the Lys of peptide MHRSLLGRMKGA interacted either with D64, E77, or D78 of HBcAg.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Linking Reagents/chemistry
  11. Ngah WS, Ab Ghani S, Kamari A
    Bioresour Technol, 2005 Mar;96(4):443-50.
    PMID: 15491825
    A batch adsorption system was applied to study the adsorption of Fe(II) and Fe(III) ions from aqueous solution by chitosan and cross-linked chitosan beads. The adsorption capacities and rates of Fe(II) and Fe(III) ions onto chitosan and cross-linked chitosan beads were evaluated. Chitosan beads were cross-linked with glutaraldehyde (GLA), epichlorohydrin (ECH) and ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDE) in order to enhance the chemical resistance and mechanical strength of chitosan beads. Experiments were carried out as function of pH, agitation period, agitation rate and concentration of Fe(II) and Fe(III) ions. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were applied to describe the isotherms and isotherm constants. Equilibrium data agreed very well with the Langmuir model. The kinetic experimental data correlated well with the second-order kinetic model, indicating that the chemical sorption was the rate-limiting step. Results also showed that chitosan and cross-linked chitosan beads were favourable adsorbers.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Linking Reagents/chemistry*
  12. Mohd Syukri MS, A Rahman R, Mohamad Z, Md Illias R, Nik Mahmood NA, Jaafar NR
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2021 Jan 01;166:876-883.
    PMID: 33144251 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.244
    Enzyme immobilization has been known to be one of the methods to improve the stability and reusability of enzyme. In this study, a strategy to optimize laccase immobilization on polyethylene terephthalate grafted with maleic anhydride electrospun nanofiber mat (PET-g-MAH ENM) was developed. The development involves the screening and optimization processes of the crucial factors that influence the immobilization yield such as enzyme concentration, pH values, covalent bonding (CV) time, CV temperature, crosslinking (CL) time, CL temperature and glutaraldehyde concentration using two-level factorial design and Box-Behnken design (BBD), respectively. It was found that laccase concentration, pH values and glutaraldehyde concentration play important role in enhancing the immobilization yield of laccase on PET-g-MAH ENM in the screening process. Subsequently, the optimization result showed at 0.28 mg/ml laccase concentration, pH 3 and 0.45% (v/v) glutaraldehyde concentrations gave the highest immobilization yield at 87.64% which was 81.2% increment from the immobilization yield before optimization. Under the optimum condition, the immobilized laccase was able to oxidize 2, 2-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6- sulfonic acid (ABTS) in a broad range of pH (pH 3-6) and temperature (20- 70 °C). Meanwhile, the kinetic parameters for Km and Vmax were 1.331 mM and 0.041 mM/min, respectively. It was concluded that the optimization of immobilized laccase on PET-g-MAH ENM enhance the performance of this biocatalyst.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Linking Reagents/chemistry
  13. Sahapaibounkit P, Prasertsung I, Mongkolnavin R, Wong CS, Damrongsakkul S
    J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater, 2017 08;105(6):1658-1666.
    PMID: 27177842 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33708
    In this study, polycaprolactone (PCL) film, a high potential material used in biomedical applications, was treated by air plasma prior to a conjugation by carbodiimide cross-linking with various types of proteins, including type A gelatin, type B gelatin, and collagen hydrolysate. The properties of modified PCL films were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), contact angle measurement, and atomic force microscopy. The XPS results showed that oxygen and nitrogen atoms were successfully introduced on the air plasma-treated PCL surface. Primary amine was found on the air plasma-treated PCL films. All proteins were shown to be successfully cross-linked on air plasma-treated PCL films. The wettability and roughness of protein-conjugated PCL films were significantly increased compared to those of neat PCL film. In vitro biocompatibility test using L929 mouse fibroblast showed that the attachment percentage and spreading area of attached cells on all protein-conjugated PCL films were markedly increased. Comparing among modified PCL films, no significant difference on the attachment of L929 on modified PCL films was noticed. However, the spreading areas of cells after 24 hours of culture on type A gelatin- and type B gelatin-modified PCL surfaces were higher than that on collagen hydrolysate-modified surface, possibly related to the lower percentage of amide bond on collagen hydrolysate-conjugated surface compared to those on both gelatin-conjugated PCL ones. This indicated that the two-step modification of PCL film via air plasma and carbodiimide cross-linking with collagen-derived proteins could enhance the biocompatibility of PCL films. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 1658-1666, 2017.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Linking Reagents/chemistry*
  14. Khanahmadi S, Yusof F, Amid A, Mahmod SS, Mahat MK
    J Biotechnol, 2015 May 20;202:153-61.
    PMID: 25481099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.11.015
    Cross-linked enzyme aggregate (CLEA) is easily prepared from crude enzyme and has many advantages to the environment and it is considered as an economic method in the context of industrial biocatalysis compared to free enzyme. In this work, a highly active and stable CLEA-lipase from cocoa pod husk (CPH) which is a by-product after removal of cocoa beans, were assayed for their hydrolytic activity and characterized under the optimum condition successfully. Face centered central composite design (FCCCD) under response surface methodology (RSM) was used to get the optimal conditions of the three significant factors (concentration of ammonium sulfate, concentration of glutaraldehyde and concentration of additive) to achieve higher enzyme activity of CLEA. From 20 runs, the highest activity recorded was around 9.407U (83% recovered activity) under the condition of using 20% saturated ammonium sulfate, 60mM glutaraldehyde as cross-linker and 0.17mM bovine serum albumin as feeder. Moreover, the optimal reaction temperature and pH value in enzymatic reaction for both crude enzyme and immobilized were found to be 45°C at pH 8 and 60°C at pH 8.2, respectively. A systematic study of the stability of CLEA and crude enzyme was taken with regards to temperature (25-60°C) and pH (5-10) value and in both factors, CLEA-lipase showed more stability than free lipase. The Km value of CLEA was higher compared to free enzyme (0.55mM vs. 0.08mM). The CLEA retained more than 60% of the initial activity after six cycles of reuse compared to free enzyme. The high stability and recyclability of CLEA-lipase from CPH make it efficient for different industrial applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Linking Reagents/chemistry
  15. Wong LC, Leh CP, Goh CF
    Carbohydr Polym, 2021 Jul 15;264:118036.
    PMID: 33910744 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118036
    Hydrogels are an attractive system for a myriad of applications. While most hydrogels are usually formed from synthetic materials, lignocellulosic biomass appears as a sustainable alternative for hydrogel development. The valorization of biomass, especially the non-woody biomass to meet the growing demand of the substitution of synthetics and to leverage its benefits for cellulose hydrogel fabrication is attractive. This review aims to present an overview of advances in hydrogel development from non-woody biomass, especially using native cellulose. The review will cover the overall process from cellulose depolymerization, dissolution to crosslinking reaction and the related mechanisms where known. Hydrogel design is heavily affected by the cellulose solubility, crosslinking method and the related processing conditions apart from biomass type and cellulose purity. Hence, the important parameters for rational designs of hydrogels with desired properties, particularly porosity, transparency and swelling characteristics will be discussed. Current challenges and future perspectives will also be highlighted.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Linking Reagents/chemistry
  16. Fan HY, Duquette D, Dumont MJ, Simpson BK
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2018 Dec;120(Pt A):263-273.
    PMID: 30130612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.084
    Composite films comprised of salmon (Salmo salar) skin gelatin and zein were prepared via crosslinking with glutaraldehyde. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize film composition to maximize tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (EAB), and to minimize water solubility (WS) of the films. The significant (P 
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Linking Reagents/chemistry*
  17. Salleh KM, Zakaria S, Gan S, Baharin KW, Ibrahim NA, Zamzamin R
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2020 Apr 01;148:11-19.
    PMID: 31893531 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.240
    Dissolved oil palm empty fruit bunch cellulose (EFBC) and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) were chemically crosslinked with epichlorohydrin (ECH) to generate designated hydrogel. After swelling process in distilled water, the swollen hydrogel was frozen and freeze-dried to form cryogel. The swelling phenomenon of hydrogel during the absorption process gave substantial effects on thinning of crosslinked network wall, pore size and volume, steadiness of cryogel skeletal structure, and re-swelling of cryogel. The swelling effects on hydrogel were confirmed via microscopic study using variable pressure scanning electron microscope (VPSEM). From the retrieved VPSEM images, nano-thin crosslinked network wall of 24.31 ± 1.97 nm and interconnected pores were observed. As a result, the amount of water, the swelling degree, and the freeze-drying process indirectly affected the VPSEM images that indicated pore size and volume, formation of interconnected pores, and re-swelling of cryogel. This study determined the intertwined factors that affected both hydrogel and cryogel properties by investigating the swelling phenomenon and its ensuing effects.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Linking Reagents/chemistry
  18. Ching KY, Andriotis O, Sengers B, Stolz M
    J Biomater Appl, 2021 09;36(3):503-516.
    PMID: 33730922 DOI: 10.1177/08853282211002015
    Towards optimizing the growth of extracellular matrix to produce repair cartilage for healing articular cartilage (AC) defects in joints, scaffold-based tissue engineering approaches have recently become a focus of clinical research. Scaffold-based approaches by electrospinning aim to support the differentiation of chondrocytes by providing an ultrastructure similar to the fibrillar meshwork in native cartilage. In a first step, we demonstrate how the blending of chitosan with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) allows concentrated chitosan solution to become electrospinnable. The chitosan-based scaffolds share the chemical structure and characteristics of glycosaminoglycans, which are important structural components of the cartilage extracellular matrix. Electrospinning produced nanofibrils of ∼100 nm thickness that are closely mimicking the size of collagen fibrils in human AC. The polymer scaffolds were stabilized in physiological conditions and their stiffness was tuned by introducing the biocompatible natural crosslinker genipin. We produced scaffolds that were crosslinked with 1.0% genipin to obtain values of stiffness that were in between the stiffness of the superficial zone human AC of 600 ± 150 kPa and deep zone AC of 1854 ± 483 kPa, whereas the stiffness of 1.5% genipin crosslinked scaffold was similar to the stiffness of deep zone AC. The scaffolds were degradable, which was indicated by changes in the fibril structure and a decrease in the scaffold stiffness after seven months. Histological and immunohistochemical analysis after three weeks of culture with human articular chondrocytes (HACs) showed a cell viability of over 90% on the scaffolds and new extracellular matrix deposited on the scaffolds.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Linking Reagents/chemistry*
  19. Sutirman ZA, Sanagi MM, Abd Karim J, Abu Naim A, Wan Ibrahim WA
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2018 Feb;107(Pt A):891-897.
    PMID: 28935540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.09.061
    Crosslinked chitosan beads were grafted with N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (NVP) using ammonium persulfate (APS) as free radical initiator. Important variables on graft copolymerization such as temperature, reaction time, concentration of initiator and concentration of monomer were optimized. The results revealed optimum conditions for maximum grafting of NVP on 1g crosslinked chitosan as follows: reaction temperature, 60°C; reaction time, 2h and concentrations of APS and NVP of 2.63×10-1M and 26.99×10-1M, respectively. The modified chitosan beads were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, 13C NMR, SEM and BET to provide evidence of successful crosslinking and grafting reactions. The resulting material (cts(x)-g-PNVP) was evaluated as adsorbent for the removal of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solutions in a batch experiment. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were also applied to describe the equilibrium isotherms. The results showed that the adsorption of the copper ions onto the beads agreed well with Langmuir model with the maximum capacity (qmax) of 122mgg-1.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Linking Reagents/chemistry
  20. Ong CB, Annuar MSM
    Prep Biochem Biotechnol, 2018 Feb 07;48(2):181-187.
    PMID: 29341838 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2018.1425707
    Immobilization of cross-linked tannase on pristine multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) was successfully performed. Cross-linking of tannase molecules was made through glutaraldehyde. The immobilized tannase exhibited significantly improved pH, thermal, and recycling stability. The optimal pH for both free and immobilized tannase was observed at pH 5.0 with optimal operating temperature at 30°C. Moreover, immobilized enzyme retained greater biocatalytic activities upon 10 repeated uses compared to free enzyme in solution. Immobilization of tannase was accomplished by strong hydrophobic interaction most likely between hydrophobic amino acid moieties of the glutaraldehyde-cross-linked tannase to the MWCNT.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Linking Reagents/chemistry*
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