Browse publications by year: 2002

  1. Faizan, G., Balkis, A.K., Kasemani, E., Che Mohd Shabri, A., Amirullah, M.A.
    MyJurnal
    Food poisoning is still a major problem in the state of Terengganu. The study was conducted during an episode of food poisoning outbreak which occurred in October, 1999, at Universiti Tekonologi Mara (UiTJ1rO, Dungun to determine the etiology, mode of transmission, source and the risk factors of the outbreak and hence to take appropriate remedial actions and preventive measures. A retrospective cohort study was conducted amongst 925 students using a standard questionnaire as well as environmental investigation and bacterial subtyping. All the samples were Malay females, age ranging jrom /9 — 22 years. It was found that majority ofthe victims (72 %) presented with abdominal cramp, 68.5% headache, 60.0% diarrhea, 55.2% fever, 45.0% nausea, 39.0% muscle
    ache and 3]. 7% vomiting. The epidemic curve suggested of a common source of infection and the most probable food that has been contaminated was taken during lunch hour on October 20'I'1999, Statistical analysis showed that spices jiied chicken and "nasi minyak" were significantly associated with the illness (p < 0. 05). The most likely causative organism was Salmonella spp as supported by the clinical presentation and incubation period of the disease, identdication of contaminated food, bacterial subtyping result and environmental findings. Following the outbreaks, several remedial actions were taken including immediate close—up ofthe canteen for I4 days, treatment for the cases and health examination and typhoid immunization for all food handlers.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Chickens; Colic; Diarrhea; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Foodborne Diseases; Headache; Immunization; Nausea; Surveys and Questionnaires; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Salmonella; Students; Typhoid Fever; Vomiting; Cohort Studies; Spices; Lunch
  2. Azmi, H., Mohd Kamil, H., Balkis, A.
    MyJurnal
    In July 1997 at 7 pm , 49 members 0f the public complained of dizziness, sore throat, eyes irritation and tightness of chest after exposed to sulphur dioxide while traveling on the road about 100 meter 90m the sulphuric acid factory in Teluk Kalong Kemaman. The incident was caused by leaking sulfur dioxide from return pipe of scrubber circulation. tank in the factory. The problem had occurred due to carelessness of the operator to inspect the level of water in the scrubber circulation tank during the operation.
    MeSH terms: Dizziness; Pharyngitis; Sulfur Dioxide; Sulfuric Acids; Vertigo; Water; Biological Processes
  3. Azmi, H., Mohd Kamil, H., W Fadillah, W.H.
    MyJurnal
    The aim of this study was to identify the problems of stress and health effect among the office computer users. A total of 41 office workers whose job required the use of computers. A set of constructed questionnaire were use to measure the work stress and health problems among workers. The data was analyzed by using of descriptive and inference statistic. The result showed that subjects who use computer for more than 2 hours would experienced work stress such as fatigue 29(70.7%), eye and visual symptoms such as blurring of vision 27(65.9%) and musculoskeletal pain at neck 32( 78.6%). However most of symptoms were moderate. There were a significant relationship between the time spent of using computer with problem of stress (r= 0.440, p<0.05) and eyes and visual problem (r=0.319, p<0.05). However there was no significant relationship between the work station design with stress, musculoskeletal, eye and visual problems. Therefore the longer time spent using computer will lead to health problems. Using the safety operating procedure will reduce the work stress problems.
    Keys word: Work stress, health problems, computer users
    MeSH terms: Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Malaysia; Stress, Psychological*
  4. Zailina Hashim, Wee, Bee Suan, Juliana Jalaludin, Jamal H. Hashim
    MyJurnal
    Cr0ss»sectional studies on lung functions of 100 smokers and 100 non-smokers was conducted among a university student population. The objectives of the studies were to determine the correlation between the lung functions with smoking frequency and duration among smokers as well as to compare the lung functions with non-smokers. The smokers’ mean age was 20.74 years, their smoking initiation age was 16.18 years, the smoking duration was 4.41 years and the smoking frequency was 8.72 cigarettes per day. Among smokers, signqicant inverse correlation was shown between FEV] predicted and the smoking frequency (number of cigarette per day) (ri-0.241, p=0.016). Multiple regression confirmed the relationship between FEV]% predicted with respondent’s age (p=0.013) and smoking frequency (p=0.002), FVC% predicted with age (p=0.005) and smoking frequency (p=0.009). The FEV;/FVC% predicted was signyicantly related to phlegm symptoms (p=0.03), while the FEFZ5.y5% predicted was signdicantly related to age (p=0.005), height (p=0.043) and smoking duration (p=0.046). The lung functions (FEV1% predicted, FVC% predicted and FEV]/FVC% predicted ) for smokers were not statistically dyferent from non-smokers. This study showed that the lung functions for the smokers were still quite normal due to their short smoking duration, their low number of cigarette smoked per day and their young age.
    MeSH terms: Adult; Comparative Study; Humans; Malaysia; Surveys and Questionnaires; Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; Smoking; Students; Tobacco; Universities
  5. Shamsul Azhar Shah, Md. Idris Mohd. Nor, Abdul Hadi Harman Shah, Tahir Aris
    MyJurnal
    Tuberkulosis merupakan penyakit yang masih meigadi masalah kesihatan di seluruh dunia amnya dan di Malaysia khasnya. Kajian telah dilakukan ali Cheras, Kuala Lumpur menggunakan aplikasi GIS untuk mengenalpasti taburan geografi dan tren tuberkulosis daripada tahun 1996 sehingga tahun 2000. Kajian ini juga dilakukan untuk melihat kebolehan GIS sebagai alat surveilan penyakit beyangkit. Hasil kajian dengan menggunakan aplikasi GIS mendapati tren peningkatan tuberkulosis di kawasan·kawasan yang tertentu di Cheras. Penumpuan kes-kes tuberkulosis dapat dilihat di kawasan taburan penduduk yang kepadatan tinggi dan sederhana tinggi terutama di kawasan Kampung Pandan, kawasan penempatan Jalan Cheras dan Bandar Tun Razak. Kes—kes tersebut juga kebanyakannya adalah dalam lingkungan 100 meter ke 200 meter di antara satu sama lain. Kesimpulannya secara am, aplikasi GIS memberikan dimensi baru dalam kawalan penyakit dan ia pasti dapat digunakan dalam membantu aktiviti surveilan penyakit tuberkulosis.
    MeSH terms: Azepines; Malaysia; Fenofibrate; Thiocarbamates; Pandanaceae
  6. Rohani A, Nasir AA
    MyJurnal
    Four hundred and thirty five (435) cases 0f sexually transmitted infections (STIs) were notified from 20 (twenty) primary care clinics throughout Malaysia from June 1999 till September 2000 using the syndromic approach of STI management, adapted by the Ministry of Health based upon the criteria set by the World Health Organisation (WHO). Gonorrhoea was the most prevalent STI reported (30.34 %), followed by candidiasis (28.05%), syphilis (15.17%) and non-specific urethritis (NSU) — 14.02%) . As seen in most other parts of the world, the younger age groups (those between twenty and thirty nine years old) were found to be more commonly infected with STIs. Initial analysis shows that systematic data collection based on the syndromes and clear—case definitions (algorithms for the syndromic approach} need to be developed and added further to the current manual that is being developed for the health and medical staff at the operational it level. Exploration and expansion of behavioural surveillance research, management information systems of the syndromic approach, and development of new or additional strategies in the manual for the staff too, also need improvement. The Ministry of Health is also concerned about the quantity and quality of the available data based upon syndromic management of STI as compared to laboratory based criteria. Since this programme is very much client centered, the adoption of this approach generally might offer substantial improvements in the quality and effectiveness of STI care, either within the public or the private health care settings in Malaysia.
    MeSH terms: Algorithms; Ambulatory Care Facilities; Candidiasis; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Gonorrhea; Humans; Malaysia; Male; Management Information Systems; Primary Health Care; Sexual Behavior; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Syndrome; Syphilis; Urethritis; Prevalence
  7. Phua KL
    MyJurnal
    Healthcare costs are rising in Malaysia for various reasons. Thus, some people have responded by purchasing private health insurance to protect against catastrophic illnesses and huge medical bills. In this paper, a comparative analysis of private health insurance plans of dyferent types is done to determine Q' they do provide adequate coverage and adequate protection against heavy financial loss. The results indicate that all of the eight private health insurance plans in this study do not provide adequate coverage and adequate financial protection because of various restrictive terms and conditions.
    MeSH terms: Catastrophic Illness; Insurance, Health; Malaysia; Review; Health Care Costs
  8. Norliza Ahmad, Hanafiah Mohd Salleh
    MyJurnal
    This study was designed to examine the role of parents and family in motorcycle riding practices among teenagers and motorcycle accident in FELDA Trolak Utara, Perak. This was a cross sectional study using universal sampling that involved 309 teenage riders aging from 11 to 19 years old. Only 6.1% respondents that rode motorcycle had a valid driving licenses. Mean age of starting to ride was 11.46 ± 1.75 years old. Mean years of riding motorcycle was 3.66 ± 1.95 years. The major buyer of motorcycles for the teenagers were father (78.3%) and other family members (13.7%). About 42.7% of teenagers learnt riding by themselves and in 51.8%, family members taught teenagers to ride motorcycle. The main purpose for riding motorcycle were to go to shop (37.2%), to school (32.7%) and for recreation (25.2%). From the perception of teenagers, about 82.2% parents encouraged them to ride. Mean usual riding speed (n = 296) was 58.72 ± 23.97 km/h. The mean maximum riding speed (n = 290) was 89.81 ± 30.70 km/h. There were positive correlation between years of motorcycle riding and usual motorcycle riding speed (r = 0.292, p < 0.05) and maximum motorcycle riding speed (r = 0.371, p < 0.05). The usual motorcycle riding speed was predictor factor for motorcycle accident. Parents, families and communities should play their role to make sure that their teenage children do not ride at a very young age and ride without a valid license. Reducing years of motorcycle riding among teenagers may reduce usual riding speed and consecutively reducing teenagers’ involvement in motorcycle accidents.
    Key words : role of parents, teenagers’ riding practice, motorcycle
    MeSH terms: Adolescent; Automobile Driving; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Malaysia; Parents
  9. Nordiyanah Hassan
    MyJurnal
    The number of deliveries increased very signdicantly in all hospitals in Terengganu since 1986. It is in line with the promotion of Safe Motherhood Initiative' with the aim to reduce maternal mortality and morbidity in a Terengganu. The aim of the study was to determine the pattern of choice for place of deliveries by local people in Terengganu and also to identdy risk factors related to their place of choice. A total of 9741 deliveries home January 1999 to 30”’ of June 1999 were included in the study. About 46% delivered in Hospital Kuala Terengganu, where 72% of them were high-risk mothers. Whereas deliveries in the district hospitals were 9.9% in Kemaman Hospital, 9.7% in Besut Hospital, 7.2% in Dungun Hospital and 3.4% in Hulu Terengganu Hospital. About 67% of district hospital deliveries were high-risk mothers. Only 12.4% of deliveries were home deliveries, however 49% of them were high-risk mothers. Utilization of alternative birthing centre in health clinics was only 1.7%. The study revealed that mothers’ risk factors are the factors signaicantly influence the place of choice for deliveries. The study jindings call for an urgent need of three essential services, Firstly an urban birthing centre conducted by obstetrician or the medical ojicers to be developed at the vicinity of the present general hospital to cater for the high percentage of high—risk pregnancies in the state. Secondly, all or selected district hospital to be given post for obstetrician, and thirdly it is a need to evaluate the current ‘High Risk Checklist for Antenatal Mothers’ to ensure treatment priority is indeed given to those really in need based on appropriate risk factors.
    MeSH terms: Ambulatory Care Facilities; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Home Childbirth; Hospitals, District; Hospitals, General; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Malaysia; Maternal Mortality; Morbidity; Mothers; Pregnancy; Risk Factors; Birthing Centers; Pregnancy, High-Risk; Delivery, Obstetric
  10. Hassan N, A. Rahman K, Aris Kasah M, Jusoh M
    MyJurnal
    A qualitative research was carried out in Besut and Kuala Terengganu to identyy adolescents’ health problems and needs jiom adolescent perspective, and to establish a priority area in the development of Adolescent Health Clinic in the district. A total of 61 adolescents were selected and divided into four groups and stratified according to age, 13-15 years old and 16 - 17 years old. Generally all participants wished to live in an environment free hom negative health risk factors. The obstacles they perceived were mainly related to lack of care or too much control by their parents. Some of them perceived that their parents in general had inadequate knowledge and skills on parenting. Among local behavioural problems mentioned were loafing, running away from home, vandalism, school absenteeism, aggressive behaviour, substance abuse, pre-marital sexual activities, "bohsia", “bohjan" and even involvement in crimes. More than hah' agreed that counselling service is important for adolescents, and it should be made available in the community preferably outside the schools. They perceived an adolescent friendly health clinic concept as an important concept that should be introduced. To them adolescent friendly health clinic is a clinic run by professionals who are knowledgeable, caring, good listeners, non—judgemental, and who exercise confidentiality. The clinic preferably should be situated in a location which is away from the present health facilities to avoid the image of a place for sick people. Clinic hours preferably during weekends, should provide appropriate technologies and situated in a comfortable ambience. Adolescent participation in the clinic was also mentioned as an important entity for adolescent friendly health services.
    MeSH terms: Absenteeism; Problem Behavior; Adolescent Health; Adolescent; Ambulatory Care Facilities; Confidentiality; Counseling; Crime; Empathy; Health Facilities; Humans; Malaysia; Parents; Perception; Risk Factors; Running; Sexual Behavior; Parenting; Adolescent Health Services; Substance-Related Disorders; Qualitative Research
  11. Nor Azimi, K., Mohd Kamil, H., Aiani, O., Kamilan, D.
    MyJurnal
    An investigation was undertaken 0f a malaria outbreak in Felda Neram 1 in the district of Kemaman,
    Terengganu. Thirty-eight malaria cases of Plasmodium falciparum with one death were reported from that locality. The outbreak peaked between the epidemiological week of 42 and 44. A total of 2300 persons were surveyed with population coverage of 90%. Overall Slide Positive Rate was 1.5%. Out of 38 cases, 19 were Malays and the rest were Indonesian workers. Seventy-nine percent (30/38) had a history of fever within nine weeks prior to the survey. Thirty persons were found to be febrile on the.date of the survey of which 42% (14/30) were smears positive. Blood smears showed 65.7% (25/38) had an asexual parasitemia and 34.2% (13/38) cases were gametocytaemic. The males0”emales ratio was 1:7. Younger age groups were more ajfected. All patients were given radical malaria treatment. F orty-three percent (16/38) had a second course of radical treatment. The outbreak was caused by the re-entry of an Indonesian worker with malaria to the locality. Factors such as delayed detection and notyication and inadequate surveillance were instrumental for the outbreak.
    MeSH terms: Disease Outbreaks; Fever; Humans; Malaria; Mortuary Practice; Plasmodium falciparum; Surveys and Questionnaires; Parasitemia
  12. Mohd Said N, Othman J, Hairi F
    MyJurnal
    Malaysia's healthcare delivery system in Vision 2020 will be recognized as one of the world’s best. Putrajaya Health Clinic is our first paperless health clinic in Malaysia that incorporates the Health Information System (HIS). This system cuts across programmes and sections in the operational work process in the clinic with the ultimate aim of achieving a paperless status. This clinic provides a comprehensive health care service at the point of contact and focuses on wellness, clientfriendly, seamless and borderless care with e]§‘icient use of resources and towards high a quality of service. This health clinic which seesthe majority of the attendance being well persons, through the immunization programme, antenatal, postnatal, family planning, school health, and well clinics for child and adult, will continue to extend and further expand its services to include geriatric, ill mental, occupational and rehabilitative care. The e-government within Putrajaya will facilitate the use of an
    appointment system, which can be done through e—mail, fax, telephone or walk-in. Information and
    communication technology will also facilitate the promotion of health education for individuals and communities. To facilitate efective streaming or screening of clients/attendees, a simple triage system is introduced. Prompt, short and accurate is the rule for triaging, thus providing timely and ejfective care. New information and communication technologies will allow healthcare providers to adopt a more virtual, more integrated and more distributed approach in the delivery of health services. It was documented that the average contact time at the triage counter in Putrajaya Health Clinic was 1.16 minutes, i.e. the shortest among other services provided here.
    MeSH terms: Adult; Ambulatory Care Facilities; Appointments and Schedules; Comprehensive Health Care; Cross-Sectional Studies; Delivery of Health Care; Family Planning Services; Government; Health Personnel; Health Promotion; Humans; Immunization; Malaysia; School Health Services; Telephone; Time Factors*; Triage; Telefacsimile; Electronic Mail; Health Information Systems
  13. Khalil, A.L., Hanafiah, M.S., Idris, M.N., Khadijah, S., Suraiyah, H., Siti Sapor, B., et al.
    MyJurnal
    This is an intervention study utilising Community Counsellors ( CC) for social change. Each CC is allocated to problematic families and is asked to do Outreach Family Intervention (OFI) in the form of family diagnosis, counselling and therapy for a period of six utonths. The findings revealed that the outreach activities are moderately successful. With only minimal efforts; 33.3% ofthe total Family»Counsellors Contacts (FCC) and 56.6% ofthe total Duration of Visits (DV), CCs are capable of bringing almost 40% ofthe expected. change, understanding 57% ofthe family problems and taking action on 44% ofthe problems. This study has proven that OFI utilising CCs is quite a useful tool to bring change in the society.
    MeSH terms: Counseling; Humans; Residence Characteristics; Social Change; Societies
  14. Jefferelli SB, Limi L
    MyJurnal
    We do not know how medical doctors perceive the risk of cancer as a cause of death. Medical doctors provide advice and information on health risks to the general public. How they perceive these risks influences the way they behave towards these risks and the way they will communicate these risks. We would like to ascertain how medical students perceive cancer as a health risk. This will hehv us determine misperceptions among medical students that need to be addressed before they practice medicine. A cross-sectional study was conducted among
    all UPM medical students (2000-2001) using sefadministered questionnaires. A total of 339 (88.3%) students responded to the questionnaires. The internal consistency of items was good (Cronbach Alpha >0,7). Cancer was perceived as the 3rd leading risk of death after motor vehicle accidents (I") and heart diseases/cardiovascular disorders (2"d ). The breast was perceived as the organ with the highest risk of developing cancer. Smoking was perceived to be the leading risk factor for developing cancer. There is a dpjference in risk perception of diseases, cancer target organs and cancer risk factors based on gender and ethnicity. There was moderate to fair correlation ( r = 0.41-0.57) between perception of risks of death, cancer target organs and risks factors of cancer (p
    MeSH terms: Accidents; Cause of Death; Cross-Sectional Studies; Heart Diseases; Humans; Neoplasms; Physicians; Surveys and Questionnaires; Risk Factors; Smoking; Students, Medical; Motor Vehicles
  15. Jamal Hisham Hashim, Ruzita Shariff, Dayang Aminah Ali, Mohd Hasni Jaafar, Mazlin Mokhtar
    MyJurnal
    Indicators, whether referred to as ecological, biological or environmental, help us in assessing environmental conditions. Hypothetically, joint influences are predicted of the parameters associated with the number of water-borne, food-borne and vector-borne cases in study areas. Regression analysis of the dependent variables in water—borne diseases such as Cholera, Typhoid, Dysentery and Hepatitis indicated that the total coly°orm, fecal colform, residual chlorine, mean monthly rainfall and temperature influence almost hay of the cases in the 3 District of Serernban. Thus, coordinated monitoring of physical, chemical and biological parameters is needed to continue to build databases and to develop models integrating environnrental and social conditions, consequences and costs.
    MeSH terms: Chlorine; Cholera; Dysentery; Hepatitis; Hepatitis A; Regression Analysis; Social Conditions; Temperature; Typhoid Fever; Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines
  16. Abu Bakar A Majid, Lokman H Johari, Amal M Nasir, Anselm, S.T., Chan, W.H., Noraziah A Rahman, et al.
    MyJurnal
    A cross—sectional study conducted in the fasting month of Ramadan targeting muslim males assessed their religious beliefs in relation to smoking and their intentions t0 quit smoking in Ramadan. It was found that there law; is a strong association between their perceptions on the religious ruling of smoking as haram (prohibited) in relation to their smoking status. Among the non smokers and ex smokers, 87.8% and 73.6% respectively accept the ruling on smoking as prohibitea'(haram), while only 31.6% of smokers accept smoking as prohibited. Among the smokers, 97.7% smoke a lesser number of cigarettes during Ramadan, while 96.7% of them felt that it is easier to quit during the fasting month. The findings suggest that the religious department needs to provide more information and education to the Muslim population as to the reasons of the ruling on smoking as haram(prohibited) on religious grounds . It was also found that the majority felt it is easier to quit during quit smoking programmes can be emphasized and carried out on a bigger scale during fasting months in the future.
    MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies; Emotions; Fasting; Humans; Islam; Malaysia; Male; Smoking; Tobacco; Smoking Cessation; Intention
  17. Yaacob, H.B., Ngeow, W.C., Tan, P.L., Zainal Arif, A.R.
    Ann Dent, 2002;9(1):-.
    MyJurnal
    The controversy on malignant transformation of oral lichen planus has always intrigued researchers. We present a case of lichenoid lesion and squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue, occurring in a middle aged Indian lady. The diagnosis and timing of these lesions is discussed.
    MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Humans; Middle Aged; Mouth Neoplasms; Research Personnel; Tongue; Lichen Planus, Oral
  18. Scully, B., Nambiar, P.
    Ann Dent, 2002;9(1):-.
    MyJurnal
    Craniofacial superimposition methods are employed for the identification of unknown skulls or living persons. There are many such methods and of particular interest is that technique developed by Furue which is inexpensive to set-up. A study was undertaken to ascertain the validity of this technique and to correlate our findings with other researchers.
    MeSH terms: Mortuary Practice; Research Personnel; Skull
  19. Jaafar, N, Razak, I.A.
    Ann Dent, 2002;9(1):-.
    MyJurnal
    The objective of the study was to attempt to verify the cause of self-reported oro-facial pain among 12-yearold children, objectively via a clinical examination. This is a descriptive, cross-sectional survey using a combination of self-reported questionnaire, face-to-face interview and clinical oral examination. The children were first asked to answer a self-filled questionnaire about their oro-facial pain experience in the past 4- weeks. In order to verify its cause, a clinical examination and an interview followed. Normative oral health status data was also collected. The sample was 1492 Malay schoolchildren with diverse socioeconomic background from the states of Johore, Kelantan and Sabah. The sample size for each state was calculated to give a sampling error of not more than 5 %. In each state, quota sampling was done to achieve a balanced distribution between gender and location. The data collected were normative status for caries, periodontal disease and traumatized teeth. Orofacial pain experience represented the subjective status for oral well-being. The cause of pain was confirmed through a clinical examination. The normative oral health status data implies a very low untreated disease and good oral health among the schoolchildren. However the subjective health status, as reflected by the prevalence of pain suggested that oro-facial pain and suffering was high (27.3%) with about 49% "of moderate and severe" intensity. The two main causes were caries and mouth ulcers. However in about onequarter of pain cases, diagnosis cannot be confirmed in the field survey setting. More than one-half of those with pain experienced disturbed sleep and study. It was concluded that overall oral health status and well-being can be better described if normative data is complemented with subjective data such as pain prevalence. The study shows that the majority (more than 75 %) of cases of subjective pain can be objectively verified in a field epidemiology survey setting. The reliability of the subjective data can be improved by a clinical examination as compared to unverified self-report. The study also confirms that the major source of oro-facial pain among the 12 year-olds were caries and mouth ulcers.
    MeSH terms: Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dental Caries; Diagnosis, Oral; Facial Pain; Health Status; Humans; Malaysia; Oral Health; Periodontal Diseases; Surveys and Questionnaires; Reproducibility of Results; Selection Bias; Prevalence; Sample Size; Oral Ulcer; Self Report; Diagnostic Self Evaluation
  20. Soo, W.K.M., Thong, Y.L.
    Ann Dent, 2002;9(1):-.
    MyJurnal
    Simulated canals in clear resin blocks have been widely used in pre-clinical endodontic teaching. The artificial canal provides direct visualisation of procedures in root canal treatment. Stanuardised simulated root canals have been produced in the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya for dental education and research. The canals are easy and inexpensive to construct. An outline of the method of construction of resin simulated canals is presented in this paper.
    MeSH terms: Dental Pulp Cavity; Dentistry; Education, Dental; Faculty; Research; Root Canal Therapy
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