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Dextrostix in glucose tolerance test

Buttery JE, De Witt GF, Ahmad UO

Med J Malaya, 1968 Mar;22(3):217-21.
PMID: 4234358
Matched MeSH terms: Glucose Tolerance Test*
World Health Organization (WHO) new diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus: the 75g oral glucose tolerance test

Yeo PPB, Cheah JS

Family Practitioner, 1982;5:11-14.

Matched MeSH terms: Glucose Tolerance Test
Fulltext Correlation between Oral Glucose Tolerance Test Abnormalities and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in Gestational Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study

Kalok A, Ong MY, Hasrori A, Chiang KS, Yazim F, Baharuddin S, et al.

Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2020 09 24;17(19).
PMID: 32987806 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17196990

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with maternal and neonatal complications. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between the abnormalities of the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and adverse pregnancy outcomes. This was a retrospective study of GDM patients over a five-year period in a Malaysian tertiary center. The diagnosis of GDM was based on the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guideline. The data on patients' demographics, OGTT results, GDM treatment, and pregnancy outcomes were analyzed. A total of 1105 women were included in the final analysis. The percentage of women with isolated abnormal fasting glucose, isolated two-hour abnormality, and both abnormal values were 4.8%, 87.1%, and 8.1%, respectively. Women with both OGTT abnormalities had a higher risk of preeclampsia (odds ratio (OR) 4.73; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.45-15.41) and neonatal hypoglycemia (OR 8.78; 95% CI 1.93-39.88). Isolated postprandial abnormality was associated with an 80% lesser risk of neonatal hypoglycemia (OR 0.19; 95% CI 0.04-0.87). Both isolated fasting and multiple OGTT abnormalities were associated with insulin therapy. Multiple OGTT abnormalities were a positive predictor of adverse pregnancy outcomes, while isolated postprandial abnormality was associated with a lesser risk of neonatal complication. Further prospective study is essential to validate these findings.

Matched MeSH terms: Glucose Tolerance Test*
Fulltext Universal versus selective screening for detection of gestational diabetes mellitus in a malaysian population

Nazimah I, Che Hatikah CH, Murizah MZ, Md Rushdan MN

Malays Fam Physician, 2009;4(2-3):83-7.
PMID: 25606169 MyJurnal

To compare the efficacy of two screenings methods for gestational diabetes mellitus, namely the universal screening using 50g Glucose Challenge Test to that of selective screening based on risk factors.

Matched MeSH terms: Glucose Tolerance Test
Fulltext Prevalence and associated factors of dysglycemia among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Zulkifli KK, Mohamed Shah FZ, Ismail AI, Abdul Rahman TH, Ghani RA

Chron Respir Dis, 2021;18:14799731211056348.
PMID: 34797178 DOI: 10.1177/14799731211056348

OBJECTIVES: Dysglycemia is known to be a common comorbidity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, undiagnosed dysglycemia and the associated factors remain under-reported. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and the associated factors of dysglycemia among COPD patients.
METHODS: This was a cross-sectional, single-center study involving adults with established COPD (n = 186) divided into those with or without hospital admissions for acute exacerbation. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed in patients with no known history of dysglycemia.
RESULTS: There were 16 patients who had overt diabetes, and 32 had prediabetes following the OGTT. Forty percent had histories of hospital admissions for COPD exacerbations. Both groups demonstrated similar 2-h post prandial glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting blood glucose. The incidences of newly diagnosed dysglycemia were higher in both groups (40.8% vs 34.6%, p = 0.57). Cumulative days of admission (≥6 days/year) and weight (≥65 kg) were identified as predictors for dysglycemia within the study population.
DISCUSSION: This study demonstrated a high number of overt and newly diagnosed dysglycemia among COPD patients who had no previous history of abnormal glucose. Recent acute exacerbations of COPD could have a negative impact on glycemia, although the results did not attain statistical significance. However, there is a need for adequate screening for dysglycemia, particularly among those with frequent acute exacerbations of their condition.

Matched MeSH terms: Glucose Tolerance Test
Gestational diabetes mellitus in primigravidae: a mild disease

Ismail NA, Aris NM, Mahdy ZA, Ahmad S, Naim NM, Siraj HH, et al.

Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove), 2011;54(1):21-4.
PMID: 21542419 DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2016.12

This prospective observational study was done to analyse the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) among primigravidae and its outcome. All healthy primigravidae with singleton pregnancies were offered universal glucose tolerance testing between 16 and 28 weeks gestation. GDM and non GDM groups were managed according to hospital protocol. The antenatal features and pregnancy outcomes were analysed. Out of 616 primigravidae, 113 (18.34%) were GDM with slightly older (27.9 +/- 4.2 versus 26.32 +/- 3.3, p < 0.001) age. The mean fasting and two hours postprandial blood glucose in both groups were 4.99 +/- 1.08 mmol/l, 8.86 +/- 1.41 mmol/l(GDM) and 4.36 +/- 0.43 mmol/l, 5.71 +/- 1.11 mmol/l (Non GDM), respectively. Maternal family history of diabetes mellitus, weight exceeding 80 Kg, polyhydramnios (2.65% versus 0.2%, p = 0.028) and neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia (9.73% versus 2.98%, p = 0.01) occurred significantly more frequent in the GDM group compared to normal. There was no significant difference in other pregnancy outcomes and complications between the two groups. In conclusion GDM in primigravidae was detected at a relatively young age with more frequent maternal family history of DM, weight exceeding 80 Kg, polyhydromnions and neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia. The degree of disease was mild and treatment led to no significant complication.

Matched MeSH terms: Glucose Tolerance Test
Fulltext Use of glycated hemoglobin (HbA(1C)) and impaired glucose tolerance in the screening of undiagnosed diabetes in the Malaysian population

Qvist R, Ismail IS, Chinna K, Muniandy S

Indian J Clin Biochem, 2008 Jul;23(3):246-9.
PMID: 23105763 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-008-0055-x

Although HbA(1C) is widely accepted as a useful index of mean blood glucose in type 2 diabetic patients its usefulness as screening test for diabetes has been controversial. The present study was undertaken to determine whether the level of HbA(1C) predicted diabetes in a prediabetic group of subjects. Plasma lipids, oral glucose tolerance, HbA(1C) was determined in 90 normal control subjects, 57 offspring of one type 2 diabetes mellitus parent and 11 diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus individuals. The mean age of participants was 44.5 yrs (not significantly different amongst the three groups) and the mean body mass index was 26.8 (not significantly different amongst the three groups). Two hours after a 75 g glucose challenge, the offspring had a significantly higher plasma glucose level (mean = 7.1 mmol/L, p value = 0.002) than the normals. Similarly the HbA(1C) values were higher in the offspring than in the normals (mean = 5.78%, p value = 0.016). Besides the significantly higher values for oral glucose tolerance test and HbA(1C), the diabetics also were significantly higher for triglycerides (mean = 2.25mmol/L), total cholesterol (mean = 6.24mmol/L) and systolic blood pressure (mean = 138.45mm Hg) than the offspring (P value = 0.031, 0.006, 0.010) and the normals (P value = 0.026, 0.018, 0.002) respectively. The mean values of diastolic blood pressure, LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol were not significantly different amongst the three groups.
Study site: Diabetic clinic, University of Malaya Medical centre (UMMC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Matched MeSH terms: Glucose Tolerance Test*
Return for postpartum oral glucose tolerance test following gestational diabetes mellitus

Mohd Suan MA

Asia Pac J Public Health, 2015 Sep;27(6):601-9.
PMID: 26041835 DOI: 10.1177/1010539515588943

A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the prevalence and characteristics of women who received a postpartum oral glucose tolerance test and to examine barriers as reported by women who failed to return for the test. Data were collected using a mobile phone-based short messaging service. Only 352 (81.9%) women returned for the test. Women who failed to return for the test were younger (30.1 vs 32.1, P = .003) and did not have a previous history of gestational diabetes (93.6% vs 84.9%, P = .043) compared to women who returned for the test. The commonest reasons given for not returning for the test was "Still waiting for the appointment date for the test" (37.2%), "had family/health problems" (11.5%), and "busy/no time" (10.3%). Flexible time for the test, active involvement from health care staff, and strengthening continuous care system were among the interventions needed to improve the return rate for this screening test.

Matched MeSH terms: Glucose Tolerance Test/utilization*
Glucose tolerance, nutrition, and diabetes in Uruguay, Venezuela, Malaya, and East Pakistan

West KM, Kalbfleisch JM

Diabetes, 1966 Jan;15(1):9-18.
PMID: 5907153 DOI: 10.2337/diab.15.1.9

In each of four countries (Uruguay, Venezuela, Malaya and East Pakistan) where diets and other environmental factors differ greatly, the prevalence of diabetes as determined by impaired glucose tolerance was crudely estimated. Since all subjects received glucose loads, rates of prevalence are much higher than those obtainable by certain less sensitive standard methods. In the tested subjects over thirty years of age the prevalence of "diabetes" (two-hour venous blood glucose levels greater than 149 mg. per 100 ml.) was 6.9 per cent in Uruguay (6.8 per cent for males and 6.9 per cent for females). The prevalence of impaired tolerance in this age group in Venezuela was 7.3 per cent (4.5 per cent in males and 9.4 per cent in females), while in Malaya the rate was only 3.5 per cent (4.5 per cent in
males and 2.1 per cent in females). In East Pakistan impaired tolerance was present in only 1.5 per cent of this age group (1.2 per cent of males and 2.8 per cent of females). Comparable data are not available in the United States but with use of the technics employed abroad it was found that 17.2 per cent of volunteers in this age group in a Pennsylvania community had impaired tolerance. In East Pakistan, 83 per cent of calories were derived from carbohydrate. Comparable figures were 77 per cent for Malaya, 62 per cent for Venezuela and 53 per cent for Uruguay. In East Pakistan, only 7 per cent of the dietary calories were derived from fat; in Malaya, fat accounted for 21 per cent of dietary calories, in Venezuela, 24 per cent, and in Uruguay, 33 per cent. In East Pakistan only 29 per cent of dietary fat was animal fat. In Malaya, Venezuela, and Uruguay, comparable figures were 30, 35 and 62 per cent, respectively. In Uruguay, 34.4 per cent of the subjects were "obese" (30 per cent or more over "standard" weight), and in Venezuela 14.8 per cent were obese. In contrast none of the subjects from Malaya (566 persons), or East Pakistan (519 persons), was obese by these criteria. In Venezuela and Uruguay there was an association between the prevalence of diabetes and both parity and a history of large babies.

Matched MeSH terms: Glucose Tolerance Test*
Fulltext Proportion of women with history of gestational diabetes mellitus who performed an oral glucose test at six weeks postpartum in Johor Bahru with abnormal glucose tolerance

Fatin A, Alina TI

Malays Fam Physician, 2019;14(3):2-9.
PMID: 32175035

Introduction: Glucose testing at six weeks postpartum has been recommended by the World Health Organization as the earliest period in which to detect abnormal glucose tolerance among women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). This study aimed to determine the outcomes of six weeks postpartum glucose testing and its associated factors among women with a history GDM who attended government primary health clinics in Johor Bahru.
Methods: The study was a cross sectional study which was conducted among women with a history of GDM who registered from January to June 2016 at primary health clinics in Johor Bahru and underwent an oral glucose tolerance test at six weeks postpartum. Secondary data were obtained from Maternal Health Records (clinic copy). Data were analyzed using SPSS Version 23.0. Descriptive statistics and simple logistic regression analysis were used.
Results: One hundred and twenty-two women with a history of GDM completed the postpartum glucose testing. Approximately 12% of these women were reported to have abnormal glucose tolerance. Insulin usage (OR:5.44; 95% CI:1.53, 19.43; p=0.009), abnormal glycated hemoglobin (OR:8.70; 95% CI:2.68,26.27; p<0.01), hospital follow-up (OR:3.38; 95% CI: 1.11, 10.34; p=0.033) and neonatal intensive care unit admission (OR:3.96; 95% CI: 1.16, 13.54; p=0.028) were found to have significant associations with abnormal glucose tolerance at six weeks postpartum.
Conclusion: The proportion of women with a history of GDM and abnormal glucose tolerance at six weeks postpartum in Johor Bahru was 12% and was associated with insulin usage, abnormal glycated hemoglobin, hospital follow-up and neonatal intensive care unit admission. Screening during the postpartum period offers a window of opportunity for early identification of diabetes and prediabetes, as women with history of GDM are at increased risk of future glucose intolerance.

Matched MeSH terms: Glucose Tolerance Test*
Fulltext Implications for Drug Characterization in Glucose Tolerance Tests Without Insulin: Simulation Study of Power and Predictions Using Model-Based Analysis

Sheikh Ghadzi SM, Karlsson MO, Kjellsson MC

CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol, 2017 10;6(10):686-694.
PMID: 28575547 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12214

In antihyperglycemic drug development, drug effects are usually characterized using glucose provocations. Analyzing provocation data using pharmacometrics has shown powerful, enabling small studies. In preclinical drug development, high power is attractive due to the experiment sizes; however, insulin is not always available, which potentially impacts power and predictive performance. This simulation study was performed to investigate the implications of performing model-based drug characterization without insulin. The integrated glucose-insulin model was used to simulate and re-estimated oral glucose tolerance tests using a crossover design of placebo and study compound. Drug effects were implemented on seven different mechanisms of action (MOA); one by one or in two-drug combinations. This study showed that exclusion of insulin may severely reduce the power to distinguish the correct from competing drug effect, and to detect a primary or secondary drug effect, however, it did not affect the predictive performance of the model.

Matched MeSH terms: Glucose Tolerance Test
Fulltext Antidiabetic Effect of Oral Borapetol B Compound, Isolated from the Plant Tinospora crispa, by Stimulating Insulin Release

Lokman FE, Gu HF, Wan Mohamud WN, Yusoff MM, Chia KL, Ostenson CG

Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2013;2013:727602.
PMID: 24319481 DOI: 10.1155/2013/727602

Aims. To evaluate the antidiabetic properties of borapetol B known as compound 1 (C1) isolated from Tinospora crispa in normoglycemic control Wistar (W) and spontaneously type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats. Methods. The effect of C1 on blood glucose and plasma insulin was assessed by an oral glucose tolerance test. The effect of C1 on insulin secretion was assessed by batch incubation and perifusion experiments using isolated pancreatic islets. Results. An acute oral administration of C1 improved blood glucose levels in treated versus placebo groups with areas under glucose curves 0-120 min being 72 ± 17 versus 344 ± 10 mmol/L (P < 0.001) and 492 ± 63 versus 862 ± 55 mmol/L (P < 0.01) in W and GK rats, respectively. Plasma insulin levels were increased by 2-fold in treated W and GK rats versus placebo group at 30 min (P < 0.05). C1 dose-dependently increased insulin secretion from W and GK isolated islets at 3.3 mM and 16.7 mM glucose. The perifusions of isolated islets indicated that C1 did not cause leakage of insulin by damaging islet beta cells (P < 0.001). Conclusion. This study provides evidence that borapetol B (C1) has antidiabetic properties mainly due to its stimulation of insulin release.

Matched MeSH terms: Glucose Tolerance Test
Risk factor screening for abnormal glucose tolerance in pregnancy

Shamsuddin K, Mahdy ZA, Siti Rafiaah I, Jamil MA, Rahimah MD

Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 2001 Oct;75(1):27-32.
PMID: 11597616 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7292(01)00468-4

OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence and association of frequently used screening risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and to compare the validity and cost of universal screening with risk factor screening.

METHOD: A cross-sectional survey of 768 pregnant women at > or = 24 weeks' gestation who were attending the antenatal clinic at the Hospital Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (HUKM) was made. Risk factors were determined using a questionnaire. An abnormal oral glucose tolerance test was defined as a 2-h post-prandial blood sugar level of > or = 7.8 mmol/l.

RESULTS: A total of 191 pregnant mothers (24.9%) had GDM. The most commonly identified screening factors were positive family history of diabetes mellitus (31.4%), history of spontaneous abortion (17.8%), vaginal discharge and pruritus vulvae in current pregnancy (16.0%), and maternal age greater than 35 years (14.7%). Five hundred and thirteen mothers (66.8%) had at least one risk factor. All screening risk factors, except past history of diabetes mellitus in previous pregnancy and maternal age, were not significantly associated with abnormal glucose tolerance (GT). Risk factor screening gave a sensitivity of 72.2% and a specificity of 35.0%. Universal screening would cost RM 12.06 while traditional risk factor screening would cost RM 11.15 per identified case and will have missed 53 of the 191 cases.

CONCLUSIONS: Risk factor screening scored poorly in predicting GDM. Cost analysis of universal compared with traditional risk factor screening showed a negligible difference. Thus universal screening appears to be the most reliable method of diagnosing GDM.

Matched MeSH terms: Glucose Tolerance Test/economics
Fulltext Evaluation of suppression of growth hormone levels following a 75g oral glucose tolerance test

Nazaimoon WM, Ng ML, Satgunasingam N, Khalid BA

Med J Malaysia, 1992 Jun;47(2):103-9.
PMID: 1494329

Growth hormone (GH) levels were measured after a 75g oral glucose load (OGTT) in normal adults, patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and acromegaly. Nadir GH levels at 2-hour post-OGTT in normal subjects ranged from 0.4 to 8.4 mIU/L, the 95% confidence interval being 0.4-4.4 mIU/L. In IGT and IDDM subjects basal fasting GH levels were not significantly different from normal and did not alter during OGTT. The high fasting GH level measured in one each of the IGT and IDDM patients was suppressible at 1-hour after glucose intake. In contrast, acromegalic patients had elevated fasting GH levels (11.8-178 mIU/L) although in 3 patients, the levels were mildly elevated and overlapped with normal. OGTT failed or only partially suppressed GH secretion in all acromegalics. Therefore, elevated fasting GH levels are not diagnostic and OGTT is required for accurate diagnosis and assessment of treatment of acromegalic patients.

Matched MeSH terms: Glucose Tolerance Test*
The variation of glucose tolerance in a multi racial population

Ch'ng SL, Chandrasekharan N

Ann Acad Med Singap, 1985 Apr;14(2):223-8.
PMID: 4037680

The pattern of plasma and urine sugar changes after 50g glucose load in 1900 Malaysians (522 males and 1378 females) consisting predominantly of Malays, Chinese and Indians were studied. The data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results show bimodal distribution of 120 min. plasma sugar values in the age groups 21 years and above and trimodal distribution in most groups above 40 years. The mean 120 minutes plasma sugar cut-off values for nondiabetics (ND), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and diabetics (DM) of 8.4 and 11.1 mmol/l respectively were close to the values recommended by the National Diabetic Data Group (NDDG). Fifty two percent of all subjects showed peaked plasma sugar values at 60 minutes (14% of them had IGT, 12% DM), 25% peaked at 30 minutes (98% of them were ND). The rest showed peaked values at 90 minutes (17%), 120 minutes (4%) and 150 minutes (2%) and from this group forty two percent were DM and 23% had IGT. Reliance on urine sugar qualitative tests could misclassify 7.3% of subjects (predominantly elderly females) with hyperglycaemia of greater than 11 mmol/l. This study shows that in the 50 g glucose tolerance test, the NDDG criteria for ND, IGT, DM is still applicable to the Malaysian population. The sampling time could be reduced to four points at 0, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. Blood analysis is the preferred method for the diagnosis of hyperglycaemia in elderly females.

Matched MeSH terms: Glucose Tolerance Test*
Screening for gestational diabetes at antenatal booking in a Malaysian university hospital: the role of risk factors and threshold value for the 50-g glucose challenge test

Tan PC, Ling LP, Omar SZ

Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol, 2007 Jun;47(3):191-7.
PMID: 17550485 DOI: 10.1111/j.1479-828X.2007.00717.x

Background: The best method of screening for gestational diabetes (GDM) remains unsettled. The 50-g glucose challenge test (GCT) is used in a two-stage screening process but its best threshold value can vary according to population.

Aims: To evaluate the role of risk factors in conjunction with GCT and to determine an appropriate threshold for the one-hour venous plasma glucose with the GCT.

Method: In a prospective study, 1600 women at antenatal booking without a history of diabetes mellitus or GDM filled a form on risk factors before GCT. Women who had GCT >or= 7.2 mmol/L underwent the 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). GDM was diagnosed according to WHO (1999) criteria.

Result: Thirty-five per cent had GCT >or= 7.2 mmol/L, 32.6% underwent OGTT and 34.5% of OGTT confirmed GDM. The GDM rate in our population was at least 11.4%. Examination of the receiver operator characteristic curve suggested that the best threshold value for the GCT in our population was >or= 7.6 mmol/L. Multivariable logistic regression demonstrated that only GCT >or= 7.6 mmol/L was an independent predictor for GDM (adjusted odds ratio 3.7: P < 0.001). After GCT, maternal age and anthropometry, OGTT during the third trimester, family history, obstetric history and glycosuria were not independent predictors of GDM.

Conclusions: Risk factors were not independent predictors of GDM in women with GCT >or= 7.2 mmol/L. GCT threshold value >or= 7.6 mmol is appropriate for the Malaysian population at high risk of GDM.

Matched MeSH terms: Glucose Tolerance Test/methods*
The 50-g glucose challenge test and pregnancy outcome in a multiethnic Asian population at high risk for gestational diabetes

Tan PC, Ling LP, Omar SZ

Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 2009 Apr;105(1):50-5.
PMID: 19154997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2008.11.038

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate the 50-g glucose challenge test (GCT) on pregnancy outcome in a multiethnic Asian population at high risk for gestational diabetes (GDM).

METHODS:
GCT was positive if the 1-hour plasma glucose level was >or=7.2 mmol/L. GDM was diagnosed by a 75-g glucose tolerance test using WHO (1999) criteria. Of the 1368 women enrolled in the study, 892 were GCT negative, 308 were GCT false-positive, and 168 had GDM. Pregnancy outcomes were extracted from hospital records. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed with GCT negative women as the reference group.

RESULTS:
GCT false-positive status was associated with preterm birth (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.1; 95% CI, 1.2-3.7) and postpartum hemorrhage (AOR 1.7; 95% CI, 1.0-2.7). GDM was associated with labor induction (AOR 5.0; 95% CI, 3.3-7.5), cesarean delivery (AOR 2.2; 95% CI, 1.6-3.2), postpartum hemorrhage (AOR 2.1; 95% CI, 1.2-3.7), and neonatal macrosomia (AOR 2.5; 95% CI, 1.0-6.0).

CONCLUSION:
GCT false-positive women had an increased likelihood of an adverse pregnancy outcome. The role and threshold of the GCT needs re-evaluation.

Matched MeSH terms: Glucose Tolerance Test/methods
Prevalence of NIDDM and impaired glucose tolerance in aborigines and Malays in Malaysia and their relationship to sociodemographic, health, and nutritional factors

Ali O, Tan TT, Sakinah O, Khalid BA, Wu LL, Ng ML

Diabetes Care, 1993 Jan;16(1):68-75.
PMID: 8422835 DOI: 10.2337/diacare.16.1.68

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and IGT in different ethnic groups living in the same physical environment and to find their relationship to nutritional status and dietary intake.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The study was conducted among Malays and Orang Asli in six rural and urban locations in Malaysia. OGTTs were performed on 706 adult subjects > or = 18 yr of age. WHO criteria were used for diagnosing diabetes mellitus and IGT.

RESULTS: The overall prevalence of diabetes mellitus and IGT among Orang Asli was 0.3 and 4.4% compared with 4.7 and 11.3%, respectively, among Malays. This increased prevalence of glucose intolerance among Malays was associated with higher levels of social development. Among rural Malays, the crude prevalence of diabetes in a traditional village was 2.8% and in the land scheme was 6.7%, whereas urban Malays had a prevalence of 8.2%. In contrast, the prevalence of IGT (10.5-14.8%) was higher among rural Malays, compared with 9.6% among urban Malays. Ethnic group, > or = 40 yr of age, an income > M$250, fewer daily activity, and obesity were associated with a higher prevalence of diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes mellitus and IGT, which were more common among Malays than Orang Asli, were associated with more affluent life-styles and modernization.

Matched MeSH terms: Glucose Tolerance Test*
Fulltext Impact of adopting the 2013 World Health Organization criteria for diagnosis of gestational diabetes in a multi-ethnic Asian cohort: a prospective study

Chi C, Loy SL, Chan SY, Choong C, Cai S, Soh SE, et al.

BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 2018 03 21;18(1):69.
PMID: 29562895 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-018-1707-3

BACKGROUND: We assessed the impact of adopting the 2013 World Health Organization (WHO) diagnostic criteria on the rates of gestational diabetes (GDM), pregnancy outcomes and identification of women at future risk of type 2 diabetes.
METHODS: During a period when the 1999 WHO GDM criteria were in effect, pregnant women were universally screened using a one-step 75 g 2-h oral glucose tolerance test at 26-28 weeks' gestation. Women were retrospectively reclassified according to the 2013 criteria, but without the 1-h glycaemia measurement. Pregnancy outcomes and glucose tolerance at 4-5 years post-delivery were compared for women with GDM classified by the 1999 criteria alone, GDM by the 2013 criteria alone, GDM by both criteria and without GDM by both sets of criteria.
RESULTS: Of 1092 women, 204 (18.7%) and 142 (13.0%) were diagnosed with GDM by the 1999 and 2013 WHO criteria, respectively, with 27 (2.5%) reclassified to GDM and 89 (8.2%) reclassified to non-GDM when shifting from the 1999 to 2013 criteria. Compared to women without GDM by both criteria, cases reclassified to GDM by the 2013 criteria had an increased risk of neonatal jaundice requiring phototherapy (relative risk (RR) = 2.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.32, 5.86); despite receiving treatment for GDM, cases reclassified to non-GDM by the 2013 criteria had higher risks of prematurity (RR = 2.17, 95% CI 1.12, 4.24), neonatal hypoglycaemia (RR = 3.42, 95% CI 1.04, 11.29), jaundice requiring phototherapy (RR = 1.71, 95% CI 1.04, 2.82), and a higher rate of abnormal glucose tolerance at 4-5 years post-delivery (RR = 3.39, 95% CI 2.30, 5.00).
CONCLUSIONS: Adoption of the 2013 WHO criteria, without the 1-h glycaemia measurement, reduced the GDM rate. Lowering the fasting glucose threshold identified women who might benefit from treatment, but raising the 2-h threshold may fail to identify women at increased risk of adverse pregnancy and future metabolic outcomes.
TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT01174875 . Registered 1 July 2010 (retrospectively registered).

Matched MeSH terms: Glucose Tolerance Test/standards
Fulltext Evaluation of antidiabetic and antioxidant properties of Brucea javanica seed

Ablat A, Mohamad J, Awang K, Shilpi JA, Arya A

ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:786130.
PMID: 24688431 DOI: 10.1155/2014/786130

The ethanol extract of B. javanica seed was fractionated with solvents of different polarities and tested for antioxidant activities by several assays including DPPH radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), ferrous ion chelating activity (FCA), and nitric oxide radical scavenging activity (NORSA) along with their polyphenolic contents. Antidiabetic activity was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo using a glycogen phosphorylase α (GPα) inhibition assay and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in nondiabetic rats. The ethyl acetate fraction (EAF), rich in tannin, exhibited the strongest antioxidant activities to DPPH, FRAP, and NORSA, except for FCA. The EAF also exerted a dose-depended inhibition of GPα (IC50 = 0.75 mg/ml). Further evaluation of hypoglycemic effect on OGGT indicated that rats treated with EAF (125 mg/kg bw) showed a 39.91% decrease (P < 0.05) in blood glucose levels at 30 min, and continuous fall (P < 0.05) of 28.89% and 20.29% was observed in the following hours (60 and 90 min) compared to the normal control during OGTT. The EAF was applied to polyamide column chromatography, and the resulting tannin-free fraction was tested for both GPα inhibition and antioxidant (DPPH only) activity. The GP α inhibitory activity was retained, while antioxidant activity was lost (4.6-fold) after tannin removal. These results concluded that the GPα inhibitory activity initially detected was primarily due to the compounds other than tannins, whereas antioxidant activity was mainly due to the tannins.

Matched MeSH terms: Glucose Tolerance Test

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