Browse publications by year: 2014

  1. Highly sensitive fluorescence optode based on polymer inclusion membranes for determination of Al(III) ions
    Suah FB, Ahmad M, Heng LY
    J Fluoresc, 2014 Jul;24(4):1235-43.
    PMID: 24871034 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-014-1406-z
    This paper reports the use of a polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) for direct determination of Al(III) ions in natural water by using a fluorescence based optode. The best composition of the PIMs consisted of 60 wt.% (m/m) poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) as the base polymer, 20 wt.% (m/m) triton X-100 as an extractant, 20 wt.% (m/m) dioctyl phthalate (DOP) as plasticizer and morin as the reagent, was used in this study. The inclusion of triton X-100 was used for enhancing the sorption of Al(III) ions from liquid phase into the membrane phase, thus increasing the optode fluorescence intensity. The optimized optode was characterized by a linear calibration curve in the range from 7.41 × 10(-7) to 1.00 × 10(-4) molL(-1) of Al(III), with a detection limit of 5.19 × 10(-7) molL(-1). The response of the optode was 4 min and reproducible results were obtained for eight different membranes demonstrated good membrane stability. The optode was applied to the determination of Al(III) in natural water samples. The result obtained is comparable to atomic absorption spectrometry method.
  2. Conspectus of the Phlaeothripinae genera from China and Southeast Asia (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae)
    Dang LH, Mound LA, Qiao GX
    Zootaxa, 2014;3807:1-82.
    PMID: 24871154 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3807.1.1
    An illustrated identification key is provided to 100 genera of Phlaeothripinae from China and Southeast Asia, together with a diagnosis for each genus, and comments on the species diversity. One new genus with a new species, Akarethrips iotus gen.n. & sp.n., and two new species, Heliothripoides boltoni sp.n. and Terthrothrips strasseni sp.n., are described from specimens collected in Peninsular Malaysia and Java respectively. Three Phlaeothripinae genera are synonymised, Mychiothrips Haga & Okajima syn.n. of Veerabahuthrips Ramakrishna, Syringothrips Priesner syn.n. of GigantothripsZimmermann, and Sauridothrips Priesner syn.n. of Gynaikothrips Zimmermann. In addition, four nomenclatural changes are included, Adelphothrips ignotus (Reyes) comb.n. transferred from Mesothrips, Karnyothrips palmerae (Chen) comb.n from Xylaplothrips, Xylaplothrips bogoriensis (Karny) comb.n from Brachythrips, and Oidanothrips notabilisFeng, Guo & Duan considered as a new synonym of Oidanothrips frontalis (Bagnall).
    MeSH terms: Animals; Animal Structures/anatomy & histology; Animal Structures/growth & development; Asia, Southeastern; China; Female; Male; Organ Size; Ecosystem; Body Size; Thysanoptera/anatomy & histology; Thysanoptera/classification*; Thysanoptera/growth & development; Animal Distribution
  3. Six new species of the spider family Ochyroceratidae Fage 1912 (Arachnida: Araneae) from Southeast Asia
    Li F, Li S, Jäger P
    Zootaxa, 2014;3768:119-38.
    PMID: 24871171 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3768.2.2
    Five new Althepus species and one new Psiloderces species of the family Ochyroceratidae are described from Southeast Asia: Althepus erectus spec. nov. (male) and A. nophaseudi spec. nov. (male, female) from Laos, A. flabellaris spec. nov. (male, female) from Thailand, A. reduncus spec. nov. (male) from Myanmar, A. spiralis spec. nov. (male) from Malaysia, and Psiloderces dicellocerus spec. nov. (male) from Indonesia. Primary types are deposited in the Senckenberg Research Institute in Frankfurt, Germany (SMF).
    MeSH terms: Animals; Asia, Southeastern; Demography; Female; Male; Species Specificity; Spiders/anatomy & histology*; Spiders/classification*
  4. Fulltext A phylogeny of the family Poritidae (Cnidaria, Scleractinia) based on molecular and morphological analyses
    Kitano YF, Benzoni F, Arrigoni R, Shirayama Y, Wallace CC, Fukami H
    PLoS One, 2014;9(5):e98406.
    PMID: 24871224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098406
    The family Poritidae formerly included 6 genera: Alveopora, Goniopora, Machadoporites, Porites, Poritipora, and Stylaraea. Morphologically, the genera can be differentiated based on the number of tentacles, the number of septa and their arrangement, the length of the polyp column, and the diameter of the corallites. However, the phylogenetic relationships within and between the genera are unknown or contentious. On the one hand, Alveopora has been transferred to the Acroporidae recently because it was shown to be more closely related to this family than to the Poritidae by previous molecular studies. On the other hand, Goniopora is morphologically similar to 2 recently described genera, Machadoporites and Poritipora, particularly with regard to the number of septa (approximately 24), but they have not yet been investigated at the molecular level. In this study, we analyzed 93 samples from all 5 poritid genera and Alveopora using 2 genetic markers (the barcoding region of the mitochondrial COI and the ITS region of the nuclear rDNA) to investigate their phylogenetic relationships and to revise their taxonomy. The reconstructed molecular trees confirmed that Alveopora is genetically distant from all poritid genera but closely related to the family Acroporidae, whereas the other genera are genetically closely related. The molecular trees also revealed that Machadoporites and Poritipora were indistinguishable from Goniopora. However, Goniopora stutchburyi was genetically isolated from the other congeneric species and formed a sister group to Goniopora together with Porites and Stylaraea, thus suggesting that 24 septa could be an ancestral feature in the Poritidae. Based on these data, we move G. stutchburyi into a new genus, Bernardpora gen. nov., whereas Machadoporites and Poritipora are merged with Goniopora.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Base Sequence; Body Weights and Measures; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics; Extremities/anatomy & histology; Japan; Malaysia; Models, Genetic; Molecular Sequence Data; Phylogeny*; Species Specificity; Cluster Analysis; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Indian Ocean; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics; Anthozoa/anatomy & histology*; Anthozoa/classification*; Anthozoa/genetics*
  5. Fulltext Watermarking techniques used in medical images: a survey
    Mousavi SM, Naghsh A, Abu-Bakar SA
    J Digit Imaging, 2014 Dec;27(6):714-29.
    PMID: 24871349 DOI: 10.1007/s10278-014-9700-5
    The ever-growing numbers of medical digital images and the need to share them among specialists and hospitals for better and more accurate diagnosis require that patients' privacy be protected. As a result of this, there is a need for medical image watermarking (MIW). However, MIW needs to be performed with special care for two reasons. Firstly, the watermarking procedure cannot compromise the quality of the image. Secondly, confidential patient information embedded within the image should be flawlessly retrievable without risk of error after image decompressing. Despite extensive research undertaken in this area, there is still no method available to fulfill all the requirements of MIW. This paper aims to provide a useful survey on watermarking and offer a clear perspective for interested researchers by analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of different existing methods.
    MeSH terms: Confidentiality/standards*; Data Collection/methods*; Data Collection/statistics & numerical data; Diagnostic Imaging/standards*; Humans; Computer Security/standards*
  6. The identity of the Sarawak freshwater crab Parathelphusa oxygona Nobili, 1901, with description of a new species, Parathelphusa nobilii, from Western Kalimantan, Indonesia, Borneo (Crustacea: Brachyura: Gecarcinucidae)
    Ng PK
    Zootaxa, 2014;3774:31-44.
    PMID: 24871403 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3774.1.2
    The identity of the common lowland freshwater crab in western Sarawak, Borneo, East Malaysia, Parathelphusa oxygona Nobili, 1901 (family Gecarcinucidae), is clarified. The species is redescribed and figured, and its taxonomy discussed. Specimens from western Kalimantan, Borneo, Indonesia, which have been referred to P. oxygona are here referred to a new species, Parathelphusa nobilii. The new species can be differentiated from congeners by its relatively more swollen branchial regions of the carapace, wider and lower external orbital tooth, relatively more slender male abdomen and a straight male first gonopod. 
    MeSH terms: Animals; Borneo; Brachyura/anatomy & histology*; Brachyura/classification*; Female; Indonesia; Male; Freshwater Biology
  7. A new species of troglobitic crab of the genus Stygothelphusa Ng, 1989, from Sarawak, Malaysia (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Gecarcinucidae)
    Ng PK, Grinang J
    Zootaxa, 2014;3774:90-6.
    PMID: 24871408 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3774.1.7
    A new species of cave crab, Stygothelphusa antu new species, is described from limestone formations in Temurang, Sarawak, Malaysia. The new species is the most highly adapted to a cavericolous lifestyle among the four known species of Stygothelphusa, having a pale body pigmentation, reduced eyes and elongated pereopods. In contrast, the other three species have normal eyes that almost completely fill the orbits. The new species also differs from its congeners by a number of carapace, pereopod and gonopod characters.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Brachyura/anatomy & histology*; Brachyura/classification*; Eye; Female; Malaysia; Male; Caves
  8. Molecular dynamics of thermoenzymes at high temperature and pressure: a review
    Abedi Karjiban R, Lim WZ, Basri M, Abdul Rahman MB
    Protein J, 2014 Aug;33(4):369-76.
    PMID: 24871480 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-014-9568-8
    Lipases are known for their versatility in addition to their ability to digest fat. They can be used for the formulation of detergents, as food ingredients and as biocatalysts in many industrial processes. Because conventional enzymes are frangible at high temperatures, the replacement of conventional chemical routes with biochemical processes that utilize thermostable lipases is vital in the industrial setting. Recent theoretical studies on enzymes have provided numerous fundamental insights into the structures, folding mechanisms and stabilities of these proteins. The studies corroborate the experimental results and provide additional information regarding the structures that were determined experimentally. In this paper, we review the computational studies that have described how temperature affects the structure and dynamics of thermoenzymes, including the thermoalkalophilic L1 lipase derived from Bacillus stearothermophilus. We will also discuss the potential of using pressure for the analysis of the stability of thermoenzymes because high pressure is also important for the processing and preservation of foods.
    MeSH terms: Geobacillus stearothermophilus; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism; Bacterial Proteins/chemistry; Enzyme Stability*; Hot Temperature*; Lipase/metabolism*; Lipase/chemistry*; Pressure*; Protein Folding; Molecular Dynamics Simulation
  9. Cyrts in the city: a new Bent-toed Gecko (Genus Cyrtodactylus) is the only endemic species of vertebrate from Batu Caves, Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia
    Grismer LL, Wood PL, Onn CK, Anuar S, Muin MA
    Zootaxa, 2014;3774:381-94.
    PMID: 24871508 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3774.4.6
    Cyrtodactylus metropolis sp. nov. from Batu Caves massif, Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia is differentiated from all congeners by having a unique suite of morphological and color pattern characteristics. Remarkably, this species has been overlooked despite a plethora of field studies at Batu Caves from 1898 to the present and no specimens had ever been examined until now. As with all other limestone forest-adapted Cyrtodactylus in Peninsular Malaysia, C. metropolis sp. nov. is not a cave-adapted species but is far more common on the exterior surfaces of the Batu Caves limestone massif and its surrounding limestone vegetation. We suggest that researchers devote time exploring the exterior surfaces of limestone massifs as well the interiors of their caves.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Female; Lizards/anatomy & histology*; Lizards/classification*; Malaysia; Male; Ecosystem; Caves
  10. Two new species of the Simulium batoense species-group of Simulium (Gomphostilbia) (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Peninsular Malaysia
    Takaoka H, Sofian-Azirun M, Ya'cob Z
    Zootaxa, 2014;3774:473-80.
    PMID: 24871514 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3774.5.5
    Two new black fly species, Simulium (Gomphostilbia) tekamense and Simulium (Gomphostilbia) jerantutense, are described based on adult females emerged from pupae in Peninsular Malaysia, and assigned to the binuanense subgroup of the batoense species-group in the subgenus Gomphostilbia. Simulium (G.) tekamense sp. nov. is characterized in the female by the subcosta with 0-2 hairs, and presence of a  deep notch on the apex of the mediolongitudinal ridge of the cibarium, and in the pupa by one of two paired gill filaments of the middle triplet much thicker than the counter filament. Simulium (G.) jerantutense sp. nov. is characterized in the female by the short claw tooth 0.46 times the length of the claw, and in the pupa by the gill filaments arranged as [2+1+(1+2)]+2 filaments from dorsal to ventral. Taxonomic notes are given to distinguish these new species from related species.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Female; Life Cycle Stages; Malaysia; Male; Simuliidae/anatomy & histology*; Simuliidae/classification*
  11. Species of the subgenus Cantotrella (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Podoscirtinae: Varitrella) from Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia
    Gorochov AV, Tan MK
    Zootaxa, 2014;3774:535-51.
    PMID: 24871520 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3774.6.3
    Ten species of the subgenus Cantotrella Gorochov, 2006 belonging to the genus Varitrella Gorochov, 2003 of the tribe Podoscirtini are recorded from Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia. Eight of them are new and described here: V. (C.) orion sp. nov.; V. (C.) trusmadi sp. nov.; V. (C.) striata sp. nov.; V. (C.) robusta sp. nov., V. (C.) sukau sp. nov., V. (C.) tawau sp. nov., V. (C.) amoena sp. nov., V. (C.) manukan sp. nov.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Asia, Southeastern; Female; Gryllidae/anatomy & histology*; Gryllidae/classification*; Male
  12. The genus Cerithideopsis Thiele, 1929 (Gastropoda: Potamididae) in the Indo-West Pacific region
    Reid DG, Claremont M
    Zootaxa, 2014;3779:61-80.
    PMID: 24871714 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3779.1.8
    The genus Cerithideopsis is most common in mangrove and salt marsh habitats of the New World tropics, but there is also a small radiation in the Indo-West Pacific region. Previously, these Indo-Pacific snails have generally been classified as Cerithidea largillierti (Philippi, 1848). Molecular phylogenetic analysis (partial sequences of mitochondrial COI and 16S rRNA, and nuclear 28S rRNA) of 15 specimens from 8 localities between Japan and Australia reveal three clades, among which there are small morphological differences and which show allopatric distributions. Cerithideopsis largillierti sensu stricto is restricted to Japan and China, while the two other species are described as new: C. australiensis occurs in tropical Australasia and C. malayensis is found from Malaysia to Java and the Philippines. All occur on mud and in pools with leaf litter, in the shaded landward and middle zones of mangrove forests, and do not climb the trees. The species accounts include full synonymies, detailed descriptions of shells based on 82 museum samples, descriptions of living animals, distribution records and maps, and notes on habitat and conservation status.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Molecular Sequence Data; Oceans and Seas; Phylogeny; Ecosystem; Gastropoda/anatomy & histology; Gastropoda/classification*; Gastropoda/genetics; Aquatic Organisms/classification*; Aquatic Organisms/genetics; Animal Shells/anatomy & histology
  13. A revision of the spirit loaches, genus Lepidocephalus (Cypriniformes, Cobitidae)
    Deein G, Tangjitjaroen W, Page LM
    Zootaxa, 2014;3779:341-52.
    PMID: 24871728 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3779.3.2
    Lepidocephalus has been assumed to include only two species and confined to peninsular Malaysia and Indonesia. However, based on records and collections reported herein, the genus contains five species and is most common in the Chao Phraya basin of Thailand. Large rivers seem to be the preferred habitat, and difficulty in collecting these rivers may account for the paucity of specimens in collections. The known range of these five species includes western and southern Borneo, Java, Sumatra, peninsular Malaysia, and central Thailand.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Cypriniformes/anatomy & histology; Cypriniformes/classification*; Female; Male; Thailand; Ecosystem; Rivers
  14. Beyond Moa's Ark and Wallace's Line: extralimital distribution of new species of Austronothrus (Acari, Oribatida, Crotoniidae) and the endemicity of the New Zealand oribatid mite fauna
    Colloff MJ, Cameron SL
    Zootaxa, 2014;3780:263-81.
    PMID: 24871836 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3780.2.3
    The genus Austronothrus was previously known from three species recorded only from New Zealand. Austronothrus kinabalu sp. nov. is described from Sabah, Borneo and A. rostralis sp. nov. from Norfolk Island, south-west Pacific. A key to Austronothrus is included. These new species extend the distribution of Austronothrus beyond New Zealand and confirms that the subfamily Crotoniinae is not confined to former Gondwanan landmasses. The distribution pattern of Austronothrus spp., combining Oriental and Gondwanan localities, is indicative of a curved, linear track; consistent with the accretion of island arcs and volcanic terranes around the plate margins of the Pacific Ocean, with older taxa persisting on younger island though localised dispersal within island arc metapopulations. Phylogenetic analysis and an area cladogram are consistent with a broad ancestral distribution of Austronothrus in the Oriental region and on Gondwanan terranes, with subsequent divergence and distribution southward from the Sunda region to New Zealand. This pattern is more complex than might be expected if the New Zealand oribatid fauna was derived from dispersal following re-emergence of land after inundation during the Oligocene (25 mya), as well as if the fauna emanated from endemic, relictual taxa following separation of New Zealand from Gondwana during the Cretaceous (80 mya).
    MeSH terms: Animals; Animal Structures/anatomy & histology; Animal Structures/growth & development; Female; Malaysia; Male; Mites/anatomy & histology; Mites/classification*; Mites/growth & development; New Zealand; Phylogeny; Body Size; Animal Distribution
  15. Fulltext Multimeric disintegrin protein polymer fusions that target tumor vasculature
    Janib SM, Gustafson JA, Minea RO, Swenson SD, Liu S, Pastuszka MK, et al.
    Biomacromolecules, 2014 Jul 14;15(7):2347-58.
    PMID: 24871936 DOI: 10.1021/bm401622y
    Recombinant protein therapeutics have increased in number and frequency since the introduction of human insulin, 25 years ago. Presently, proteins and peptides are commonly used in the clinic. However, the incorporation of peptides into clinically approved nanomedicines has been limited. Reasons for this include the challenges of decorating pharmaceutical-grade nanoparticles with proteins by a process that is robust, scalable, and cost-effective. As an alternative to covalent bioconjugation between a protein and nanoparticle, we report that biologically active proteins may themselves mediate the formation of small multimers through steric stabilization by large protein polymers. Unlike multistep purification and bioconjugation, this approach is completed during biosynthesis. As proof-of-principle, the disintegrin protein called vicrostatin (VCN) was fused to an elastin-like polypeptide (A192). A significant fraction of fusion proteins self-assembled into multimers with a hydrodynamic radius of 15.9 nm. The A192-VCN fusion proteins compete specifically for cell-surface integrins on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and two breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-435. Confocal microscopy revealed that, unlike linear RGD-containing protein polymers, the disintegrin fusion protein undergoes rapid cellular internalization. To explore their potential clinical applications, fusion proteins were characterized using small animal positron emission tomography (microPET). Passive tumor accumulation was observed for control protein polymers; however, the tumor accumulation of A192-VCN was saturable, which is consistent with integrin-mediated binding. The fusion of a protein polymer and disintegrin results in a higher intratumoral contrast compared to free VCN or A192 alone. Given the diversity of disintegrin proteins with specificity for various cell-surface integrins, disintegrin fusions are a new source of biomaterials with potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Biocompatible Materials/pharmacology; Biocompatible Materials/chemistry; Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy*; Cell Membrane/drug effects; Cell Membrane/metabolism; Elastin/chemistry; Humans; Mice, Nude; Peptides/chemistry; Polymers/pharmacology*; Polymers/chemistry*; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology*; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry*; Integrins/metabolism; Microscopy, Confocal; Disintegrins/pharmacology; Disintegrins/chemistry; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays; Cell Line, Tumor/drug effects; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Nanoparticles/chemistry; Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/drug effects
  16. Telosticta iban sp. nov. from Sarawak (Odonata: Zygoptera: Platystictidae) 
    Dow RA
    Zootaxa, 2014;3784:74-8.
    PMID: 24872033 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3784.1.4
    T. iban sp. nov. is described from the Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Both sexes can be distinguished from all other species of Telosticta by the form of the antehumeral markings.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Animal Structures/anatomy & histology; Female; Malaysia; Male; Ecosystem; Animal Distribution; Odonata/anatomy & histology; Odonata/classification*
  17. New Indo-Pacific species of Dasyrhicnoessa Hendel, 1934 and Pseudorhicnoessa Malloch, 1914 (Diptera: Canacidae: Tethininae)
    Munari L
    Zootaxa, 2014;3784:281-93.
    PMID: 24872057 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3784.3.8
    Three new species of Dasyrhicnoessa Hendel, 1934 and one of Pseudorhicnoessa Malloch, 1914 from the Indo-Pacific area are described and the male terminalia illustrated. Among these new species, Dasyrhicnoessa paradoxa sp. nov. and Pseudorhicnoessa longicerca sp. nov. are especially noteworthy for the morphological peculiarities of the male terminalia.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Animal Structures/anatomy & histology; Diptera/anatomy & histology; Diptera/classification*; Female; Malaysia; Male; Pacific Islands; Ecosystem; Animal Distribution
  18. Trans fatty acid content in Malaysian supermarket foods: a field-to-laboratory approach in assessing food risk
    Karupaiah T, Tan HK, Ong WW, Tan CH, Sundram K
    Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess, 2014;31(8):1375-84.
    PMID: 24872121 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.929183
    The extent of industrial trans fatty acids (TFA) in the food supply is unknown in Malaysia, whilst TFA disclosure on food labels is not mandatory by Malaysian food standards. Supermarket foods such as dairy products, fats and oils, meat products, snack foods, soups, and confectionery are commonly cited to be major contributors of TFA in the diet. A consumer survey (n = 622) was used to develop a food listing of these 'high risk' foods. TFA content of high-risk foods were analysed by gas chromatography. Food samples (n = 158) were analysed and their total TFA content were compared with Malaysian Food Standards. A wide variation in TFA content within food categories was indicated. Of the foods containing TFA, many food labels did not cite TFA content or the use of partially hydrogenated vegetable oils (PHVO) as an ingredient. Hypothesised estimates of TFA intake from these supermarket foods in a sample day's menu providing 2000 kcal projected a minimum intake of 0.5 g and a maximum intake of 5.2 g TFA. This study found there was no voluntary disclosure of TFA content on food labels or identifying PHVO as an ingredient. It appears that health education targeting consumers to minimise TFA consumption is required supported by mandatory PHVO disclosure on the food label.
    MeSH terms: Chromatography, Gas; Food Analysis*; Malaysia; Risk Assessment*; Trans Fatty Acids/analysis*
  19. Fulltext Weight as predictors of clinical progression and treatment failure: results from the TREAT Asia Pediatric HIV Observational Database
    Kariminia A, Durier N, Jourdain G, Saghayam S, Do CV, Nguyen LV, et al.
    J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 2014 Sep 01;67(1):71-6.
    PMID: 24872132 DOI: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000000227
    OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the value of time-updated weight and height in predicting clinical progression, and immunological and virological failure in children receiving combination antiretroviral therapy (cART).

    METHODS: We used Cox regression to analyze data of a cohort of Asian children.

    RESULTS: A total of 2608 children were included; median age at cART was 5.7 years. Time-updated weight for age z score < -3 was associated with mortality (P < 0.001) independent of CD4% and < -2 was associated with immunological failure (P ≤ 0.03) independent of age at cART.

    CONCLUSIONS: Weight monitoring provides useful data to inform clinical management of children on cART in resource-limited settings.

    MeSH terms: Adolescent; Asia; Body Height/physiology*; Body Weight/physiology*; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Male; Cohort Studies; HIV-1/isolation & purification*; HIV Infections/drug therapy*; HIV Infections/physiopathology*; HIV Infections/virology; Proportional Hazards Models; Treatment Failure; Disease Progression; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use*; Viral Load; Kaplan-Meier Estimate
  20. Red hot chili pepper. A new Calluella stoliczka, 1872 (Lissamphibia: Anura: Microhylidae) from Sarawak, East Malaysia (Borneo)
    Das I, Min PY, Hsu WW, Hertwig ST, Haas A
    Zootaxa, 2014;3785:550-60.
    PMID: 24872245 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3785.4.4
    A new brightly-coloured (olive and red) species of microhylid frog of the genus Calluella Stoliczka 1872 is described from the upper elevations of Gunung Penrissen and the Matang Range, Sarawak, East Malaysia (Borneo). Calluella capsa, new species, is diagnosable in showing the following combination of characters: SVL up to 36.0 mm; dorsum weakly granular; a faint dermal fold across forehead; toe tips obtuse; webbing on toes basal; lateral fringes on toes present; outer metatarsal tubercle present; and dorsum greyish-olive, with red spots; half of venter bright red, the rest with large white and dark areas. The new species is the eighth species of Calluella to be described, and the fourth known from Borneo. A preliminary phylogeny of Calluella and its relatives is presented, and the new taxon compared with congeners from Malaysia and other parts of south-east Asia. 
    MeSH terms: Animals; Anura/anatomy & histology*; Anura/classification*; Anura/genetics; Demography; Malaysia; Male; Phylogeny; Species Specificity
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