Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 129 in total

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  1. Roslan ND, Sundram S, Hong LW, Ling KL, Vadamalai G
    Mol Biol Rep, 2023 Nov;50(11):9699-9705.
    PMID: 37676433 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08771-0
    BACKGROUND: Sequence variation has been attributed to symptom variations but has not been investigated in Orange Spotting-Coconut cadang-cadang viroid (OS-CCCVd) infected palms. Likewise, the relationship between Coconut cadang-cadang viroid (CCCVd) variants, Orange Spotting (OS) severity and the accumulation of the viroid in the palms have not been elucidated. This paper describes the characterization of CCCVd variants by cloning and sequencing, followed by correlation with symptom expression.

    METHODS AND RESULTS: Total nucleic acids were extracted from leaf samples harvested from frond 20 of seven Dura × Pisifera (D × P) African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) aged between 13 and 21 years old collected from local plantations. The nucleic acids were fractionated using 5% non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) before being subjected to detection by reverse transcribed polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The PCR products were cloned into a plasmid vector and the sequence of the clones was analyzed. CCCVd variants were quantified using real-time qPCR assay with CCCVd specific primers. Sixteen randomly selected clones of (OP246) had an arbitrary 100% identity with CCCVdOP246 (GeneBank Accession No: HQ608513). Meanwhile, four clones had >93% similarity with several minor sequence variations forming variants of OP234, OP235, OP251 and OP279.

    CONCLUSION: The OS symptoms observed in the field were characterized into three categories based on the size and morphology of the orange spots on the affected fronds. In addition, there was no direct correlation between disease severity and the accumulation of CCCVd variants in oil palm. This finding is the first report describing the sequence variation of the CCCVd RNA and symptom variation in OS oil palm field samples.

    Matched MeSH terms: RNA, Viral/genetics
  2. Andrew A, Citartan M, Wong KA, Tang TH, Magdline Sia Henry S, Ch'ng ES
    Microbiol Spectr, 2023 Aug 17;11(4):e0008823.
    PMID: 37272795 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00088-23
    Due to the general symptoms presented by the Chikungunya virus (CHIKV)-infected patients, a laboratory test is needed to differentiate CHIKV from other viral infections. The reverse transcription-quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) is a rapid and sensitive diagnostic tool, and several assays have been developed for detecting and quantifying CHIKV. Since real-time amplification efficiency varies within and between laboratories, an assay must be validated before being used on patient samples. In this study, the diagnostic performance of a TaqMan RT-qPCR assay was evaluated using synthetic RNA and archived patient samples. The cutoff quantification cycle (Cq) value for the assay was determined by experimental evidence. We found the in-house assay was highly sensitive, with a detection limit of 3.95 RNA copies/reaction. The analytical specificity of the assay was 100%. The analytical cutoff Cq value was 37, corresponding to the mean Cq value of the detection limit. Using archived samples characterized previously, the sensitivity and specificity of the assay were 76% and 100%, respectively. The in-house assay was also compared with a commercial assay, and we found that the in-house assay had higher sensitivity. Although further evaluation with prospective patient samples is needed in the future, this validated RT-qPCR was sensitive and specific, which shows its potential to detect CHIKV in clinical samples. IMPORTANCE Chikungunya virus causes chikungunya fever, a disease characterized by fever, rash, and joint pain. In the early phase of infection, chikungunya fever is always misdiagnosed as other arbovirus infections, such as dengue. Laboratory tests such as RT-qPCR are therefore necessary to confirm CHIKV infection. We evaluated the performance of an in-house RT-qPCR assay, and our study shows that the assay could detect CHIKV in clinical samples. We also show the cutoff determination of the assay, which provides important guidance to scientists or researchers when implementing a new RT-qPCR assay in a laboratory.
    Matched MeSH terms: RNA, Viral/genetics
  3. Drexler JF, Corman VM, Gloza-Rausch F, Seebens A, Annan A, Ipsen A, et al.
    PLoS One, 2009;4(7):e6367.
    PMID: 19636378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006367
    Henipaviruses (Hendra and Nipah virus) are highly pathogenic members of the family Paramyxoviridae. Fruit-eating bats of the Pteropus genus have been suggested as their natural reservoir. Human Henipavirus infections have been reported in a region extending from Australia via Malaysia into Bangladesh, compatible with the geographic range of Pteropus. These bats do not occur in continental Africa, but a whole range of other fruit bats is encountered. One of the most abundant is Eidolon helvum, the African Straw-coloured fruit bat.
    Matched MeSH terms: RNA, Viral/genetics*
  4. Babadi AA, Rahmati S, Fakhlaei R, Heidari R, Baradaran S, Akbariqomi M, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2022 Nov 12;12(1):19416.
    PMID: 36371566 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23996-y
    The current COVID-19 pandemic outbreak poses a serious threat to public health, demonstrating the critical need for the development of effective and reproducible detection tests. Since the RT-qPCR primers are highly specific and can only be designed based on the known sequence, mutation sensitivity is its limitation. Moreover, the mutations in the severe acute respiratory syndrome β-coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) genome led to new highly transmissible variants such as Delta and Omicron variants. In the case of mutation, RT-qPCR primers cannot recognize and attach to the target sequence. This research presents an accurate dual-platform DNA biosensor based on the colorimetric assay of gold nanoparticles and the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique. It simultaneously targets four different regions of the viral genome for detection of SARS-CoV-2 and its new variants prior to any sequencing. Hence, in the case of mutation in one of the target sequences, the other three probes could detect the SARS-CoV-2 genome. The method is based on visible biosensor color shift and a locally enhanced electromagnetic field and significantly amplified SERS signal due to the proximity of Sulfo-Cyanine 3 (Cy3) and AuNPs intensity peak at 1468 cm-1. The dual-platform DNA/GO/AuNP biosensor exhibits high sensitivity toward the viral genome with a LOD of 0.16 ng/µL. This is a safe point-of-care, naked-eye, equipment-free, and rapid (10 min) detection biosensor for diagnosing COVID-19 cases at home using a nasopharyngeal sample.
    Matched MeSH terms: RNA, Viral/genetics
  5. Aziz MA, Norman S, Mohamed Zaid S, Simarani K, Sulaiman R, Mohd Aris A, et al.
    Arch Microbiol, 2023 Jan 28;205(2):76.
    PMID: 36708390 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03417-y
    Wastewater monitoring for SARS-CoV-2 has attracted considerable attention worldwide to complement the existing clinical-based surveillance system. In this study, we report our first successful attempt to prove the circulation of SARS-CoV-2 genes in Malaysian urban wastewater. A total of 18 wastewater samples were obtained from a regional sewage treatment plant that received municipal sewage between February 2021 and May 2021. Using the quantitative PCR assay targeting the E and RdRp genes of SARS-CoV-2, we confirmed that both genes were detected in the raw sewage, while no viral RNA was found in the treated sewage. We were also able to show that the trend of COVID-19 cases in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor was related to the changes in SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels in the wastewater samples. Overall, our study highlights that monitoring wastewater for SARS-CoV-2 should help local health professionals to obtain additional information on the rapid and silent circulation of infectious agents in communities at the regional level.
    Matched MeSH terms: RNA, Viral/genetics
  6. Lai MY, Bukhari FDM, Zulkefli NZ, Ismail I, Mustapa NI, Soh TST, et al.
    BMC Infect Dis, 2021 Nov 17;21(1):1162.
    PMID: 34789179 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06876-0
    BACKGROUND: Current assays for detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rely on time consuming, costly and laboratory based methods for virus isolation, purification and removing inhibitors. To address this limitation, we propose a simple method for testing RNA from nasopharyngeal swab samples that bypasses the RNA purification step.

    METHODS: In the current project, we have described two extraction-free reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assays for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 by using E gene and RdRp gene as the targets.

    RESULTS: Here, results showed that reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assays with 88.4% sensitive (95% CI: 74.9-96.1%) and 67.4% sensitive (95% CI: 51.5-80.9%) for E gene and RdRp gene, respectively.

    CONCLUSION: Without the need of RNA purification, our developed RT-LAMP assays for direct detection of SARS-CoV-2 from nasopharyngeal swab samples could be turned into alternatives to qRT-PCR for rapid screening.

    Matched MeSH terms: RNA, Viral/genetics
  7. Pritchard LI, Chua KB, Cummins D, Hyatt A, Crameri G, Eaton BT, et al.
    Arch Virol, 2006 Feb;151(2):229-39.
    PMID: 16205863
    After the outbreak of Nipah virus (NiV) in 1998-99, which resulted in 105 human deaths and the culling of more than one million pigs, a search was initiated for the natural host reservoir of NiV on Tioman Island off the east coast of Malaysia. Three different syncytia-forming viruses were isolated from fruit bats on the island. They were Nipah virus, Tioman virus (a novel paramyxovirus related to Menangle virus), and a reovirus, named Pulau virus (PuV), which is the subject of this study. PuV displayed the typical ultra structural morphology of a reovirus and was neutralised by serum against Nelson Bay reovirus (NBV), a reovirus isolated from a fruit bat (Pteropus poliocephalus) in Australia over 30 years ago. PuV was fusogenic and formed large syncytia in Vero cells. Comparison of dsRNA segments between PuV and NBV showed distinct mobility differences for the S1 and S2 segments. Complete sequence analysis of all four S segments revealed a close relationship between PuV and NBV, with nucleotide sequence identity varying from 88% for S3 segment to 56% for the S1 segment. Similarly phylogenetic analysis of deduced protein sequences confirmed that PuV is closely related to NBV. In this paper we discuss the similarities and differences between PuV and NBV which support the classification of PuV as a novel mammalian, fusogenic reovirus within the Nelson Bay orthoreovirus species, in the genus Orthoreovirus, family Reoviridae.
    Matched MeSH terms: RNA, Viral/genetics
  8. Tan KE, Lim YY
    FEBS J, 2021 08;288(15):4488-4502.
    PMID: 33236482 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15639
    Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a recently discovered class of noncoding RNAs found in many species across the eukaryotic kingdom. These intriguing RNA species are formed through a unique mechanism that is known as back splicing in which the 5' and 3' termini are covalently joined. Recent research has revealed that viruses also encode a repertoire of circRNAs. Some of these viral circRNAs are abundantly expressed and are reported to play a role in disease pathogenesis. A growing number of studies also indicate that host circRNAs are involved in immune responses against virus infections with either an antiviral or proviral role. In this review, we briefly introduce circRNA, its biogenesis, and mechanism of action. We go on to summarize the latest research on the expression, regulation, and functions of viral and host-encoded circRNAs during the host-virus interaction, with the aim of highlighting the potential of viral and host circRNAs as a suitable target for diagnostic biomarker development and therapeutic treatment of viral-associated diseases. We conclude by discussing the current limitations in knowledge and significance of elucidating the roles of circRNAs in host-virus interactions, as well as future directions for this emerging field.
    Matched MeSH terms: RNA, Viral/genetics
  9. Chin KL, Teoh BT, Sam SS, Loong SK, Tan KK, Azizan NS, et al.
    Trop Biomed, 2022 Dec 01;39(4):518-523.
    PMID: 36602210 DOI: 10.47665/tb.39.4.005
    Zika virus (ZIKV) infection has emerged as a global health concern following epidemic outbreaks of severe neurological disorders reported in Pacific and Americas since 2016. Therefore, a rapid, sensitive and specific diagnostic test for ZIKV infection is critical for the appropriate patient management and the control of disease spread. A TaqMan minor groove binding (MGB) probe-based quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay was developed based on the conserved sequence regions of 463 ZIKV NS2B genes. The designed ZIKV qRT-PCR assay was evaluated for its detection limit, strain coverage and cross-reactivity. We further assessed the clinical applicability of qRT-PCR assay for ZIKV RNA detection using a total 18 simulated clinical specimens. The detection limit of the qRT-PCR assay was 11.276 ZIKV RNA copies at the 95% probability level (probit analysis, p<= 0.05). Both Asian and African ZIKV strains were detected by the qRT-PCR assay without cross-reacting with DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, DENV-4, CHIKV, JEV, LGTV, GETV and SINV. The qRT-PCR assay demonstrated a perfect agreement (k = 1.000, P < 0.001) with the reference assay; the sensitivity and specificity of the qRT-PCR assay were 100% (95% CI= 79.6-100) and 100% (95% CI= 43.9-100) respectively. The qRT-PCR assay developed in this study is a useful diagnostic tool for the broad coverage detection and quantification of both the Asian and African ZIKV strains.
    Matched MeSH terms: RNA, Viral/genetics
  10. Tee KK, Chan PQ, Loh AM, Singh S, Teo CH, Iyadorai T, et al.
    J Med Virol, 2023 Feb;95(2):e28520.
    PMID: 36691929 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28520
    Pteropine orthoreovirus (PRV), an emerging bat-borne virus, has been linked to cases of acute respiratory infections (ARI) in humans. The prevalence, epidemiology and genomic diversity of PRV among ARI of unknown origin were studied. Among 632 urban outpatients tested negative for all known respiratory viruses, 2.2% were PRV-positive. Patients mainly presented with moderate to severe forms of cough, sore throat and muscle ache, but rarely with fever. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that over 90% of patients infected with the Melaka virus (MelV)-like PRV, while one patient infected with the Pulau virus previously found only in fruit bats. Human oral keratinocytes and nasopharyngeal epithelial cells were susceptible to clinical isolates of PRV, including the newly isolated MelV-like 12MYKLU1034. Whole genome sequence of 12MYKLU1034 using Nanopore technique revealed a novel reassortant strain. Evolutionary analysis of the global PRV strains suggests the continuous evolution of PRV through genetic reassortment among PRV strains circulating in human, bats and non-human primate hosts, creating a spectrum of reassortant lineages with complex evolutionary characteristics. In summary, the role of PRV as a common etiologic agent of ARI is evident. Continuous monitoring of PRV prevalence, pathogenicity and diversity among human and animal hosts is important to trace the emergence of novel reassortants.
    Matched MeSH terms: RNA, Viral/genetics
  11. Chaibun T, Puenpa J, Ngamdee T, Boonapatcharoen N, Athamanolap P, O'Mullane AP, et al.
    Nat Commun, 2021 02 05;12(1):802.
    PMID: 33547323 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21121-7
    Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Diagnosis of COVID-19 depends on quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR), which is time-consuming and requires expensive instrumentation. Here, we report an ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensor based on isothermal rolling circle amplification (RCA) for rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2. The assay involves the hybridization of the RCA amplicons with probes that were functionalized with redox active labels that are detectable by an electrochemical biosensor. The one-step sandwich hybridization assay could detect as low as 1 copy/μL of N and S genes, in less than 2 h. Sensor evaluation with 106 clinical samples, including 41 SARS-CoV-2 positive and 9 samples positive for other respiratory viruses, gave a 100% concordance result with qRT-PCR, with complete correlation between the biosensor current signals and quantitation cycle (Cq) values. In summary, this biosensor could be used as an on-site, real-time diagnostic test for COVID-19.
    Matched MeSH terms: RNA, Viral/genetics
  12. Wong HV, Vythilingam I, Sulaiman WY, Lulla A, Merits A, Chan YF, et al.
    Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2016 Jan;94(1):182-6.
    PMID: 26598564 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0318
    Vertical transmission may contribute to the maintenance of arthropod-borne viruses, but its existence in chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is unclear. Experimental vertical transmission of infectious clones of CHIKV in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes from Malaysia was investigated. Eggs and adult progeny from the second gonotrophic cycles of infected parental mosquitoes were tested. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 56.3% of pooled eggs and 10% of adult progeny had detectable CHIKV RNA, but no samples had detectable infectious virus by plaque assay. Transfected CHIKV RNA from PCR-positive eggs did not yield infectious virus in BHK-21 cells. Thus, vertical transmission of viable CHIKV was not demonstrated. Noninfectious CHIKV RNA persists in eggs and progeny of infected Ae. aegypti, but the mechanism and significance are unknown. There is insufficient evidence to conclude that vertical transmission exists in CHIKV, as positive results reported in previous studies were almost exclusively based only on viral RNA detection.
    Matched MeSH terms: RNA, Viral/genetics*
  13. Miller PJ, Haddas R, Simanov L, Lublin A, Rehmani SF, Wajid A, et al.
    Infect Genet Evol, 2015 Jan;29:216-29.
    PMID: 25445644 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.10.032
    Virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates from new sub-genotypes within genotype VII are rapidly spreading through Asia and the Middle East causing outbreaks of Newcastle disease (ND) characterized by significant illness and mortality in poultry, suggesting the existence of a fifth panzootic. These viruses, which belong to the new sub-genotypes VIIh and VIIi, have epizootic characteristics and do not appear to have originated directly from other genotype VII NDV isolates that are currently circulating elsewhere, but are related to the present and past Indonesian NDV viruses isolated from wild birds since the 80s. Viruses from sub-genotype VIIh were isolated in Indonesia (2009-2010), Malaysia (2011), China (2011), and Cambodia (2011-2012) and are closely related to the Indonesian NDV isolated in 2007, APMV1/Chicken/Karangasem, Indonesia (Bali-01)/2007. Since 2011 and during 2012 highly related NDV isolates from sub-genotype VIIi have been isolated from poultry production facilities and occasionally from pet birds, throughout Indonesia, Pakistan and Israel. In Pakistan, the viruses of sub-genotype VIIi have replaced NDV isolates of genotype XIII, which were commonly isolated in 2009-2011, and they have become the predominant sub-genotype causing ND outbreaks since 2012. In a similar fashion, the numbers of viruses of sub-genotype VIIi isolated in Israel increased in 2012, and isolates from this sub-genotype are now found more frequently than viruses from the previously predominant sub-genotypes VIId and VIIb, from 2009 to 2012. All NDV isolates of sub-genotype VIIi are approximately 99% identical to each other and are more closely related to Indonesian viruses isolated from 1983 through 1990 than to those of genotype VII, still circulating in the region. Similarly, in addition to the Pakistani NDV isolates of the original genotype XIII (now called sub-genotype XIIIa), there is an additional sub-genotype (XIIIb) that was initially detected in India and Iran. This sub-genotype also appears to have as an ancestor a NDV strain from an Indian cockatoo isolated in 1982. These data suggest the existence of a new panzootic composed of viruses of subgenotype VIIi and support our previous findings of co-evolution of multiple virulent NDV genotypes in unknown reservoirs, e.g. as recorded with the virulent NDV identified in Dominican Republic in 2008. The co-evolution of at least three different sub-genotypes reported here and the apparent close relationship of some of those genotypes from ND viruses isolated from wild birds, suggests that identifying wild life reservoirs may help predict new panzootics.
    Matched MeSH terms: RNA, Viral/genetics*
  14. Teoh BT, Sam SS, Tan KK, Johari J, Danlami MB, Hooi PS, et al.
    BMC Infect Dis, 2013;13:387.
    PMID: 23964963 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-387
    BACKGROUND: Early and rapid detection of dengue virus (DENV) infection during the febrile period is crucial for proper patient management and prevention of disease spread. An easy to perform and highly sensitive method is needed for routine implementation especially in the resource-limited rural healthcare settings where dengue is endemic.
    METHODS: A single-tube reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay with a set of nine primers was developed for the detection of all four DENV serotypes and their different genotypes. The sensitivity and specificity of the RT-LAMP were evaluated. The clinical applicability of RT-LAMP assay for detection of DENV RNA was assessed in a total of 305 sera of clinically-suspected dengue patients. The test results of RT-LAMP were statistically compared to those of quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), IgM- and IgG-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA).
    RESULTS: Acute DENV infection was confirmed in 171 samples (n = 305); 43.3% (74/171) and 46.8% (80/171) of the samples were positive for DENV using RT-LAMP and qRT-PCR, respectively. The combination of RT-LAMP with the dengue IgM and IgG ELISA increased detection of acute DENV infection to 97.7% (167/171), in comparison to only 70.8% (121/171) when dengue IgM and IgG ELISA alone were used. The RT-LAMP assays showed high concordance (κ = 0.939) with the qRT-PCR. The RT-LAMP assay detected up to 10 copies of virus RNA within an hour but 100% reproducibility (12/12) was achieved with 100 copies. There was no cross reactivity of RT-LAMP with other closely related arboviruses.
    CONCLUSION: The RT-LAMP assay developed in this study is sensitive, specific and simple to perform. The assay improved the detection of dengue when used in combination with serological methods.
    Matched MeSH terms: RNA, Viral/genetics
  15. Zandi K, Lani R, Wong PF, Teoh BT, Sam SS, Johari J, et al.
    Molecules, 2012;17(3):2437-45.
    PMID: 22374315 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17032437
    This study investigates the effects of 2-phenyl-1-benzopyran-4-one (flavone) on DENV-2 infectivity in Vero cells. Virus adsorption and attachment and intracellular virus replication were investigated using a foci forming unit assay (FFUA) and quantitative RT-PCR, respectively. Addition of flavone (100 μg/mL) significantly increased the number of DENV-2 foci by 35.66% ± 1.52 and 49.66% ± 2.51 when added during and after virus adsorption to the Vero cells, respectively. The average foci size after 4 days of infection increased by 33% ± 2.11 and 89% ± 2.13. The DENV-2 specific RNA copy number in the flavone-treated infected cells increased by 6.41- and 23.1-fold when compared to the mock-treated infected cells. Flavone (100 μg/mL) did not promote or inhibit Vero cell proliferation. The CC₅₀ value of flavone against Vero cells was 446 µg/mL. These results suggest that flavone might enhance dengue virus replication by acting antagonistically towards flavonoids known to inhibit dengue virus replication.
    Matched MeSH terms: RNA, Viral/genetics
  16. Chow WZ, Al-Darraji H, Lee YM, Takebe Y, Kamarulzaman A, Tee KK
    J Virol, 2012 Oct;86(20):11398-9.
    PMID: 22997419
    A novel HIV-1 genotype designated CRF53_01B was recently characterized from three epidemiologically unrelated persons in Malaysia. Here we announced three recently isolated full-length genomes of CRF53_01B, which is likely to be phylogenetically linked to CRF33_01B, circulating widely in Southeast Asia. The genome sequences may contribute to HIV-1 molecular surveillance and future vaccine development in the region.
    Matched MeSH terms: RNA, Viral/genetics
  17. Alhoot MA, Wang SM, Sekaran SD
    PLoS One, 2012;7(3):e34060.
    PMID: 22457813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034060
    Dengue virus-host cell interaction initiates when the virus binds to the attachment receptors followed by endocytic internalization of the virus particle. Successful entry into the cell is necessary for infection initiation. Currently, there is no protective vaccine or antiviral treatment for dengue infection. Targeting the viral entry pathway has become an attractive therapeutic strategy to block infection. This study aimed to investigate the effect of silencing the GRP78 and clathrin-mediated endocytosis on dengue virus entry and multiplication into HepG2 cells.
    Matched MeSH terms: RNA, Viral/genetics
  18. Li MH, Fu SH, Chen WX, Wang HY, Guo YH, Liu QY, et al.
    PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2011 Jul;5(7):e1231.
    PMID: 21750744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001231
    Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a global public health issue that has spread widely to more than 20 countries in Asia and has extended its geographic range to the south Pacific region including Australia. JE has become the most important cause of viral encephalitis in the world. Japanese encephalitis viruses (JEV) are divided into five genotypes, based on the nucleotide sequence of the envelope (E) gene. The Muar strain, isolated from patient in Malaya in 1952, is the sole example of genotype V JEV. Here, the XZ0934 strain of JEV was isolated from Culex tritaeniorhynchus, collected in China. The complete nucleotide and amino acid sequence of XZ0934 strain have been determined. The nucleotide divergence ranged from 20.3% to 21.4% and amino acid divergence ranged from 8.4% to 10.0% when compared with the 62 known JEV isolates that belong to genotype I-IV. It reveals low similarity between XZ0934 and genotype I-IV JEVs. Phylogenetic analysis using both complete genome and structural gene nucleotide sequences demonstrates that XZ0934 belongs to genotype V. This, in turn, suggests that genotype V JEV is emerging in JEV endemic areas. Thus, increased surveillance and diagnosis of viral encephalitis caused by genotype V JEV is an issue of great concern to nations in which JEV is endemic.
    Matched MeSH terms: RNA, Viral/genetics*
  19. Voon K, Chua KB, Yu M, Crameri G, Barr JA, Malik Y, et al.
    J Gen Virol, 2011 Dec;92(Pt 12):2930-2936.
    PMID: 21849518 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.033498-0
    We previously described three new Malaysian orthoreoviruses designated Pulau virus, Melaka virus and Kampar virus. Melaka and Kampar viruses were shown to cause respiratory disease in humans. These viruses, together with Nelson Bay virus, isolated from Australian bats, are tentatively classified as different strains within the species Pteropine orthoreovirus (PRV), formerly known as Nelson Bay orthoreovirus, based on the small (S) genome segments. Here we report the sequences of the large (L) and medium (M) segments, thus completing the whole-genome characterization of the four PRVs. All L and M segments were highly conserved in size and sequence. Conserved functional motifs previously identified in other orthoreovirus gene products were also found in the deduced proteins encoded by the cognate segments of these viruses. Detailed sequence analysis identified two genetic lineages divided into the Australian and Malaysian PRVs, and potential genetic reassortment among the M and S segments of the three Malaysian viruses.
    Matched MeSH terms: RNA, Viral/genetics
  20. Chan YF, Sam IC, AbuBakar S
    Infect Genet Evol, 2010 Apr;10(3):404-12.
    PMID: 19465162 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2009.05.010
    Human enterovirus 71 (EV-71) is genotyped for molecular epidemiological investigation mainly using the two structural genes, VP1 and VP4. Based on these, EV-71 is divided into three genotypes, A, B and C, and within the genotypes B and C, there are further subgenotypes, B1-B5 and C1-C5. Classification using these genes is useful but gives incomplete phylogenetic information. In the present study, the phylogenetic relationships amongst all the known EV-71 and human enterovirus A (HEV-A) isolates with complete genome sequences were examined. A different tree topology involving EV-71 isolates of subgenotypes, C4 and B5 was obtained in comparison to that drawn using VP1. The nucleotide sequence divergence of the C4 isolates was 18.11% (17-20%) when compared to other isolates of subgenotype C. However, this positions the C4 isolates within the cut-off divergence value of 17-22% used to designate the virus genotypes. Hence, it is proposed here that C4 should be designated as a new genotype D. In addition, the subgenotype B5 isolates had an average nucleotide divergence of only 6.14% (4-8%) when compared to other subgenotype B4 isolates. This places the B5 isolates within the subgenotype B4. It is proposed here that the B5 isolates to be redesignated as B4. With the newly proposed genotype D and inclusion of subgenotype B5 within B4, the average nucleotide divergence between genotypes was 18.99% (17-22%). Inter- and intra-subgenotype average divergences were 12.02% (10-14%) and 3.92% (1-10%), respectively. A phylogenetic tree built using the full genome sequences is robust as it takes into consideration changes in the sequences of both the structural and non-structural genes. Similar nucleotide similarities, however, were obtained if only VP1 and 3D RNA polymerase genes were used. Furthermore, addition of 3D RNA polymerase sequences will also show recombination events. Hence, in the absence of full genome sequences, it is proposed here that a combination of VP1 and 3D RNA polymerase gene sequences be used for initial genotyping of EV-71 isolates.
    Matched MeSH terms: RNA, Viral/genetics
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