Kajian mengenai taburan ostrakod di dalam sedimen luar pantai telah dijalankan sekitar Pulau Besar, Johor. Sebanyak 11 stesen telah dipilih sebagai stesen pensampelan. Sebanyak 47 spesies ostrakod hidup dan mati daripada 37 genus dan 18 famili telah dikutip dan dikenal pasti. Sebanyak 1036 spesimen mati dan 932 spesimen hidup telah dijumpai di kawasan kajian. Spesies yang paling dominan adalah Pistocythereis cribriformis dan famili yang paling dominan ialah Trachyleberididae. Famili yang mempunyai kepelbagaian spesies terbanyak ialah Trachyleberididae dengan 14 spesies. Beberapa parameter fiziko-kimia telah diukur secara in-situ terdiri daripada suhu, saliniti, oksigen terlarut, pH dan kedalaman. Julat bagi setiap parameter masing-masing adalah 27.05-30.80oC, 31.20-34.01 ppt, 6.90-11.93 mg/L dan 6.60-20.50 m. Bagi parameter fiziko-kimia ex-situ seperti peratus bahan organik, pasir, lodak dan lempung dengan julat bagi setiap parameter masing-masing adalah 1.98-7.58%, 74.87-95.05%, 0.05-24.21% dan 0.75-9.74%. Tekstur sedimen di kawasan kajian boleh dikelaskan kepada pasir berlodak, pasir sangat halus, pasir halus, pasir sederhana dan pasir kasar. Indeks Shannon-Wiener, H(S) yang paling tinggi dicatatkan pada stesen ST 6 dengan 2.91 dan paling rendah pada stesen ST 11 iaitu 2.26. Kelimpahan dan kepelbagaian ostrakod adalah berkait dengan ciri-ciri sedimen. Peratus lodak menunjukkan korelasi positif yang signifikan manakala suhu dan peratus pasir menunjukkan korelasi negatif yang signifikan dengan kelimpahan ostrakod bentos. Parameter-parameter fiziko-kimia yang lain tidak menunjukkan hubungan yang signifikan.
Kepercayaan ibu terhadap mitos atau tanggapan salah tentang penyusuan susu ibu didapati mempengaruhi penerimaan mereka untuk menyusui bayi mereka secara eksklusif. Justeru itu, kajian ini dijalankan untuk membentuk satu bahan pendidikan dalam bentuk risalah yang bertajuk “Panduan penyusuan susu ibu: Fakta vs mitos”. Kajian ini melibatkan tiga fasa; fasa I ialah tinjauan dan penilaian keperluan penyusuan susu ibu; fasa II ialah pembentukan bahan pendidikan bercetak dan fasa III ialah evaluasi proses bahan pendidikan bahan bercetak terhadap 41 orang ibu mengandung yang berbangsa Melayu. Seramai 41 orang subjek terlibat dalam fasa III melalui pengiraan saiz sampel kajian dengan program G*Power digunakan dan power kajian ialah 0.8. Dalam fasa III, borang soal selidik pengetahuan pra ujian telah diberikan kepada subjek untuk menilai tahap pengetahuan mereka mengenai penyusuan susu ibu dan borang tersebut dikumpulkan dengan serta-merta selepas dilengkapi. Subjek tersebut diberi masa seminggu untuk membaca dan memahami risalah yang disediakan dan seterusnya menjawab borang soal selidik pengetahuan pos ujian beserta dengan borang penilaian risalah. Dalam fasa III, kajian mendapati kesemua subjek (100.0%) memahami isi kandungan risalah. Manakala 95.1% (n = 39) subjek berpendapat gambar adalah penting untuk menjadikan bahan pendidikan bercetak lebih menarik dan sebanyak 75.6% (n = 31) subjek menyatakan bahawa gambar yang disertakan dalam risalah yang diberi adalah menarik. Majoriti subjek (97.0%) mempunyai keinginan untuk menyusui bayi mereka secara eksklusif selepas membaca risalah yang diberi. Didapati bahawa min peratus skor pengetahuan subjek kajian meningkat secara signifikan (p < 0.001) daripada 83.1 ± 13.1% semasa pra ujian kepada 94.3 ± 6.7% semasa pos ujian dengan t=5.58 dan saiz kesan yang besar, d = 1.13. Secara kesimpulannya, keputusan menunjukkan bahan pendidikan bercetak yang telah dibentuk mendapat respon penilaian positif dan berkesan dalam meningkatkan tahap pengetahuan ibu mengandung mengenai penyusuan susu ibu. Sehubungan dengan ini, risalah yang dibentuk boleh digunakan sebagai alat pengajaran semasa mendidik ibu mengandung mengenai penyusuan susu ibu.
This prospective study was designed to compare the effectiveness of esmolol (either 100 mg or 200 mg) with a placebo in blunting the haemodynamic response to laryngoscopy and intubation. Seventy-five patients of ASA I or II scheduled for routine-surgery were selected and entered into a placebo-controlled study. Patients were randomly allocated to receive placebo, 100 mg or 200 mg of esmolol IV as part of an anaesthetic induction technique. There were no significant differences in the demographic distribution of the patients in the study. There was no statistical difference in the baseline heart rate (HR) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) between the three groups. One minute after the administration of the drug (prior to intubation) the differences in HR between the placebo group and both the 100 mg and 200 mg groups were significant (p < 0.05), and also at 1 min and 2 min following intubation for the 200 mg group (p < 0.05). In the 200 mg group there was a significant decrease, compared with placebo, in SBP at 1 min (p < 0.05) and at 2 min (p < 0.05) after intubation. In this study, adequate haemodynamic control following was obtained with the administration of 200 mg of esmolol.
A total of 12 severely hypertensive patients were treated with a once daily dose ofNadolol. There was a drop in diastolic pressure to a mean of 105 mm Hg standing within two weeks and this was well maintained up to 12 months of therapy, the lowest diastolic pressure being 94 mm Hg standing at six months of therapy. Nadolol produced no significant side effects and bradycardia was not a problem during treatment. Of the eleven patients who were resistant to previous therapy because of various reasons all except two responded excellently. One of the non responders has real resistance to therapy and the other is non compliant. Nadolol is found to be an effective once daily treatment for severe and resistant hypertension.
The aim of this study is to assess the effects of losartan and carvedilol on metabolic parameters and renal haemodynamic responses to angiotensin II (Ang II) and adrenergic agonists in the model of fructose-fed rat. Thirty-six Sprague-Dawley rats were fed for 8 weeks either 20% fructose solution (F) or tap water (C) ad libitum. F or C group received either losartan or carvedilol (10 mg/kg p.o.) daily for the last 3 weeks of the study (FL and L) and (FCV and CV), respectively, then in acute studies the renal vasoconstrictor actions of Ang II, noradrenaline (NA), phenylephrine (PE) and methoxamine (ME) were determined. Data, mean±SEM were analysed using ANOVA with significance at P <0.05. Losartan and carvedilol decreased the area under the glucose tolerance curve of the fructose-fed group. The responses (%) to NA, PE, ME and Ang II in F were lower (P <0.05) than C (F vs. C, 17±2 vs. 38±3; 24±2 vs. 48±2; 12±2 vs. 34±2; 17±2 vs. 26±2), respectively. L had higher (P <0.05) responses to NA and PE while CV had blunted (P <0.05) responses to NA, PE and Ang II compared to C (L, CV vs. C, 47±3, 9±2 vs. 38±3; 61±3, 29±3 vs. 48±2; 16±3, 4±3 vs. 26±2), respectively. FL but not FCV group had enhanced (P <0.05) responses to NA, PE and ME compared to F (FL vs. F, 33±3 vs. 17±2; 45±3 vs. 24±2; 26±3 vs. 12±2), respectively. Losartan and carvedilol had an important ameliorating effect on fructose-induced insulin resistance. Losartan treatment could be an effective tool to restore normal vascular reactivity in the renal circulation of the fructose-fed rat.
During induction of general anaesthesia, the act of laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation stimulates the sympathetic
nervous system resulting in an increase in blood pressure and heart rate which may be harmful especially in elderly
patients with pre-existing ischaemic heart disease. Several drugs have therefore been used to obtund this increase
including esmolol, nicardipine, magnesium sulphate and lignocaine. This prospective, double blind randomised
clinical trial compared the efficacy of magnesium sulphate and esmolol in attenuating haemodynamic responses to
laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation. One hundred and twenty six ASA I-II patients scheduled for elective surgery
requiring general anaesthesia with tracheal intubation were enrolled and randomised into two groups: Group 1 (n =
67) received MgSO4 40 mg/kg diluted in 100 ml normal saline administered over ten minutes, whereas Group 2 (n =
59) received a bolus of esmolol 1.0 mg/kg diluted to 10 ml. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart rate were
recorded every minute for subsequent 10 minutes following laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation. Attenuation of the
mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures following laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation was significantly larger
in Group 2 compared to Group 1. Patients in Group 2 had significantly better suppression of heart rate response
compared to Group 1 during the first four minutes after laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation (p
1 Interaction between renin-angiotensin (RAS) and sympathetic nervous systems (SNS) was investigated by examining the effect of cumulative blockade of angiotensin II (Ang II) and adrenergic receptors in normal Sprague Dawley rats. 2 Rats were treated with losartan (10 mg/kg), carvedilol (5 mg/kg), or losartan plus carvedilol (10+5 mg/kg) orally for 7 days. On day 8, the animals were anaesthetized with pentobarbitone and prepared for systemic haemodynamic study. Dose-response relationships for the elevation of mean arterial pressure or change in heart rate (HR) in response to intravenous injections of noradrenaline (NA), phenylephrine (PE), methoxamine (ME) and Ang II were determined. 3 Losartan or the combination of losartan with carvedilol blunted vasopressor responses to ME and Ang II. Dose-response relationships for agonist action on HR were significantly inhibited by all treatments except for the combination of losartan and carvedilol on the decrease in HR induced by PE. Carvedilol decreased vasopressor responses to NA, PE and Ang II, and HR responses to NA, ME and Ang II. Combination treatment produced similar effects to losartan on the vasopressor and HR responses but had a greater effect on vasopressor responses to ME and Ang II, and on HR responses to NA and Ang II than carvedilol alone. 4 It is concluded that peripheral vasoconstriction induced by Ang II is partly mediated by adrenergic action and that the vasopressor responses to adrenergic agonists depend on an intact RAS. These observations suggest an interactive relationship between RAS and SNS in determining systemic haemodynamic responses in 'normal' rats.
This study set out to investigate the impact of chronic cumulative blockade of angiotensin II and adrenoceptors in WKY and SHR and to explore how the renovascular responses to adrenergic and angiotensin II receptor agonists may be interdependent. Rats were treated with either losartan, carvedilol or losartan+carvedilol for 7 days and on day eight, animals were pentobarbitone anaesthetized and prepared for renal haemodynamic study. Dose-response relationships were determined in terms of reduction/elevation in the magnitude of renal blood flow in response to intrarenal arterial injection of dopamine, phenylephrine and isoprenaline. Renal vascular responses were blunted in WKY and SHR treated with either losartan or carvedilol as compared to their untreated counterparts (P<0.05). In the combined treated rats, the vascular responses to isoprenaline and phenylephrine were restored to levels observed in the untreated rats, but the renal vasoconstrictor responses to dopamine decreased (P<0.05) in both WKY and SHR. There was a reduction of (P<0.05) in the magnitude of the isoprenaline induced renal vasodilation in all SHR as compared to WKY groups. The data obtained showed that the renal vascular action of dopamine, phenylephrine and isoprenaline depended on an intact renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in WKY and SHR. Treatment with losartan or carvedilol blunted the renal vasoconstrictor/vasodilator responses to sympathomimetics which was attenuated with the combined treatment. These observations using chronic blockade of adrenergic and angiotensin receptors demonstrated that there was a long standing interdependency between the RAS and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) in determining the responsiveness of the renal vasculature of normal and hypertensive rats.
This study investigated the influence of angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor and adrenergic blockade on the renal vasoconstrictions caused by Ang II and adrenergic agonists in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).