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Heterotopic ossification in skeletal muscle metastasis from colonic adenocarcinoma--a case report

Naik VR, Jaafar H, Mutum SS

Malays J Pathol, 2005 Dec;27(2):119-21.
PMID: 17191396

Colonic adenocarcinoma metastasising to the skeletal muscle is rare. A-56-yr-old Malay man was diagnosed to have adenocarcinoma of the right colon [Dukes B] for which a right hemicolectomy was performed, followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Five years later the patient presented with a mass in the rectus abdominis muscle. The serum carcinoembryonic antigen was 71 ng/Ml. The mass was resected. Gross and microscopical examination showed multiple deposits of mucin-secreting adenocarcinoma with prominent heterotopic ossification in the stroma. The exact pathogenesis and significance of heterotopic ossification is not clear, but bone morphogenetic proteins may play an important role.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Skeletal/pathology*
Olfactory ensheathing cells seeded muscle-stuffed vein as nerve conduit for peripheral nerve repair: a nerve conduction study

Lokanathan Y, Ng MH, Hasan S, Ali A, Mahmod M, Htwe O, et al.

J Biosci Bioeng, 2014 Aug;118(2):231-4.
PMID: 24598302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.02.002

We evaluated bridging of 15 mm nerve gap in rat sciatic nerve injury model with muscle-stuffed vein seeded with olfactory ensheathing cells as a substitute for nerve autograft. Neurophysiological recovery, as assessed by electrophysiological analysis was faster in the constructed biological nerve conduit compared to that of autograft.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
Ageing modifies the fibre angle and biomechanical function of the lumbar extensor muscles

Singh DK, Bailey M, Lee RY

Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon), 2011 Jul;26(6):543-7.
PMID: 21392870 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2011.02.002

Ageing is associated with geometrical changes in muscle fascicles that may lead to deteriorations in physical functions. The purpose of this study was to study the effects of ageing on fibre orientation and strength of the lumbar extensor muscles.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Skeletal/pathology*
Fulltext Sarcocystosis among wild captive and zoo animals in Malaysia

Latif B, Vellayan S, Omar E, Abdullah S, Mat Desa N

Korean J Parasitol, 2010 Sep;48(3):213-7.
PMID: 20877499 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2010.48.3.213

Sarcocystis sp. infection was investigated in 20 necropsied captive wild mammals and 20 birds in 2 petting zoos in Malaysia. The gross post-mortem lesions in mammals showed marbling of the liver with uniform congestion of the intestine, and for birds, there was atrophy of the sternal muscles with hemorrhage and edema of the lungs in 2 birds. Naked eye examination was used for detection of macroscopic sarcocysts, and muscle squash for microscopic type. Only microscopically visible cysts were detected in 8 animals and species identification was not possible. Histological examination of the sections of infected skeletal muscles showed more than 5 sarcocysts in each specimen. No leukocytic infiltration was seen in affected organs. The shape of the cysts was elongated or circular, and the mean size reached 254 x 24.5 µm and the thickness of the wall up to 2.5 µm. Two stages were recognized in the cysts, the peripheral metrocytes and large numbers of crescent shaped merozoites. Out of 40 animals examined, 3 mammals and 5 birds were positive (20%). The infection rate was 15% and 25% in mammals and birds, respectively. Regarding the organs, the infection rate was 50% in the skeletal muscles followed by tongue and heart (37.5%), diaphragm (25%), and esophagus (12.5%). Further ultrastructural studies are required to identify the species of Sarcocystis that infect captive wild animals and their possible role in zoonosis.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
Multiple arterial, neural and muscular variations in upper limb of a single cadaver

Vollala VR, Nagabhooshana S, Bhat SM, Potu BK, Rodrigues V, Pamidi N

Rom J Morphol Embryol, 2009;50(1):129-35.
PMID: 19221659

During routine dissection classes to undergraduate medical students, we have observed some important anatomic variations in the right upper limb of a 45-year-old cadaver. The anomalies were superficial ulnar artery, persistent median artery, variant superficial palmar arch, third head for biceps brachii, accessory head for flexor pollicis longus, variant insertion of pectoralis major, absence of musculocutaneous nerve, coracobrachialis muscle supplied by lateral root of median nerve and anomalous branching of median nerve in arm and forearm. Although there are individual reports about these variations, the combination of these variations in one cadaver has not previously been described in the literature consulted. Awareness of these variations is necessary to avoid complications during radiodiagnostic procedures or surgeries in the upper limb.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
Sarcocystis levinei infection in Philippine water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)

Claveria FG, Cruz MJ

Parasitol Int, 2000 Jan;48(3):243-7.
PMID: 11227764

Ultrastructural studies of sarcocysts obtained from Philippine water buffaloes revealed the presence of the commonly reported macroscopic species, Sarcocystis fusiformis, and the microscopic species Sarcocystis levinei (Dissanaike A, Kan S. Studies on Sarcocystis in Malaysia. I: Sarcocystis levinei n.sp. from the water buffalo Bubalus bubalis. Z Parasitenkd 1978;55:127-38), (Huong L, Dubey J, Uggla A. Redescription of Sarcocystis levinei Dissanaike and Kan, 1978 (Protozoa: Sarcocystidae) of the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). J Parasitol 1997;83:1148-52). The globular to oval microscopic cysts commonly observed in the muscles of the diaphragm and neck exhibit compartmentalized arrangement of zoites with septal partitions and measure 13-48 microns in diameter. The parasitophorous vacuolar membrane of sarcocyst bears minute and hair-like villar protrusions measuring 2.3-2.75 microns long emanating at certain distances from the primary cyst wall and lack microfilaments. Villar protrusions have expanded to dome-shaped base measuring 0.33-1.6 microns long by 0.22-1.0 micron wide, and intermediate and tapering distal segments bent approximately 90 degrees and run parallel to the cyst surface. The distal segments at some areas join to form conical tufts. The primary cyst wall bears numerous prominent undulations that are arranged in small clusters. The ground substance is 0.42-0.57 micron thick. This paper documents the first report of S. levinei in Philippine water buffaloes possessing the type 7 cyst wall.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
Fulltext Multiple accessory structures in the upper limb of a single cadaver

Vollala VR, Nagabhooshana S, Bhat SM, Potu BK, Rakesh V

Singapore Med J, 2008 Sep;49(9):e254-8.
PMID: 18830534

The arterial and muscular variations of the upper limbs are common but important with regard to surgical approaches. Even though anomalies of the coracobrachialis muscle are rare, anatomical variations of the biceps brachii, existence of the accessory muscles in the forearm and persistent median artery are known and well documented. During routine dissection, we observed some important anatomical variations in a 50-year-old male cadaver. The variations were unilateral. The anomalies were: third head for biceps brachii muscle, an accessory belly for coracobrachialis muscle crossing the median nerve and brachial vessels and continuing with the medial head of triceps brachii muscle to be inserted to the olecranon process (coracoulnaris), a persistent median artery and an additional muscle in the anterior compartment of forearm. Although there are individual reports about these variations, the combination of these variations in one cadaver has not previously been described in the literature. Awareness of these variations is necessary to avoid complications during radiodiagnostic procedures or surgeries in the upper limb.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Skeletal/pathology*
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with left suprascapular neuropathy on magnetic resonance imaging

Faridah Y, Abdullah BJ

Hong Kong Med J, 2003 Apr;9(2):134-6.
PMID: 12668827

Magnetic resonance imaging is gaining importance in the diagnosis of nerve and muscular disorders. The ability of magnetic resonance imaging to delineate the different muscles and the nerve in any plane has made the differentiation between the changes of neuropathy, denervation, and nerve entrapment possible. Although findings on magnetic resonance imaging are non-specific, their use, coupled with clinical symptoms and electromyographic findings, allow an accurate diagnosis to be made without resorting to invasive biopsies.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
Mitochondrial abnormalities in oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy

Wong KT, Dick D, Anderson JR

Neuromuscul Disord, 1996 May;6(3):163-6.
PMID: 8784803

This report describes a 56-yr-old man with a dominantly inherited disorder affecting four generations and characterized by bilateral ptosis and dysphagia. Muscle biopsy showed only minor light microscopic abnormalities but electron microscopy revealed fibres containing paracrystalline mitochondrial inclusions. Southern analysis of mitochondrial DNA obtained from muscle did not reveal mitochondrial gene deletions. An extensive search eventually identified the characteristic intranuclear filaments of oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD). Abnormal mitochondria are non-specific epiphenomena in OPMD but a potential source of confusion with a late-onset mitochondrial cytopathy. This case further emphasizes the necessity for a diligent search for the diagnostic intranuclear filaments when oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy is suspected clinically.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Skeletal/pathology*
Fulltext Recent Advances in Scaffolding from Natural-Based Polymers for Volumetric Muscle Injury

Nuge T, Liu Z, Liu X, Ang BC, Andriyana A, Metselaar HSC, et al.

Molecules, 2021 Jan 29;26(3).
PMID: 33572728 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030699

Volumetric Muscle Loss (VML) is associated with muscle loss function and often untreated and considered part of the natural sequelae of trauma. Various types of biomaterials with different physical and properties have been developed to treat VML. However, much work remains yet to be done before the scaffolds can pass from the bench to the bedside. The present review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the latest developments in the construction and application of natural polymers-based tissue scaffolding for volumetric muscle injury. Here, the tissue engineering approaches for treating volumetric muscle loss injury are highlighted and recent advances in cell-based therapies using various sources of stem cells are elaborated in detail. An overview of different strategies of tissue scaffolding and their efficacy on skeletal muscle cells regeneration and migration are presented. Furthermore, the present paper discusses a wide range of natural polymers with a special focus on proteins and polysaccharides that are major components of the extracellular matrices. The natural polymers are biologically active and excellently promote cell adhesion and growth. These bio-characteristics justify natural polymers as one of the most attractive options for developing scaffolds for muscle cell regeneration.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
Fulltext Curvelet based automatic segmentation of supraspinatus tendon from ultrasound image: a focused assistive diagnostic method

Gupta R, Elamvazuthi I, Dass SC, Faye I, Vasant P, George J, et al.

Biomed Eng Online, 2014;13:157.
PMID: 25471386 DOI: 10.1186/1475-925X-13-157

Disorders of rotator cuff tendons results in acute pain limiting the normal range of motion for shoulder. Of all the tendons in rotator cuff, supraspinatus (SSP) tendon is affected first of any pathological changes. Diagnosis of SSP tendon using ultrasound is considered to be operator dependent with its accuracy being related to operator's level of experience.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
[Muscular sarcocystosis after travel to Malaysia: a case series from Germany]

Slesak G, Tappe D, Keller C, Cramer J, Güthoff W, Zanger P, et al.

Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr., 2014 May;139(19):990-5.
PMID: 24782151 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1370004

Since 2011, about 100 travellers to the island of Tioman, Malaysia, have been diagnosed worldwide with suspected muscular sarcocystosis, a previously only sporadically observed parasitic disease. Source of infection and therapy remain unclear. Final diagnosis requires microscopic identification of cysts in muscle biopsies. The study objective was a systematic description of characteristic symptoms, laboratory investigations and treatment response.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
Sarcopenia in Asia: consensus report of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia

Chen LK, Liu LK, Woo J, Assantachai P, Auyeung TW, Bahyah KS, et al.

J Am Med Dir Assoc, 2014 Feb;15(2):95-101.
PMID: 24461239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2013.11.025

Sarcopenia, a newly recognized geriatric syndrome, is characterized by age-related decline of skeletal muscle plus low muscle strength and/or physical performance. Previous studies have confirmed the association of sarcopenia and adverse health outcomes, such as falls, disability, hospital admission, long term care placement, poorer quality of life, and mortality, which denotes the importance of sarcopenia in the health care for older people. Despite the clinical significance of sarcopenia, the operational definition of sarcopenia and standardized intervention programs are still lacking. It is generally agreed by the different working groups for sarcopenia in the world that sarcopenia should be defined through a combined approach of muscle mass and muscle quality, however, selecting appropriate diagnostic cutoff values for all the measurements in Asian populations is challenging. Asia is a rapidly aging region with a huge population, so the impact of sarcopenia to this region is estimated to be huge as well. Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) aimed to promote sarcopenia research in Asia, and we collected the best available evidences of sarcopenia researches from Asian countries to establish the consensus for sarcopenia diagnosis. AWGS has agreed with the previous reports that sarcopenia should be described as low muscle mass plus low muscle strength and/or low physical performance, and we also recommend outcome indicators for further researches, as well as the conditions that sarcopenia should be assessed. In addition to sarcopenia screening for community-dwelling older people, AWGS recommends sarcopenia assessment in certain clinical conditions and healthcare settings to facilitate implementing sarcopenia in clinical practice. Moreover, we also recommend cutoff values for muscle mass measurements (7.0 kg/m(2) for men and 5.4 kg/m(2) for women by using dual X-ray absorptiometry, and 7.0 kg/m(2) for men and 5.7 kg/m(2) for women by using bioimpedance analysis), handgrip strength (<26 kg for men and <18 kg for women), and usual gait speed (<0.8 m/s). However, a number of challenges remained to be solved in the future. Asia is made up of a great number of ethnicities. The majority of currently available studies have been published from eastern Asia, therefore, more studies of sarcopenia in south, southeastern, and western Asia should be promoted. On the other hand, most Asian studies have been conducted in a cross-sectional design and few longitudinal studies have not necessarily collected the commonly used outcome indicators as other reports from Western countries. Nevertheless, the AWGS consensus report is believed to promote more Asian sarcopenia research, and most important of all, to focus on sarcopenia intervention studies and the implementation of sarcopenia in clinical practice to improve health care outcomes of older people in the communities and the healthcare settings in Asia.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
Polymyositis and dermatomyositis in Sarawak: a profile of patients treated in the Sarawak General Hospital

Teh CL, Wong JS, Soo HH

Rheumatol Int, 2012 Jan;32(1):265-8.
PMID: 21243497 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-010-1745-2

We performed a cross-sectional study of the demography, clinical and laboratory features of patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis followed up in our centre from 2006 to 2009. There were 12 cases, with the majority of them (58.3%) being woman. They have a mean age of 57.8 years and mean disease duration of 11.83 (SD 9.92) months. Our patients comprised of multi-ethnic groups with predominantly Chinese (83.3%), Sarawak natives (8.3%) and Malays (8.3%). They have a mean lag time to diagnosis of 3.67 (SD 4.27) months. Nine (75%) patients had dermatomyositis and 3(25%) had polymyositis. The common clinical manifestations found in our patients were proximal myopathy (100%), neck weakness (33.3%), dysphagia (33.3%) and interstitial lung disease (33.3%). For the nine patients with dermatomyositis, the most common dermatological manifestations were shawl sign (88.9%) and V sign (88.9%). Muscle enzymes were raised in 91.7% of patients. Electromyographies were carried out in four patients, and only one of our patients had muscle biopsy. Only 41.7% of our patients have positive ANA. The majority received prednisolone (100%) and hydroxychloroquine (58.3%). Malignancy occurred in five (three nasopharyngeal carcinomas, one sigmoid colon cancer and one lung cancer) out of the nine dermatomyositis patients but none in the polymyositis group. The mortality rate in our group was 4(33.3%) over the 4-year period. This study demonstrated the rarity of PM/DM in our centre with considerable lag time to diagnosis in our patients. Despite lack of muscle biopsy in our centre, our centre achieved appropriate diagnosis and management of PM/DM.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
Pulmonary actinomycosis and skin sinuses

Lee JK

J Paediatr Child Health, 2007 Dec;43(12):854-5.
PMID: 18036023

A 12-year old girl presented with an unusual problem of recurrent discharging multiple skin sinuses on her right anterior and posterior chest wall for a year. There was ipsilateral lower lobe pneumonia and imaging showed multiple abscesses in her lower back muscles bilaterally. A purulent fluid was aspirated from her back muscles and the histology examination showed sulphur granules with gram positive branched filaments. She responded well to the treatment for actinomycosis with penicillin and doxycycline.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
Fulltext An unusual presentation of tropical pyomyositis

Sudha V, Abhishek M, Shashikiran U, Annappa K, Mukhyaprana MP

Med J Malaysia, 2005 Jun;60(2):229-31.
PMID: 16114167

Tropical pyomyositis is a primary pyogenic infection of skeletal muscle, often caused by Staphylococcus aureus. The most common presentation of tropical pyomyositis is that of multiple acute abscesses with fever. Hepatitis is a rare manifestation of this disease. We report a case of tropical pyomyositis who presented with hepatic encephalopathy leading to initial diagnostic dilemma.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
An outbreak of acute eosinophilic myositis attributed to human Sarcocystis parasitism

Arness MK, Brown JD, Dubey JP, Neafie RC, Granstrom DE

Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1999 Oct;61(4):548-53.
PMID: 10548287

Seven members of a 15-man U.S. military team that had operated in rural Malaysia developed an acute illness consisting of fever, myalgias, bronchospasm, fleeting pruritic rashes, transient lymphadenopathy, and subcutaneous nodules associated with eosinophilia, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and elevated levels of muscle creatinine kinase. Sarcocysts of an unidentified Sarcocystis species were found in skeletal muscle biopsies of the index case. Albendazole ameliorated symptoms in the index case; however, his symptoms persisted for more than 5 years. Symptoms in 5 other men were mild to moderate and self-limited, and 1 team member with laboratory abnormalities was asymptomatic. Of 8 team members tested for antibody to Sarcocystis, 6 were positive; of 4 with the eosinophilic myositis syndrome who were tested, all were positive. We attribute this outbreak of eosinophilic myositis to accidental tissue parasitism by Sarcocystis.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
The myopathology of floppy and hypotonic infants in Singapore

Premasiri MK, Lee YS

Pathology, 2003 Oct;35(5):409-13.
PMID: 14555385

AIMS: This study attempts to determine the type and relative frequency of muscle diseases contributing to floppy and hypotonic infants in Singapore.
METHODS: Eighty consecutive muscle biopsies in the Department of Pathology, National University of Singapore, in the period 1978-2000, in which a clinical diagnosis of floppy or hypotonic infant was made, were reviewed.
RESULTS: The commonest cause of severe hypotonia in infancy was spinal muscular atrophy, which accounted for 33% of cases followed by congenital muscular dystrophy (13%). Eight cases (10%) of infantile type II glycogenosis (Pompe's disease) were encountered. There were seven cases of congenital myopathy, of which four were centronuclear myopathy, and one each of central core myopathy, nemaline myopathy and congenital fibre type disproportion. One case of centronuclear myopathy was associated with type I fibre smallness. Type II atrophy, which is generally considered a non-specific change, was encountered in five cases. Of interest is the relatively large number of muscle biopsies (29%) in which no significant pathological features were encountered at the light microscopic, histochemical as well as ultra-structural level.
CONCLUSIONS: The study has revealed a great variety of pathology affecting the muscle of children presenting as floppy infants or with hypotonia. The muscle diseases included spinal muscular atrophy, congenital muscular dystrophies, congenital myopathies and metabolic myopathies. However, 23 (29%) cases showed no significant pathology. For this group of floppy and hypotonic infants further studies are needed.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Skeletal/pathology*
Ongoing outbreak of an acute muscular Sarcocystis-like illness among travellers returning from Tioman Island, Malaysia, 2011-2012

Esposito DH, Freedman DO, Neumayr A, Parola P

Euro Surveill, 2012 Nov 08;17(45).
PMID: 23153473

As of 4 November, 2012, 100 patients with an acute muscular Sarcocystis-like illness associated with travel to Tioman Island, Malaysia, have been identified. Thirty-five travelled there mostly during July and August 2011 and 65 mostly during July and August 2012, suggesting an ongoing outbreak. Epidemiological investigations are ongoing. Public health agencies and practicing clinicians should be aware of this rarely-reported disease in humans and consider it as differential diagnosis in travellers returning from Tioman Island.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
Prenatal alcohol exposure and early postnatal changes in the developing nerve-muscle system

David P, Subramaniam K

Birth Defects Res. Part A Clin. Mol. Teratol., 2005 Nov;73(11):897-903.
PMID: 16228975

Extensive research on prenatal alcohol exposure has proven the potent teratogenicity of this substance of abuse. Children born to alcoholic mothers are often diagnosed with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Those afflicted with FAS often have muscle weakness, muscle wasting, and atrophy. This study assessed the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on the developing rat neuromuscular system.

Matched MeSH terms: Muscle, Skeletal/pathology

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